并列句和状语从句

一、并列句

(一)并列句的4种类型

1．表并列、递进或顺承关系：and, both ... and ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...

The earth is one of the sun’s planets, and the moon is our satellite.

地球是太阳系中的一颗行星，月亮是地球的卫星。

2．表转折、对比关系：but, yet, while

①The problem was a little hard, yet I was able to work it out.

这道题有点难，然而我却把它做出来了。

②The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.

北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很暖和。

3．表选择关系：or, otherwise, or else, either ... or ..., not ... but ...

Now you can either have a rest or you can go to the cinema.

现在你可以休息，也可以去看电影。

4．表因果关系：so, for (表“由于”，一般不放在句首)

He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.

由于他视力开始下降，他发现读书越来越困难了。

(二)并列句的2大句式

1．when “就在这时，突然”，常用以下句式

•sb. be about to do/on the point of doing sth. when ...某人正要做某事，突然……

•sb. be doing sth. when ...某人正在做某事，突然……

•sb. had done sth. when ...某人刚做完某事，突然……

①One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.

当我们周五在收拾行李要去度周末时，我的女儿突然听到了呼救声。

②She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.

昨天她刚完成家庭作业，妈妈就让她练习钢琴。

2．and与or/otherwise用于并列句

•祈使句＋and＋陈述句(and表示顺承关系)

•祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句(or/otherwise表示转折关系)

①Find ways to praise your children often, and you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.

设法常常表扬你的孩子，这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。

②Hurry up, or/otherwise you will be late for class.

快点儿，否则你们上课就迟到了。

二、状语从句

(一)时间状语从句

1．when, while和as的用法

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如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when, while与as可互换使用。

When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend.

我正沿着大街走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。 　　　　

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2．before与since的用法

(1)before表示“在……之前；还未……就……；还没来得及……就……”。常用于以下句型：

•It will be＋一段时间＋before ... 多久之后才……

•It won’t be long before ... 不久之后就……

•It was＋一段时间＋before ... 过了多久才……

John thinks it won’t be long before he is ready for his new job.

约翰认为不久他就能为他的新工作做好准备。

(2)since的用法

①since表示“自从……”，其引导的从句在句中作状语时，主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时；从句常用一般过去时。

I have returned home twice since I settled down in the States.

自从我定居美国后，我回过两次家。

They have been living very happily since they got married.

自从结婚后他们一直生活得很幸福。

②since引导的从句的谓语若是持续性动词，常理解为某一状态的终止；若是终止性动词，则理解为某一动作的开始。

He has written to me frequently since he was ill.

自从病好以来，他经常给我来信。

He has written to me frequently since he went abroad.

他自出国以来，经常给我写信。

③since表示“自从……以来”，常用于“It is/has been＋时间段＋since从句”结构。该句型表示“自从开始(不做)……已经多长时间了”，一般从句的时态用一般过去时，主句中的时态用现在完成时。

As is reported, it has been/is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.

据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。

3．till, until和not ...until ...的用法

(1)until或till表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”，此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词，主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。

Have you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday?

这个会议将被推迟到下周二，你有没有听说？

(2)not ... until ... 表示“直到……才”，主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词。

As far as I know, his mother won’t go to bed until he returns home every evening.

据我所知，他母亲每晚直到他回家才会上床睡觉。

4．表示“一……就……，刚……就……”的常用表达

(1)表示“一……就……”的表达

as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant

The moment I heard the voice，I knew Father was coming.

我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。

(2)表示“刚……就……”的表达

no sooner ... than ..., hardly/scarcely ... when ...的时态搭配：no sooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。

He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.

＝ No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.

他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。

(二)条件状语从句

1．条件状语从句的常见引导词

if, unless (＝if ... not), so/as long as (只要), on condition that (条件是), if only (＝if), provided that (如果), in case (万一，如果), suppose/supposing that (假设，如果), assuming that等均可引导条件状语从句。

①We will have a picnic in the park this Sunday unless it rains or it’s very cold.

除非下雨或天很冷，否则我们将在本周日去公园野餐。

②My parents don’t mind what job I do as long as I am happy.

我的父母不在意我从事什么工作，只要我高兴就好。

2．条件状语从句的时态

在条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表将来含义；现在完成时表即将完成之后的情况；一般过去时表过去将来的含义。

If everyone does his part, the project will surely be a success.

如果大家都尽责，这个项目肯定会成功。

(三)让步状语从句

1．although, though, while引导的让步状语从句。

Though/Although/While regular exercise is very important, it’s never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.

尽管有规律的锻炼很重要，但临睡前锻炼不是个好主意。

2．as, though引导的让步状语从句需用部分倒装语序。

Hot as/though the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.

在长途跋涉之后，尽管夜晚的空气很热，我们还是因为累睡得很熟。

3．“疑问词＋­ever”引导的让步状语从句，意为“无论……”。

Wherever you choose to settle down, you should attempt to fit in with the local people.

无论你选择在哪里定居，你都应该尝试做到入乡随俗。

4．whether ... or ...引导的让步状语从句，意为“不论……还是……”，表示正反两种情况都不会影响主句的意向或结果。

We’ll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or we cannot.

不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这项工作做下去。

(四)地点状语从句

地点状语从句表示地点、方位，通常由where, wherever引导，可置于句首、句中或句尾。

I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am sitting.

因为我坐的地方噪音太大，所以听不清教授在说什么。

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where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别：

地点状语从句与定语从句的区别在于从句在句中所作的成分，如果作状语，则是状语从句；如果作定语，则是定语从句。

The little girl who got lost decided to remain where she was and wait for her mother. (状语从句，其中remain为不及物动词)

→The little girl who got lost decided to remain in the place where she was and wait for her mother. (定语从句)那个迷路的小女孩决定待在原地等她的母亲。 　　　　

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(五)原因状语从句

原因状语从句可由because, as, since, now that, in that, considering (that)等词引导。

1．because译作“因为”，表示直接原因，语气较强，能回答由why提出的问句。

The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.

那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。

2．as译作“由于”，语气较轻，常表示显而易见的原因；since (既然), now that (既然), in that (因为)，表示双方都知道的原因，语气较弱。as, since和now that引导的从句多位于主句之前。

Now that you have got a job, you should learn to be independent of your parents.

既然你找到了一份工作，你应该学会独立不依靠父母。

(六)方式状语从句

引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if, as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句常用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。

①The house was greatly damaged by the truck.We’d better leave things as they are until the police arrive.

卡车对这座房子造成了严重的损坏。我们最好保持原样直到警察到来。

②The construction industry is no longer as depressed as it was.

建筑业不再像以往那样萧条了。

③The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.

这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。

(七)结果状语从句

1．引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so ...that ..., such ...that ...。在非正式语体中，由so ...that ..., such ...that ...引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构形式：

①He is such a learned person that we admire him very much.

＝ He is so learned a person that we admire him very much.

他如此有学问，以至于我们非常赞赏他。

②It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park. 天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。

③He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family. 他挣这么少的钱，以至于养不起家。

2．当so或such所在的主句主语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时，还可简化为：so/such ...as to ...。

He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.

＝ He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult problems.

他是一名如此聪明的学生，以至于他能够解决所有难题。

(八)目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case (that), lest等。

1．in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句

两个连词都意为“以便……；为了……”，它们引导的状语从句中常用情态动词。

When he goes out, he often wears sunglasses so that/in order that nobody/no one can recognize him.

他出门的时候常戴着墨镜，以便没人能认出他。

2．for fear that, in case (that)和lest引导的目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句时，for fear that表示“害怕，担心某事会发生”；in case (that)/lest表示“以防出现某种情况”。

①The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him.

那个男孩藏在树后面，以防他父亲看到他。

②Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain. 带上雨衣以防下雨。

练习

一．单句语法填空

1． One day, the cow was eating grass ___________ it began to rain heavily.

2． But the river wasn’t changed in a few days __________even a few months.

3． Unbelievable! Oh ... __________you don’t mind, I’ll stop and take a deep breath.

4． He is a shy man, __________he is not afraid of anything or anyone.

5． Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, __________plants can spread to new places.

6． I don’t really like the author, __________ I have to admit his books are very exciting.

7． __________ you start eating in a healthier way, weight control will become much easier.

8． The meaning of the word “nice” changed a few times __________ it finally came to include the sense “pleasant”．

9． Mark needs to learn Chinese __________ his company is opening a branch in Beijing.

10． At school, some students are active __________some are shy, yet they can be good friends with one another.

二．单句改错

1.Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in the countryside. There the air is clean or the mountains are green.

2.And I started to see this as a time­wasting activity! In fact, I don’t like to go anymore, so I’m afraid I’ll lose their friendship.

3.He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.

4.If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.

5.In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.

6.She kept on turning back to see me unless we couldn’t see each other any longer.

7.It is three years when I became a high school student.

8.As soon as we arrived, so we dropped the lines into the water.

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1． On August 24, 1853, a customer returned his fried potatoes to the kitchen, __________ they weren’t crunchy (脆的) enough.

2． They can either choose to accept the challenge __________ donate 100 dollars, or do the both.

3． There was a way to help him grow more, __________ his parents did not have enough money to pay for his medical needs.

4． It is nearly fifteen years __________ I last saw her — she is the owner of a local restaurant.

5． That morning I made sure I had enough to drink and went to the toilet about three times ________ we left.

6． Much __________ I like it, I won’t buy it, for it’s too expensive.

7． Be careful with your machine, __________ you’ll be hurt.

8． You are falling __________ fast that just turning your head can send you off in a different direction.

9． It remains to be seen whether people really want to carry both a smart phone __________ a smart watch.

10． I wish my house would be built __________ we can enjoy beautiful scenery with mountains and rivers.

11． Gates was only 21 years old __________ he first helped to set up the company in 1976.

12． Mr. Zhang felt very tired, __________ he needed a good rest.

Ⅱ.单句改错

1． Now, this unforgetable lesson still encourages me to be an active learner where I go.

2． Although we do know regretting the past is of no benefit, but we still can’t help doing it.

3． One Sunday, I was reading my book while it suddenly occurred to me that it was mother’s birthday the next day.

4． Before I left my hometown to come to study in England, I was partly terrified, and mostly I was excited.

5． Firstly, we can broaden our horizons or know more about the world by watching the latest news and reports.

6． Tina and I had been good friends for years. We often did things together, so one day Tina didn’t talk to me and just sat by herself.

7．Although she was too busy to go with me, she told me to sell the extra ticket if possible.

8． Work hard, you will make much progress and realize your dreams.

并列句和状语从句