买卖合同的结构与内容

发布时间:2012-05-11 20:41:30

第二章中文阅读材料:

国际货物买卖合同的结构与内容

谢凤燕 陈诚

1.国际货物买卖合同的概念

国际买卖合同,是指营业地处于不同国家的当事人之间所订立的货物买卖合同。这种合同的主要特点是,它是一种具有“涉外”性质的货物买卖合同,国际货物买卖合同的当事人的营业地不是设在一个国家,而是设在不同的国家。因此,在判断某项合同是国际买卖合同还是国内买卖合同时,其判断的标准是双方当事人所在地的营业地,而不是国籍。

2.国际货物买卖合同的结构

合同的基本内容和结构包括约首、约尾和基本条款三个部分。

1 约首部分

约首部分一般包括订约合同的名称、合同编号、缔约双方的名称及地址、签约原由以及电报挂号、电传号码等项内容。

2)合同的基本条款

这是合同的主要部分,其中包括商品名称、品质规格、数量、价格、付款、包装、运输、保险、检验、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁等项内容。商定合同,主要是就这些基本条款如何规定进行磋商,达成一致意见。

3)约尾部分

一般包括合同的订约日期、订约地点和双方当事人签字等项内容。

3.合同条款

买卖合同中的主要条款有以下几种。

1)品名条款(Commodity

品名条款是规定商品名称的条款,如“品名:大米”(Commodity:Rice

2)品质条款(Quality
  品质条款是规定商品的品质内容,如:“巴西大豆,2004年良好平均品质。”

(Brazlian Soybean,F.A.Q.2004 Crop)

有时品质条款中还包括货号(Article no)如:“玩具,货号xx,凭样品买卖”

Toys,Art.No..., Quality by sample.

主要的品质表示方法有:

凭样品买卖(sale by sample

样品通常是指从一批商品中抽出来的或生产、使用部门设计、加工出来的,足以反映和代表整批商品质量的少量实物。凡以样品表示商品质量并以此作为交货依据的,称为凭样品买卖。

凭规格买卖(sale by specification

商品规格(specification of Goods)是指一些足以反映商品质量的主要指标,如化学成分、含量、纯度、性能、容量、长短、粗细等。在国际贸易中,买卖双方洽谈交易时,对于适于凭规格买卖(sale by specification)的商品,应提供具体规格来说明商品的基本品质状况,并在合同中订明。

凭等级买卖(sale by Grade of Goods

商品等级(Grade of Goods)是指同一类商品按其规格上的差异分为品质优劣各不相同的若干等级。它通常是由制造商或出口商根据其长期生产和了解该商品的经验,在掌握其品质规格的基础上制定出来的。它有助于满足各种不同的需要,也有利于根据不同需要来安排生产和加工整理。这种表示方法,对简化手续,促进成交和体现按质论价等方面都有一定的作用。

凭标准买卖(sale by standard

商品的标准是指将商品的规格和等级予以标准化,一般是由国家或有关部门规定并公布实施的标准化品质指标。按照此标准进行交易称为凭标准买卖。

凭文字说明书和图样买卖(sale by description and Illustrations

对于商品得品质,以说明书并附以图样、照片、设计、图纸、分析表等各种数据来说明其具体性能和结构特点。按此方式进行交易,称为凭文字说明书和图样买卖(sale by description and Illustrations)。这种主要涉及到有些机器、电器和仪表等技术密集型产品。

凭商标或品牌买卖(sale by Trade Mark or Brand

商标(Trade Mark)是指生产者或商号用来说明其所生产或出售的商品的标志,它可以由一个或几个具有特色的单词、字母、数字、图形、或图片等组成。品牌(Brand Name)是指工商企业给其制造或销售的商品所冠的名称,以便与其它的企业的同类产品区别开来。

凭商标或品牌的买卖,一般只适用于一些品质稳定的工业制成品或经过科学加工的初级产品,在进行这类交易时必须确实把好质量关。保证产品的传统特色,把维护名牌产品信誉放在首位。

凭产地买卖(sale by Origin
在国际买卖中,有些产品,因产区的自然条件、传统加工工艺等因素的影响,在品质方面具有其他产区的产品所不具有的独特风格和特色,对于这类产品,一般可以用产地名称(Name of Origin)来表示其品质。

3)数量条款(Quantity)
  数量条款包括计量单位、计量方法和具体数量三部分。如“数量:1000Quantity: 1000 doz.,数量:180公吨,以毛作净(Quantity: 280 Metric Ton,Gross for Net

4)包装条款 Packing Clause
  包装条款(Packing Clause)主要包括商品包装的方式、材料、包装费用和运输标志等内容。一般采用的方式有笼统表示和具体规定两种。通常只有在双方达到共识时才使用笼统表示方法。比如以下描述:customary packing; seaworthy packing; packing suitable for long distance; 等等。 如:

木箱装,每箱装30匹,每匹40

To be packed in wooden cases, 30 pieces per case of 40 yd each.铁桶装,每桶净重25公斤。
In iron drum of 25kg net each.
用聚丙烯编制包装袋,每包重50公斤,以毛重作净重,包装袋质量良好,适于海运,包装袋上用英语写上品名、重量、原产国别和包装日期。
To be packed in polypropylene woven bags, 50kg each, gross for net. The bags should be fairy good in quality and suitable for ocean transportation, on which the name of the goods, weight, country of origin and package date should be written / marked in English.

(4)价格条款

价格条款中要包括计价单位、货币名称、单位价格金额和价格术语。如:

USD 100 CIF London each dozen

5运输条款

装运条款主要包括装运港和目的港、装运期、是否允许分批装运与转船、装运通知、装卸时间、装卸率、滞期和速遣等多个单项条款

装运港(Port of shipmen)和目的港条款(Port of Destination

例如:

装运港:天津(Port of shipment: tianjin

目的港:鹿特丹(Port of Destination: Rotterdan

装运期(Time of Shipment

1:规定具体的装运月份

20033月装运(shipment during March,2003

2:规定一段装运时间

20033520日装运(shipment from March 5-20,2003

分批装运(Partial shipment)与转船(Transshipment)

1允许分批装运。允许转运(Partial shipment & Transshipment

24/5/6月份每月装一批,每批数量相等(shipment in Apr/May/June in 3 equal monthly lots

装运通知(shipping Advice

例如:货物全部装船后,卖方应立即将合同编号、商品名称、数量、毛重、发票金额、船名及开航日期电告买方。如由卖方未及时将装运通知电告买方,以致货物未及时保险而发生的一切损失由卖方承担。

(Immediately the goods are completely loaded ,the sellers shall cable to notify the Buyers of the contract number; name of commodity quantity gross weight, invoice value name of the carrying vessel and the date of sailing. in case the goods are not insured in time owing to the seller’s having failed to give timely advice ,any and consequent loss shall be born by the sellers )

装卸时间(time of shipment)、装卸率(loading rare)、滞期和速遣(Demurage&Fast

Despatch)

例如:卖方须于买方所租的载货船只到达装运港的当日开始装船。装货率为每个晴天工作日100公吨,装货时间为6个晴天工作日。滞期费为每个晴天工作日4000美元,不足一天者按比例计算;速遣费是滞期费的一半,不足一天者按比例计算

The sellers should start loading at the very day the carring vessel chartered by the buyer arrives the port of shipment .the average loading rate is 100 metric tons per Weather Working Days .The loading of all goods should finish in 6 Weather Working Days. Demurage is at the rate of US$ 4000 per a Weather Working Day.Despatch rate is half the demurage rate or prorate for any part of a Weather Working Day.

6)保险条款

保险条款包括以下几个主要内容:投保人(the insured)、保险人 (the insurer)、投保险别 (coverage)、投保金额 (insurance amount)

:保险,由卖方按发票金额的110%投保水渍险和偷窃提货不着险,198111中国人民保险公司海洋货物运输保险条款办理.

(Insurance to be effected by the sellers for 110% of the invoice value against W.A and TPND as per Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the people’s Insurance Company of China dated Jan1.1981)
6支付条款

支付条款用于规定支付方式、时间、地点、信用、单据等问题。

1:买方应不迟于1215,将100%的货款用电汇预付至卖方。

The Buyer should pay 100% of the sale amount to the Seller in advance by telegraphic transfer not later than Dec. 15th.

  2:买方通过卖方可接受的银行在装运前一个月开立以卖方为抬头的保兑的不可撤销的信用证,有效期至装运后15天。
  The Buyer shall open a confirmation irrevocable L / C in favor of the Seller with / through the bank acceptable to the Seller, one month before the shipment

(7) 检验条款 

检验条款 的主要内容包括:检验机构、 检验的内容、检验证书、 检验时间。

1:双方同意以装运港中国进出口商品检验局签发的品质及数量检验证书为最后依据对双方具有约束力。
It is mutually agreed that the goods are subject to the Inspection Certificate of Quality and Inspection Certificate of Quantity issued by China Import and Export at the port of shipment. The Certificate shall be binding on both parties

2:在交货前制造商应就订货的质量、规格、数量、性能作出准确全面的检验,并出具货物与本合同相符的检验证书。该证书为议付货款时向银行提交单据的一部分,但不得做为货物质量、规格、数量、性能的最后依据,制造商应将记载检验细节的书面报告附在品质检验书内。
Before delivery the manufacturer should make a precise and overall inspection of the goods regarding quality, quantity, specification and performance and issue the certificate indicating the goods in conformity with the stipulation of the contract. The certificates are one part of the documents presented to the bank for negotiation of the payment and should not be considered as final regarding quality, quantity, specification and performance. The manufacturer should include the inspection written report in the Inspection Certificate of Quality, stating the inspection particulars.

8)索赔条款

索赔条款的主要内容包括: 索赔权的规定 索赔时间 索赔依据 和赔付方法。

1:买方对于装运货物的任何异议必须与装运货物的船只到达目的港后30天内提出,并须提供经卖方同意的公正机关出具的检验报告,如果货物已经加工,买方即丧失索赔权利。属于保险公司或轮船公司责任范围的索赔,卖方不予受理。
  Any discrepancy on the shipped goods should be put forward within 30 days after the arrival of the vessel carrying the goods at the port of destination and the Buyer should present the Survey Report issued by the Surveyor agreed by the Seller. If the goods have been processed the Buyer will loss the right to claim. The Seller shall not settle the claim within the responsibility of the Insurance Company or Ship Company.

2:品质异议须于货物到达目的港30天内提出,数量异议须于货物到达目的港15天提出,但均须提供相关检验机构的证明,如属卖方责任,卖方应予以收到异议20天内答复,并提出处理意见。

Any discrepancy about quality should be presented within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination; any discrepancy about quantity should be presented within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination, both of which cases should be on the strength of the certificates issued by the related surveyor. If the Seller is liable he should send the reply together with the proposal for settlement within 20 days after receiving the said discrepancy

(9) 不可抗力条款(Force Majeure

买卖合同中的不可抗力条款的基本内容包括不可抗力事故的范围,事故发生后通知对方的时间和方式,证明事故的文件和事故后果。其中,对不可抗力事故的范围规定是该条款的中心。

1:如果遭遇无法控制的时间或情况应视为不可抗力,但不限于火灾、风灾、水灾、地震、爆炸、叛乱、传染、检疫、隔离。如不可抗力一方不能履行合同规定下义务,另一方应将履行合同的时间延长,所延长的时间应与不可抗力事件的时间相等。 Any event or circumstance beyond control shall be regarded as Force Majeure but not restricted to fire, wind, flood, earthquake, explosion, rebellion, epidemic, quarantine and segregation. In case either party that encounters Force Majeure fails to fulfill the obligation under the contract, the other party should extend the performance time by period equal to the time that Fore Majeure will last.

2:如果不可抗力持续6个月以上,合同双方应尽快通过友好协商的方式调整继续履行合同事宜。如果双方不能达成协议,则根据合同中第12条款通过仲裁决定。

If the Force Majeure last over 6 months, the two parties of the contract should settle the case of continuing the contract by friendly negotiation as soon as possible. Should the two parties fail to reach an agreement will be settled by arbitration according to Clause 12 of the contract thereof.

10)延期交货和惩罚条款 late delivery and penalty

在延期交货的情况下,惩罚条款一般采用违约金补救方式。

延期交货和惩罚条款主要规定一方未按合同规定时间而延迟交货,应该向对方按照约定支付一定数额的违约金,以补偿对方的损失。

1:如果乙方因自身原因而未准时完工,乙方应付违约罚款,每天按总价的千分之一计算,即一千二百六十美元整。

If party B fails to finish the work on schedule due to its own reason, he shall pay to the other party the penalty at 1 of the total value of the work per day, that is USD one thousand two hundred and sixty dollars.

2:如果合资一方未能按本合同第5条规定按期付款,违约方应在逾期后一个月付给另一方10%的利息。如果违约方逾期3个月仍未如资,合同另一方根据本合同第53条规定有权终止合同并向违约方索赔损失。

Should either joint-venturer fails to pay the contribution on schedule according to Clause 5, the default party should pay the other 10% of the interest one month after the dead line. The other party shall hold right to terminate the contract or to claim the damage against / to him according to Clause 53 thereof, if the default party has not done so three months after the deadline.

11)仲裁条款

仲裁条款一般包括仲裁地点、仲裁机构、仲裁程序规则、仲裁裁决的效力、仲裁费的负担等。例如:

All disputes in connection with the Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled through friendly negotiations. In case no settlement can be reached through negotiations, the case should then be submitted for arbitration to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade. The arbitration shall take place in Shanghai and the decision rendered by the said Commission shall be final and binding upon both parties neither party shall seek resource to the law court or other authorities for revising the decision. The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing part.

买卖合同的结构与内容

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