第三章
It is not difficult to insure high-speed growth of the national economic through expanding investment on a large scale, but it is difficult to realize effective economic growth and raise the enterprises' capital profit rate and productivity. It is better to change investment structure and orient the investment to infrastructure industries of the national economy such agriculture, energy, and communications than to blindly channel capital into real estate and securities; however, investment in the infrastructure industry will not (ate least in the short term) bring high economic benefits. It is imperative to orient the investment to enterprises with better economic benefits, but in China, enterprises with better economic benefits, State-owned enterprises in particular, have been concentrated on the highly monopolized industries such as tobacco, petrochemicals and telecommunications, and the high-speed development of theses enterprises will play a limited role in promoting the whole of society.
要通过大规模地扩大投资来保证国民经济的高速增长并不难，难就难在要实现经济的有效增长以及提高企业的资本利润率和生产力。最好是改变投资结构，将投资转向国民经济中诸如农业、能源、通信等基础结构（至少在短期内）带来较高的经济利益，因此，有必要将投资转向具有较好经济效益的企业中。但是在中国，具有较好经济效益的企业，尤其是国有企业，一直只集中于如烟草、石化、通讯等高度垄断的行业，面对这些企业的高速发展在促进整个国家经济的发展方面只起着非常有限的作用。

第四章
Tariffs may be used simply to obtain revenue. In some developing countries, revenue tariffs provide an important part of the government's income.
征收关税可能只是为了获得收入.有些发展中国家,财政关税在其政府收入中是很重要的一部分.
Often, however, tariffs are protective, and are designed to carry out a particular economic policy. They may help to reduce a balance of payments deficit or to protect an infant industry against strong international competition from older corporations.
然而,关税又经常具有保护性质,用来贯彻一项特定的经济政策.这类关税有助于减少国际收支逆差,或保护新生工业在国际竞争中顶住来自老资格公司的强大挑战.
A revenue tariff will always provide some protection, and a protective tariff will produce some revenue. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish between revenue and protective tariffs form economic evidence alone.
财政关税总能提供某种保护,一项保护关税会产生一定的收入.因此,但就经济效益而言,很难区分财政关税和保护关税.
When a tariff is imposed on an import, the direct impact on price is to raise it by the amount of the tariff. Market factors, however, can modify this effect. Hence, the final price increase due to a tariff may be less than, equal to, or more than the amount of the tariff.
对某一进口商品征收关税时,对价格的直接影响就是把价格提高到加上税额的水平.然而,市场的因素可以缓和这种影响.所以,因关税而引起的最终的商品提价可能低于税额,或与税额相等,或者高于税额.
In many cases, though, the final price increase is reasonably close to the amount of the tariff. In contrast, the impact of a quota on price is much harder to predict.
不过,在许多情况下,最终的提价合理地接近税额.对比之下,配额对价格的影响更加难以预测.
The effects are particularly uncertain with goods which are not produced at all domestically.
如果产品根本不是本国制造,其影响就更加无法确定.
For instance, many countries do not have their own car industry, so that an import quota can cause a considerable shift in automobile prices.
例如,许多国家没有汽车工业,所以一向进口配额会使汽车价格出现相当大的波动.

Letters of Credit for the importation of goods form foreign countries into Canada are frequently required by the supplier to be established in his favor; sometimes these are for surprisingly small amounts, obviously where the importer is little known to the exporter, otherwise ordinary "bill for collection" or "open account procedure" whole be followed.
办理从外国向加拿大进口货物时,供货人往往要求开立以它为受益人的信用证;有时信用证的金额小得惊人,尤其当进口商不大为出口商所了解时更是如此,不然的话就地采取普通的"票据托收"或者"开帐户"的方式来解决.
Many Canadian importers are therefore familiar with these instruments. The Canadian importer, when faced with such a request, applies to his bank for the facility.
因此许多加拿大进口商对这些支付方式很熟悉.加拿大进口商碰到这种要求时便向自己的银行申请信贷便利.
As the bank's undertaking will be replacing that of the importer, the bank will treat this as an application for credit and will give consideration to setting up a "lineof credit" in the same way as if it were an application for a loan. If the "line" is granted or has already been arranged, the importer completes an "Application for Commercial Credit" in which he gives full details of the Credit requires.
由于银行承诺将取代进口商的承诺,银行将此视为申请信贷,而且会考虑设立一个"信贷额度",就和申请一笔贷款一样.如果这种"额度"已经提供或者安排妥当,进口商便办理"商业信贷申请"手续,向银行提供他所需信贷的详细要求.
Normally, the Credit will be "irrevocable", that is once it has been received by or advised to the beneficiary it cannot be retracted or changed without the beneficiary's consent, and the opening bank must meet any drafts presented provided the terms of the Letter of Credit have been complied with.
在通常情况下,信用证是"不可撤销的",就是说,一旦信用证被受益人收到或者通知给他,未经受益人同意该信用证是不能收回或者更改的,而且提示的任何汇票,只要符合信用证的条款,开征银行都必须照样解付.

It is Shell companies' policy to promote a management style of direct involvement of employees in decisions affecting their jobs. Staff are encouraged to discuss the objectives of the unit in which they work before these are finally established.
促进确立自己的管理风格是壳牌公司的政策.这种管理风格就是让员工直接参与做出与其工作有关的决策,即在其所属部门的工作目标最终确立之前,公司鼓励员工参与这些目标的讨论.(公司鼓励员工参与所属部门的工作目标的讨论,然后才制定这些部门的工作目标.)
Through the staff reporting system, staff are also encouraged to take part in setting their work targets for the coming year, to identify their own training needs and to develop their own ambitions so that these may be taken into account in career planning.
通过员工汇报制度,公司还鼓励员工参与制定他们自己来年的工作目标,认同他们自己的培训需求,发展确定他们自己的雄心壮志(理想),以便公司在制定专业培训计划时把这些(因素)也考虑在内.
员工
This approach which Group companies believe to be beneficial to the business and to give recognition to the legitimate expectations of employees is the core of its employee relations philosophy.
这种做法是该公司雇佣关系哲学(理念)的核心,集团公司相信这种做法对公司有益,并且对雇员的合理期望能给于承认.

第五章
Volvo earnings rise by eleven percent in first quarter
沃尔沃集团公司第一季度利润增长百分之十一
Volvo, the Swedish automotive, energy and food group, increased its profits by ten point nine percent in the first quarter of this year despite a fall of five percent in group turnover.
沃尔沃是瑞典的汽车,能源和食品集团公司.本年度第一季度,尽管它的总营业额下降了5%,但利润增加了10.9%.
Profits after financial items rose to two point four five billion Swedish kronor (three hundred and forty-five million dollars) compared with two point two one billion Swedish kronor in the first quarter of last year.
财经项目的利润增长达到24.5亿瑞典克朗(3亿1500万美元),而去年同期则为22.1亿瑞典克朗.
The group was helped by a two hundred and fifteen million Swedish kronor foreign-exchange gain on loans—compared with a gain of thirty million Swedish kronor a year earlier—as well as by interest earnings of a hundred and nine million Swedish kronor—compared with seventy-seven million Swedish kronor in the first quarter of last year.
这是由于该集团公司在贷款方面获得了2亿1500万瑞典克朗的外汇交易增长,而去年同期只增长了3000万瑞典克朗.同时也由于该集团在利息上也获得了1亿900万瑞典克朗的收益,去年同期仅为7700万瑞典克朗
Operating profits were virtually unchanged at two point one three billion Swedish kronor compared with two point one billion Swedish kronor in the first quarter of last year. Volvo expects to make a productivity gain this year of at least five per cent.
营业利润基本维持在21亿3000万瑞典克朗,而去年同期为21万瑞典克朗. 沃尔沃期望今年在生产方面至少能增益5%
The group's liquid funds, inflated by the record profits of the past two years, climbed to eighteen point two five billion Swedish kronor by the end of the first quarter from fourteen point four billion Swedish kronor a year earlier.
(这个)集团的流动资金,由于近两年创纪录的利润而猛增,到第一季度末,已由一年前的144亿瑞典克朗增至182亿5000万瑞典克朗.
Volvo profits, at least in the short term, have been hedged against the impact of the falling dollar, but the lower dollar exchange rate shows clearly in the group's sales figures.
至少在短期内,沃尔沃的利润已受到保护,避免受到美元下跌的冲击.但是从该集团公司的销售数额上还是可以清楚地看到美元汇率降低的影响.
Volvo turnover fell five per cent to twenty point six billion Swedish kronor from twenty-one point eight billion Swedish kronor in the first three months of last year despite a substantial rise in the volume of car sales.
尽管其汽车的销售量有了大幅度的增长,沃尔沃的营业额却下跌了5%,从去年前三个月的218亿瑞典克朗下降到206亿瑞典克朗.

第六章
One way an organization can find staff for job vacancies is to recruit outside the company. It may opt to put an advertisement in a newspaper or magazine which gives a short description of the job and invites introductory letters from applicants.
企业机构找人补充职位空缺的办法之一是公司实行对外招聘.它可以选择在报纸或杂志上登广告,简要介绍工作职务的情况并征集应聘者的自荐信.
Since the company would not desire applicants who do not have a good profile, it is important that an application form sent to a prospective applicant should request clear information about such things as the applicant's age, qualifications and work experience as well as references from other individuals who know the applicant well.
由于公司不会录用个人材料不佳的申请者,因此向有希望的应聘者寄发包括诸如年龄,资历,工作经验等简明信息的申请表,并向了解应聘者情况的有关人士征求参考意见是很重要的.
This information assists the company's management in making a final decision on those applicants they can short-list for an interview.
这些信息有助于公司管理部门缩小范围并最终确定面试人员名单.
The staff conducting an interview together are called an "interview panel", who, prior to the interview, carefully review the job descriptions, personnel specifications, and applications. To help the panel in their selection, an interview assessment form is often used during the interview when each applicant is checked according to a number of criteria indicated on the form.
主持面试的工作人员组成"面试小组".他们在面试之前要仔细审阅工作职位情况介绍,人事要求和求职信.为了有助于面试小组作出选择,在面试中经常使用面试评定表以根据表上的若干标准对应聘者进行考评.

第七章
Observing laws may help investors to gain the protection of the government which is the most powerful ad dependable guarantee. But as no key can open every lock, codes can only deal with specific hazards, So it is necessary for personal experience and expert advice to make up for the weakness. Personal experience and expert advice include past performances, professional education and training,and communication with policy makers, facility owners and users.For years, personal experience and expert advice have been widely used in managing risk and have proved to be very useful and practicable.During the process of designing Shanghai Pudong Airport in 1995, a coastologist, after careful investigations and scientific analysis, came
up with the suggestion that the airport should be built on the seabeach instead of behind the sea wall. Later this suggestion proved to be practicable and saved 360 million yuan. With the emergence of new computer-based tools new methods of managing risk are continuously coming out universities and research laboratories into general application. To achieve better safety and more benefits at reasonable costs people should also improve their self-qualities continuously to keep up with the technique development. In addition, both the government and the public should not only adopt a risk-based approach but also be fully prepared to deal effectively with potentially severe risks.

遵守法规可有助于投资者获得政府的保护,这是最有力和最可靠的保证.但正如没有一把钥匙能开启所有的锁一样，法规只能够应付某些特定的风险.这就需要靠个人经验和专家建议来弥补不足。个人的经验和专家的建议包括过去的工作实践，职业教育和培训及与政策制定者及各种设施的所有者和使用者之间的沟通等.多年来，在风险管理中，个人的经验和专家的建议已得到广泛应用并证明是十分有效可行的.1995年在设计上海浦东机场过程中，一名海岸学家在详细的调查和科学分析之后提出建议：机场应建在海滩上而不是海堤后面.这一建议后来证明是可行的，并且节约了3.6亿元人民币。随着以计算机为基础的各种新工具的出现，新的风险管理法不断的走出大学和研究实验室，投入到广泛的应用中去。为了在合理支出的基础上获得更高的安全性和更多的效益,人们也应不断提高自身的素质以跟上技术的发展。此外，政府和大众不但应采取一种建基于风险的方法，而且也应做好充分准备以便有效地应对各种潜在的严重的风险。

第八章
Japan's once enviable jobless rate will soar to double-digit levels if—and the warning is a big one—firms opt for drastic Western-style layoffs to boost profits. While Japan's life-time employment system is visibly unravelling, many economists still doubt whether a scenario of soaring joblessness will occur, given that economic incentives to slash payrolls clash with social and political pressures to save jobs. A kinder, gentler approach to restructuring would soften the social instability many fear would result from doubling thejobless rate, already at a record high.
Critics believe it would also cap gains in profit margins and stifle economic vitality, especially in the absence of bold steps to open the door to new growth industries. Some economists believe different methods of counting mean Japan's jobless rate is already close to 7 per cent by United States standards, not that far from the 7.8 per cent peak hit in the US in 1992 when it began to emerge from a two-year slump.

如果日本各公司断然采取西方国家裁员得做法以增加利润，日本一度令人羡慕得失业率将极可能飙升至两位数。虽然日本得终生雇佣制明显的在走向解体，但是鉴于大幅度裁员刺激经济得动机同求保留工作岗位得神会压力和政治压力想冲突，许多经济学家仍无法断定日本是否会出现失业率急剧上升得局面。以一个较为仁慈和温和得做法调整经济，可以缓解社会得动荡不安，因为许多人担心早已创纪录得失业率如再增长一倍就会导致社会不安定。
 评论家们认为，高死耶律还会限制利润得增长和抑制经济活力，特别是如果不采取大胆步骤为增长型产业敞开大门的话。一些经济学家认为，用不同得方法计算，按美国得标准，日本的失业率早已接近7%,与1992年美国7.8%得最高失业率相去不远，而当时美国已开始走出两年得经济衰退期。

第九章
The shape of the world is changing almost as dramatically as this city's skyline. Today the cold war is over . The risk of the global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced and the free flow of goods and ideas is bringing to life the concept of a global village. But just as all nations can benefit
from the promise of this new world , no nation is immune to its perils. We all have a stake in building peace and prosperity, and in confronting threat that respects no borders---terrorism and drug trafficking, disease and environmental destruction.
To meet these challenges most effectively, China and the United States must act in concert. Some argue that with the Cold War's end , the strategic importance of the US-China relationship has diminished . I believe they have it exactly backwards. As a new century begins , the importance of strengthening the ties between the United States and China will grow even greater.

世界的面貌正在发生引人注目的变化，其变化之快几乎就像这座城市的空中轮廓。今天，冷战已经结束，全球核冲突的危险性已经大大减小，商品和思想的自由交流正在使地球村的概念变得越来越真切。但是，正如世界各国都会受益于这个新世界的美好前景一样，没有一个国家能过幸免于世界灾害的影响。缔结和平与繁荣，抵御不分国界的诸多威胁—恐怖主义、贩毒、疾病和环境破坏，这些与我们大家都有利害关系。
为了最有效地迎接这些挑战，中国和美国必须协力行动。有人说，随着冷战的结束，美中关系的战略意义已经减弱了。我认为这些人刚好说反了。随着新世纪的开始，加强美国和中国的联系，其重要性将变得更大。

第十一章
as a result of the productivity survey carried out in the factory,more …….end of next month.
由于我厂进行了生产率的检查，促使厂内普遍采取了更迅速有效的操作方法，现在我厂的生产率已经提高了百分之五十以上。经理部拟在办公室职工中开展同样的检查制度以降低成本。为了适应外部环境的激烈竞争，我们的意图是寻求减少不必要的工作环节的方法。经理部鼓励职工提出高进办公室工作常规的建议，并将给予提出最切实可行的建议者一个月额外的工资的嘉奖。请予需月底前将建议提交总经理办公室。

第十四章
A commonplace criticism of American culture is its excessive preoccupation with material goods and corresponding neglect of the human spirit. Americans, it is alleged, worship only "the almighty dollar." We scramble to "keep up with the Joneses." The love affair between Americans and their automobiles has been a continuing subject of derisive commentary by both foreign and domestic critics. Americans are said to live by a quantitative ethic. Bigger is better, whether in bombs or sedans. The classical virtues of grace, harmony, and economy of both means and ends are lost on most Americans. As a result, we are said to be swallowing up the world's supply of natural resources, which are irreplaceable. Americans constitute 6 percent of the world's population but consume over a third of the world's energy. These are now familiar complaints. Indeed, in some respects Americans may believe the "pursuit of happiness" to mean the pursuit of material things。
人们普遍批评美国文化过于强调对于物质产品得占有而相应得过于忽视人们得精神生活。人们都说，美国人崇拜得只是“万能得金钱”。我们拼命地同左邻右舍进行攀比。美国人对于小汽车得爱恋直至是国内外批评家们嘲讽时永久的话题。据说在生活中美国人是以量为准则。对于他们来说，东西越大就越好，不管是炸弹还是乳房。以往那种优雅、和谐以及节俭得传统美德在大多数美国人身上已经消失得无影无踪了。因此，人们说我们是在吞噬世界上无法被取代得自然资源。美国人之占世界人口的百分之六，但能源消耗却占世界得三分之一以上。现在，我们对于这类抱怨已经习以为常了。的确，在某些方面美国人可能认为“追求幸福”就意味着追求物质享受。

第十五章
Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron tower in Paris, a landmark and an early example of wrought-iron construction on a gigantic scale. It was designed and built by the French engineer Gustave Alexandre Eiffel for the Paris World’s Fair of 1889. The tower, without its modern broadcasting antennae, is 300 meters (984 ft.) high. The lower section consists of four immense arched legs set on masonry piers. The legs curve inward until they unite in a single tapered tower. Platforms, each with an observation deck, are at three levels; on the  first is also a restaurant. The tower, constructed of about 6300 metric tons (about 7000 tons) of iron, has stairs and elevators. A meteorological station, a radio communication station, and a television transmission antenna, as well as a  suite of rooms that were used by Eiffel, are located near the top of the tower.
艾菲尔铁塔是巴黎的标志，也是早期巨型铸铁建筑的里程碑。此塔是由法国工程师艾菲尔为1889年的巴黎世界博览会设计并制造的。不算后装的广播天线，塔高300米（984英尺）。底部是由四条嵌在混凝土基座上的拱型巨腿构成的。四条腿内侧则呈弧线，逐渐交汇，形成锥形塔身。全塔共有三层平台，每个平台都有观光廊；第一层还有一个餐厅。铁塔共用了约7000吨铁，还没有楼梯和电梯。塔顶部有气象站、广播站、电视发射天线，还有一套为艾菲尔准备的房间。

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