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过去完成时

一、 概念

过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。

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那时以前　 那时　 现在　　　　　　

二、 构成

过去完成时由“助动词had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。

例如：

　　1) They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

他们来宾馆之前就已经吃过饭了。

2) He didn’t go to bed until he had finished he work.

他直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

三、 用法

1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。

例如：

1) When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）

2) He had left when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开。

2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。

例如：

1) She told me that she had written a new novel.

她告诉我她已经写好一本小说了。(had written 发生在 told 之前 )

2) I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丢失的表。

3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already，yet，still，just，before，never 等时间副词及 by，before，until 等引导的短语或从句连用。

例如：

　　1) Before she came to China, Amy had taught English in a middle school for about five years.　

艾米来中国之前，在一所中学已经教了五年英语。

2) Tom had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was seven.

汤姆在七岁时已经集了300多张中国邮票。

4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。

例如：

1) By the end of last year, my father had worked in the factory for twenty years.

去年年底时，爸爸已经在工厂工作二十年了。（ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）　

2) By six o’clock he had worked eleven hours. 到6点钟时他就已经工作了11小时。

5. 动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。

例如：
1) I had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

我本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
2) They had hoped to be able to come and see you.

他们本来希望能来看看你。

6. 过去完成时还可用在hardly … when …, no sooner … than …, It was the first (second, etc) time (that) …等固定句型中。

例如：
1) Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.

他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
2) No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

他刚到就又走了。
3) It was the third time that she had been out of work that year.

这是她那一年第三次失业了。

过去完成时的用法总结如下表：

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