垃圾分类“攻坚战”)

7月1日，上海市正式开始实行《上海市生活垃圾管理条例》，上海居民迎来了史上最严垃圾分类措施。根据《条例》，人们要将垃圾按照干垃圾、湿垃圾、可回收垃圾和有害垃圾的标准进行分类投放，同时对没有将生活垃圾分类投放的个人可处以50至200元的罚款。在进行了20多年倡导工作后，上海市终于率先将垃圾分类纳入了法治框架。

 “What kind of rubbish are you?” This question might normally cause anger, but in Shanghai it has brought about weary groans over the past week. On July 1st, the city introduced strict trash-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for our country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate categories and toss it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure compliance（服从）and to inquire into the nature of one’s rubbish.

Violators face the prospect of fines and worse. They could be hit with fines of up to 200 yuan ($29). For repeat violators, the city can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to obtain bank loans or even buy train tickets.

Shanghai authorities are responding to an obvious environmental problem. It generates 9 million tonnes of garbage a year, more than London’s annual output and rising quickly. But like other cities in China, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on trash pickers to sift through the waste, plucking out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up. China churns out 80 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks a year.

Many residents appear to support the idea of recycling in general but are frustrated by the details. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or hazardous（有害的）, the distinctions among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out. Some have complained about the rules surrounding food waste. They must put it straight in the required public bin, forcing them to tear open plastic bags and toss it by hand. Most vexing（令人烦恼的）are the short windows for dumping trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out; no one wants to look bad.

（节选自The Economist）

1. What’s the purpose of the first paragraph?

A. To introduce the trash-sorting regulations.

B. To explain the four categories of the waste.

C. To present residents’ complaints about trash dividing.

D. To show the goal of trash-sorting regulations.

2. What does the underlined word “Violators” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. People who don’t sort the waste.

B. People who argue with the monitors.

C. People who don’t throw the trash on time.

D. People who are against the regulations.

3. What is the main direct environmental problem in Shanghai?

A. The massive traffic.

B. The increasing garbage.

C. Lack of a recycling system.

D. Lack of trash pickers.

4. What makes the residents upset most about the rules?

A. Complex distinction among the four categories of trash.

B. Short scheduled time for tossing the trash.

C. Being observed by monitors when throwing the garbage.

D. Being fined when blamed due to improper behavior.

5. What can be the best title for the text?

A. A Restart of Trash-sorting

B. A Great Change in Tackling Litter

C. A New Era of Garbage Classification

D. A Craze for Learning Waste Sorting

参考答案

1-5 ADBBC

生词

1. sift through  筛选

2. pluck out 拔，摘

3. pile up 堆积，积累

4. churn out 大量生产，粗制滥造

5. disposable  adj. 用后即丢弃的，一次性的

长难句分析

1. For repeat violators, the city can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to obtain bank loans or even buy train tickets.

主干：The city can add black marks to their credit records.

译文：对于屡次违规者，他们的信用记录将被加上污点。他们将很难申请银行贷款，甚至难以购买火车票。

2. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or hazardous, the distinctions among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out.

主干：Rubbish must be divided.

译文：垃圾必须按照厨余垃圾、可回收垃圾、干垃圾、有害垃圾来分类，有些种类的区分可能会让人感到困惑，尽管有一些APP可以帮助我们解决这个问题。

3. Most vexing（令人烦恼的）are the short windows for dumping trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out; no one wants to look bad.

主干：Most vexing are the windows for dumping trash. This means that.

译文：最让人烦恼的是短暂的垃圾投放时间段，通常只有早上和晚上的几个小时。随着垃圾监督员出现在垃圾桶旁边，这意味着人们几乎是在同一时间丢垃圾，并且扔掉的垃圾将被密切关注；没有人想让自己难堪。

知识拓展

1. Waste classification: 垃圾分类

Residual Waste: 干垃圾

是指除有害垃圾、可回收物、湿垃圾以外的其他生活废弃物。

Household Food Waste: 湿垃圾（厨余垃圾）

是指易腐的生物质废弃物。主要包括剩菜剩饭、瓜皮果核、花卉绿植、肉类碎骨、过期食品、餐厨垃圾等。

Recyclable Waste: 可回收废物

是指适宜回收和可循环再利用的废弃物。主要包括废玻璃、废金属、废塑料、废纸张、废织物等。

Hazardous Waste: 有害垃圾

是指对人类健康或者自然环境造成直接或者潜在危害的零星废弃物，单位集中产生的除外。主要包括废电池、废灯管、废药品、废油漆桶等。

2. 垃圾分类的好处：

（1）减少占地：生活垃圾中有些物质不易降解，使土地受到严重侵蚀。将垃圾进行分类，去掉可以回收的、不易降解的物质，可以减少垃圾数量达60%以上。

（2）减少污染：目前我国的垃圾处理多采用卫生填埋甚至简易填埋的方式，占用上万亩土地；并且虫蝇乱飞，污水四溢，臭气熏天，严重污染环境。

废弃的电池含有金属汞、镉等有毒的物质，会对人类产生严重的危害；土壤中的废塑料会导致农作物减产；抛弃的废塑料被动物误食，导致动物死亡的事故时有发生。因此回收利用还可以减少危害。

（3）变废为宝：中国每年使用塑料快餐盒达40亿个，方便面碗5亿―7亿个，一次性筷子数十亿双，这些占生活垃圾的8%~15%。1吨废塑料可回炼600公斤柴油。回收1500吨废纸，可免于砍伐用于生产1200吨纸的林木。一吨易拉罐熔化后能结成一吨很好的铝块，可少采20吨铝矿。生活垃圾中有30%―40%可以回收利用，大家应珍惜这个小本大利的资源。大家也可以利用易拉罐制作笔盒，既环保，又节约资源。

垃圾分类“攻坚战”说课讲解