中国文化概况期末复习

1、名词解释

1、the Grand Canal

The most famous man-made canal in China is the Grand Canal between Beijing and Hangzhou,1801km in length.It Passes through the city of Tianjin and four provinces and links five major rivers.The canal was open to navigation over 1000 years ago.It played and important role in facilitating trade between the south and the north and was regarded as the country's transportation and information"highway"before the advent of the railway.

2、the White Horse Temple

The White Horse Temple,located 21 kilometres east of the Louyang City, Henan Province,was the first officially built Buddhist temple in China in the Eastern Han Dynasty.It was named after the white horse that carried the Buddhist scriptures from India to Luoyang, then the capital of the country.

3、the Book of Songs

The Book of Songs is a collection of China's 305 oldest poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn Period, and is regarded as the earliest realistic literature in China.

4、the Four Literary Eminences

The Four Literary Eminences refer to the four pre-eminent poets of the early Tang Dynasty, Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, and Lu Zhaolin, the pioneers of Tang poetry.Their poems, in a refined language, boast beautiful tonal patterns and rhyme schemes.

5、Beijing Opera

Beijing Opera is regarded as China's national opera.Singing, recitation,acting, and acrobatic fighting are the four artistic means and the four basic skills of Beijing Opera.

6、Shaanxi Opera

Shanxi Opera，the oldest of all the Chinese operas that are still in existence today, is the typical opera popular of Shaanxi Province.

7、Yue Opera（越剧）

Yue Opera is one type of traditional local operas that originated in Shengxian County,Zhejiang Province, but it is popular throughout Zhejiang Province and Shanghai as well as in many large and medium-sized cities throughout the country.

8、Yue Opera(粤剧）

Yue Opera is one type of traditional local operas,popular in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces and in Chinese communities in South Asia and America.

9、Private Schools

A private school refers to a school set up by a family, generally with just one teacher who gave individual tuition, and with neither set textbooks nor specified time span of study.

10、Official Schools

Official Schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were sponsored by the official constitution called xiangxue.Only children of nobles were admitted.The official schooling system included a central school and local schools in different administrative regions.The teaching materials were centered on The Four Books and The Five Classics.

11、Ping-Pong Diplomacy

In April 1971, at the 31st World Table Tennis Tournament in Japan, the Chinese team invited the United States table tennis(Ping-Pong)team to visit China.In 1972, the Chinese table tennis team accepted the invitation to pay return visit to the United States.The friendly exchange between the table tennis players of the two countries opened the door to warmer relations between the table tennis players of the two countries opened the door to warmer relations between the Chinese and American nations, and become known as "Ping-Pong Diplomacy".

12、Spring Festival

Spring Festival, also called the Chinese New Year,is China's most important festival that falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month each year.Family members gather just as they do for Christmas in the West.

13、Lantern Festival

The Lantern Festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the first lunar month, is closely related to the Spring Festival.It marks the end of the New Year celebrations, following which life returns to normal.

14、the Silk Road

The Silk Road was the main trade route running through Asia in ancient times.It started from the Weishui Valley in the east and ended on the east coast of the Mediterranean,from where it led to various places around Europe.From the Western Han Dynasty on,China and the West was formed, and cultural exchanges and friendly visits were promoted.

15、Chinese batik

Batik is a traditional Chinese folk art, which combines painting and dyeing.It presents a variety of ethnic styles and is most popular among the Buyi, the Miao and the Yao ethnic group.

16、Huabiao

Huabiao are paired ceremonial columns erected in front of palace or tomb, usually carved with dragon and phoenix patterns, with a transverse-engraved stone slab on its top.

17、the Bund

The 1.5 km belt along the Huangpu River between Waibaidu Bridge and East Yan'an Road is called the Bund.Here, those European-style buildings, once housed foreign consulates,banks ,commercial firms and newspaper offices, are still in use today.When evening comes, the banks of the Huangpu River are busy with strolling young couples and throngs of foreign tourists.

2、填空

1、The red colour of the national flag of the PRC symbolises revolution and the yellow colour of the stars the golden brilliant rays radiating from the vast red land.The design of four smaller stars surrounding a bigger one signifies the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

2、China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and plains in the east.Mountainous land and very rough terrains make up about 67% of Chinese territory,basins and plains 33%.

3、Of the many Buddhist Mountains,Mount Wutai,Mount Emei, Mount Putuo and Mount Jiuhua are accepted as the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains in China.

4、Among the literary giants, Li Bai and Du Fu are regarded as the twin master of the Tang Dynasty.

5、Du Fu,the "Saint Poet",has been regarded as the greatest realistic poet in Chinese literature.

6、Li Bai,the "Celestial Poet",has long been considered the greatest romantic poet in Chinese literature.

7、Undergraduate studies cover basic courses, specialty basic courses, and specialty courses.College and university students also have a wide choice of extracurricular activities and every institution of higher learning has a student association practicing "self-management,self-education,and self-service."

8、Li Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty,whose monumental masterpiece,Compendium of Meteria Medica, includes 1892 medicinal substances,11096 prescriptions, and 1162 illustrations.Eight hundred and thirty-five years earlier than the next pharmacopeia in the world,this book has been translated into various languages and circulated throughout many countries.

9、Qigong is divided into two categories:the torso and training specific arm and leg muscles.

10、The "five-animal exercise"is a set of health-building exercise imitating the movements of five animals---tiger, deer, bear, ape and bird.

11、Generally speaking, there are three essential factors by which Chinese cooking is judged, namely colour,aroma,and taste,with taste being the most important.

12、At a formal banquet,the host prepares adequate seating for the guests.Special guests and the elderly sit on the north side of the table or directly facing the entrance to the room.The concept of "honored south,humble north"is closely related with Chinese traditional etiquette.

13、The layout of ancient architecture is plain;flexible;beautiful.

14、The glaze was normally in one of four colours:yellow,green,blue,black.

15、The Thirteen Ming Tombs are situated at the foot of the Heavenly Longevity Mountain to the northwest of Beijing.Among the 16 emperors in the Ming Dynasty,13 were buried in the Ming tomb area, along with 23 empresses,and many concubines, princes, princesses and maids.

3、翻译

Chinese pagodas come in various sizes and shapes.Some resembles towers, others pavilions and still others are similar to pyramids.Some stand alone,and others have been built in clusters.

4、简答

1、The development of ancient Chinese philosophy

In general,ancient Chinese philosophy progresses through the following periods:

①The philosophy in pre-Qin times

The philosophy in pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophical views.The most influential schools were Confucianism,Taoism, Mohism and Legalism.

②The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty

③Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties

④The Buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties

⑤Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties

⑥Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties

2、Four treasures of the study

Four treasures of the study refers to the writing brush, ink stick,paper and ink stone.It is widely accepted that the best of each of these items is represented by the Hu brush,Hui ink stick, Xuan paper,and Duan ink stone, all being highly valued in both China and abroad.

3、The Features of Chinese food

①colour, aroma, and taste

②cooling method

③seasonings

④Yin-yang principle

⑤Medicinal function

⑥Eight Regional Cuisines

4、The classification of Chinese Tea

Although there are hundreds of varieties of Chinese tea, they can be classified into five basic categories according to the different techinque involved in processing the tea.The five types are green tea, black tea, oolong tea,compressed tea, and scented tea.Some minor types are white tea and yellow tea.

5、the Characteristics of Chinese Ancient Architecture

Traditionally, Chinese architecture, from the village houses to imperial palaces, features the following characteristics:

①Timber framework

Ancient Chinese architecture featured timber framework as the supporting structure.

②Plain,flexible and beautiful layout

Chinese structures are based on the principle of balance and symmetry.

③The building materials

④The artistic roof design

⑤The colourful decorations

6、Famous Styles of Ancient Chinese Architecture

⑴Imperial Architecture⑵Civilian residential housing ①Beijing quadrangles ②shanxi cave dwellings ③huizhou residential houses ④Hakka castle-like dwellings⑶Some Ethnic House ①Dai bamboo house②Stone chamber ③Mongolian yurts

7、Chinese Bridges

①The Stone Arch Bridge②The Zigzag Bridge ③The Pavilion Bridge

中国文化概况期末复习