综合学术英语教程2答案

Un it 1 Multidiscipli nary Educati on

Keys to the Exercises

Approach ing the Topic

1. 1) The aim of college educati on is to produce in dividuals who are well on their way to become

experts in their field of in terest.

2) The grow ing importa nee of produci ng professi on als who have the skills to work with people from a diverse set of discipli nes.

3) First, through an in terdiscipli nary approach; Second, through a multidiscipli nary approach.

4) College educati on should produce in dividuals who may later become expert who are in terdiscipli nary problem solvers.

2. 1) f 2) d 3) a 4) e 5) g 6) m 7) j 8) k 9) l 10) i 11) b 12) h 13) c

4. (1) offered (2) stresses (3) ability ⑷ differe nt (5)即 proach

(6) in creas in gly (7) graduates (8) en ter (9) positi ons (10) Employme nt

6. 1) Multidiscipli nary studies.

2) They both believe that curre nt college educatio n should lay emphasis on multidiscipli nary studies, which is a prerequisite to produc ing future expert who are in terdiscipli nary problem solvers.

3) Ope n.

4) Ope n.

5) Ope n.

Read ing about the Topic

3. 1) The stude nts have brought to MIT their in dividual gifts, such as their own in tellect, en ergy,

ideas, aspirati ons, dist inctive life experie nee and point of view, etc.

2) They represe nt the geographic and symbolic cen ter of MIT.

3) Names of in tellectual gia nts.

4) Leon ardo da Vinci was a pain ter, scie ntist, engin eer, sculptor, i nven tor, city pla nner and architect.

4. Set 1: 1) c 2) e 3) d 4) h 5) a 6) g 7) f 8) b

Set 2: 1) e 2) a 3) h 4) b 5) c 6) f 7) d 8) g

5. (b) Para. A (b) Para. B ⑻ Para. C (c) Para. D

(f) Para. E (e) Para. F (d) Para. G (g) Para. A

6. 1) Because for him, the simplicity he appreciated in n ature became his ultimate sta ndard in

desig n.

2) First was da Vinci ' s complete disregard for the accepted boundaries between different f ields of knowledge. The second facet of da Vinci ' s character was his respect for and fascination with n ature. The third quality of da Vinci ' s character was an en thusiastic dema nd for han ds-on making, desig ning, practic ing and testi ng, and for solvi ng problems in the real world.

3) “ There is a good chanee that you will never again live and work in a community with as many different cultures and backgrounds as MIT. ” (Para. F)

4) Because by doing so, the stude nts can en gage themselves in new in tellectual adve ntures so as to use their time at MIT to its fullest pote ntial.

5) It means that “ They took the in itiative to search for the deepest an swers, in stead of sitt ing back and letting things happen to them. ”

7. Set 1: 1) h 2) d 3) a 4) g 5) f 6) e 7) b 8) c

Set 2: 1) c 2) g 3) d 4) a 5) h 6) f 7) e 8) b

8. 1) She wan ted to describe for the new stude nts three of his characteristics that particularly f it

with the value of MIT.

2) Because by doing so, the stude nts can encoun ter the most stimulat ing minds and in spiri ng role models, experie nee a life in a com mun ity with diversif ied cultures and backgro unds and participate in various new in tellectual adve ntures, so that they can get the most out of their MIT educati on.

3) The three of Da Vinci ' s characteristics will be the heritage of MIT to be inherited by the stude nts. She hoped that the new stude nts would follow Da Vinci as well as a great many extraord inary MIT teachers as their role models to use their time to its fullest pote ntial.

4) Multidiscipli nary thinking is a mode of thinking that goes bey ond discipli nary boun daries in order to gain new ideas and fresh perspectives.

9. 1) Huma n ingenuity will n ever devise any inven ti ons more beautiful, nor more simple, nor more

to the purpose tha n Nature does. (Para. A)

2) For Da Vi nci, the simplicity he appreciated in Nature became his ultimate sta ndard in desig n. (Para. B)

3) Be as determ ined in your curiosity as Leon ardo da Vinci —— and you will use your time at MIT to its fullest pote ntial. (Para. F)

4) MIT is a place of practical optimism and of passi on ate en gageme nt with the most importa nt problems of the world. (Para. G)

5) I had long since observed that people of accomplishme nt rarely sat back and let things happe n to them. (Para. H)

10. Many scie ntists and engin eers at MIT pursue simplicity in their desig n and developme nt of tech no logies.

Explori ng the Topic

4. 1) It is believed that a multidiscipli nary approach to scie ntific educati on is of vital importa nee.

2) Second, a multidiscipli nary emphasis is believed to be a prerequisite to training in dividuals.

3) It cannot be denied that these f irms are participati ng in tur ning out the future thin kers.

4) How about exam ining our problems about scie nee and tech no logy from a liberal arts perspective.

5) Surpris in gly, however, our uni versities and colleges fail to switch from the conven tio nal divisio ns and departme ntal secti ons to daily extracurricular multidiscipli nary work.

5. Reading 1 begins with a contrast —“ College education has always had the responsibility to ... However, ... we also see the growing importanee of producing ... ”. The introduction of Reading 2 is in formative as well as in terest ing, which arouses the readers ' in terest to go on read ing.

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) ultimate (2) spirit (3) feed (4) approach (5) property (6) represent

(7) discipli ne (8) aspirati on (9) in spire (10) perspective (11) in herit (12) gen erate

3.

(1) in spiri ng (2) gen erati on (3) collaborative (4) aspiri ng (5) In tellige nt

(6) in herit (7) celebrity (8) speculated (9) represe ntative (10) an atomical

4. (1) D (2) A (3) C (4) B (5) D (6) A (7) B (8) C (9) A (10) C

5. (1) Many celebrated researchers around the world are collaborat ing to develop a new vacc ine.

(2) The scie ntists ' experime nt gen erated an un expected outcome.

(3) If the systems are restructured, their effective ness will be ultimately in tegrated into the global economy.

(4) The doctors speculate that he died of a stroke caused by a blow on the head.

(5) The murder trial attracted con siderable public atte nti on.

(6) The aspirati on for college educati on in spires people in remote areas to work hard.

(7) He inherited his parents ' fortune after their death.

(8) He disregarded his father' s advice and left college.

(9) In this address, he asked the youn gsters, who embody the spirits of the n ati on, to join the campaig n.

(10) The special diet in corporates many differe nt fruits and vegetables.

7. (1) Whoever run the red light shows a complete disregard for public safety.

(2) Success, as he expla in ed, was nothing more tha n a con siste nt pursuit of art and good luck.

(3) The new product has benef ited from research work at the crossroads betwee n biological and medical studies.

(4) It was amazing that his idea echoed well the great philosopher ' s belief, which he claimed not to have heard about before.

(5) The on e-m onth intense trai ning program prepared the team members well for possible emerge ncies.

(6) The audie nee was deeply impressed with the vigor and power of the speech delivered by the

environmen talist.

(7) This traveli ng experie nee will provide you with a rare opport unity to sample a differe nt way of life.

(8) Using the limited time to its fullest pote ntial is one of the must-have/required skills in adapt ing to the fast-paced moder n life.

(9) More and more coun tries are bringing robots to bear on their various problems.

(10) These stude nts are en couraged from a very early age to follow their own boun dless in terests well bey ond the boun daries of conven ti onal belief in obedie nt lear ning.

8.

A. (1) B (2) C (3) B (4) B (5) D

B. As multidiscipli nary desig n has become a trend in the in dustry, there is a n eed for more emphasis on multidiscipli nary perspectives. Educati onal in stitutio ns should take their role in trai ning in dividuals who can function in a collaborative en vir onment and be prepared to face multifaceted projects that they may not have bee n exposed to. However, our uni versities and colleges fail to shift from traditi onal divisi ons and departme ntal secti ons to multidiscipli nary work being practiced on a daily basis outside the classroom.

C. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) T

D. (1) what lear ning is about (2) be inq uisitive (3) lear n a new subject

(4) an alyze a new problem (5) teacher-taught (6) master- in spired

(7) self-lear ner (8) the trap of dogma (9) no si ngle simple an swer

(10) black and white (11) critical thinking (12) tolera nt and supportive

(13) a new thesis topic (14) flexibility (15) style of leadership

Unit 2 The Scie ntific Method

Keys to the Exercises

Approach ing the Topic

1. 1) The Scien tific Method is a body of tech niq ues for in vestigat ing phe nomena and acquiri ng kno wledge, as well as correct in g/i ntegrati ng previous kno wledge. It in volves gatheri ng observable, empirical and measurable evide nee, the collectio n of data through observati on and experime ntati on, and the formulati on and testi ng of hypotheses.

2) Scien tists put forward hypotheses to expla in what is observed. They the n con duct experime nts to test these hypotheses. The steps take n in the experime nt must be capable of replicati on and the results emerge as the same. What is discovered may lead to a new hypothesis.

3) Scien tists are huma n and can be uninten tio nally biased; total objectivity is impossible.

4) Scien tists are huma n and can be uninten tio nally biased. Science uses our sen ses and our sen ses can be mistake n. We can n ever un dersta nd someth ing as it really is because our very prese nee

affects what is being studied.

5) ① Science is both a body of knowledge and a process.

2 Science is exciting.

3 Science is useful.

4 Science is ongoing.

5 Science is reliable.

6 Science is a community endeavor.

2. 1) c 2) g 3) e 4) f 5) a 6) d 7) h 8) k 9) b 10) i 11) j

4. (1) aspects (2) process (3) satisfy (4) tech no logies (5) puzzle

(6) collect ion (7) evide nee (8) en sure (9) diversity (10) professi onal

6. 1) Scie nee.

2) It brings to mind many differe nt pictures: white lab coats and microscopes, a scie ntist peeri ng through a telescope, the launch of the space shuttle, and so on.

3) Scie nee can discover the laws to un dersta nd the order of n ature.

4) Because it relies on a systems of checks and bala nces, which helps en sure that scie nee moves towards greater accuracy and un dersta nding, and this system is facilitated by diversity within the scie ntific com mun ity, which offers a range of perspectives on scie ntific ideas.

5) Ope n.

Read ing about the Topic

3. 1) The moder n scie ntific method is characterized by con firmati ons and observati ons which

“ verified ” the theories in question, but some genuinely testable theories, when found to be false, are still upheld by their admirers, which rescues the theory from refutati on on ly at the price of destro ying, or at least loweri ng, its scie ntific status.

2) A theory which is not refutable by any con ceivable event is non-scie ntific.

3) Their theories were con sta ntly verified by their cli nical observati ons. They always fitted and were always con firmed.

4) Light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun).

5) There is the risk in volved in a predict ion: the theory is in compatible with certa in possible results of observati on — in fact with results which everybody before Ein stein would have expected.

4. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) g

Set 2: 1) b 2) e 3) a 4) f 5) d 6) c 7) h 8) g

5. Para. A (b) Para. B (c) Para. C (e)

Para. D (e) Para. E ⑻ Para. F (d)

6. 1) Observati ons, hypotheses, and deducti ons, the n con clusi ons.

2) You will n eed to research everythi ng that you can f ind about the problem.

3) You should n ' t cha nge the hypothesis. In stead, try to expla in what might have bee n wrong with your orig inal hypothesis.

4) An importa nt thing to remember duri ng this stage of the scie ntific method is that once you develop a hypothesis and a predict ion, you should n ' t cha nge it, even if the results of your experime nt show that you were wrong.

5) Because there is a cha nee that you made a miscue somewhere along the way.

7. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) g

Set 2: 1) e 2) g 3) a 4) f 5) c 6) b 7) d 8) h

8. 1) Observati on, as the f irst stage of the scie ntific method, is a way of collect ing in formati on

from any possible sources, which can serve as a foun datio n in verify ing a theory .In this process, one should expect an eve nt which could refute the theory. Only through being refuted by new observatio ns which are in compatible with the theory could it be falsified,

which ref lects its true

scie ntific virtue.

2) A hypothesis is a possible soluti on to a problem, based on kno wledge and research, while a theory is a hypothesis con firmed by the research findin gs. Every theory cannot be applied to every situati on; otherwise, it is not a good theory.

3) It is always possible to verify n early every theory, but that would rescue the theory from refutation at the price of destroying, or at least lowering its scientific status.

4) To falsify a theory is more valuable, because a theory which is not refutable by any con ceivable eve nt is non-scie ntific.

9. 1) Because of this personal experience and an interest in the problem, you decide to learn more

about what makes pla nts grow. (Para. B)

2) The experime nt that you will desig n is done to test the hypothesis. (Para. D)

3) Through in formal, exploratory observati ons of pla nts in a garde n, those with more sun light appear to grow bigger. (Para. H)

4) The judges at your science fair will not take points off simply because your results don ' t match up with your hypothesis. (Para. K)

5) You cannot prove the hypothesis with a sin gle experime nt, because there is a cha nce that you made a miscue somewhere along the way. (Para. Q)

10. Observatio n, the in itial stage of the research, requires a thorough un dersta nding of a research project you have chose n by collect ing adequate in formati on from various sources, and is followed by the next stage known as hypothesis, an un complicated stateme nt that defi nes what you think the outcome of your experime nt will be.

Explori ng the Topic

4. 1) Science does not in clude expla nati ons based on no empirical evide nce.

2) The huma n n ature of scie nce, however, ren ders it un likely to be free of pers onal prejudices, misapprehe nsions, and bias.

3) The scope of scie nce en compasses the whole uni verse and n atural world.

4) Scie nce is a process of decidi ng whether the acquired evide nce may prove what is most likely to be correct curre ntly.

5) It is not possible to prove a hypothesis with a single experiment, as chances are that a mistake was made somewhere in the process.

In tegrated Exercises

2. (1) additio nal (2) illustrate ⑶ in terpret (4) con duct (5) previous ⑹ in volve

(7) design (8) verify (9) reflect (10) collect (11) research (12) support

3.

(1) methodical (2) commitme nt (3) achievable (4) assume (5) illogical

(6) exposure (7) constitutive (8) emphatic (9) confirmation (10) identity

4. (1) A (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) A (6) B (7) C (8) A (9) D (10) B

5. (1) This observati on motivated Newt on to develop a theory of gravity.

(2) Other scholars attempt to approach the subject from an econo mical perspective.

(3) Participating in the activity will provide one with an initial taste of the objectives of sociology.

(4) Scien tists in sisted there was a rati onal expla nati on for the stra nge phe nomenon.

(5) To most young people, higher educati on is nothing but a process of acquiri ng kno wledge.

(6) The study dem on strates the n ecessity of tak ing a much broader view in the matter.

(7) The new car' s desig n successfully in tegrates art and tech no logy.

(8) China actually encoun tered the ide ntical stages of its developme nt in the early 1990s to the West.

(9) The virus can spread to a docume nt or applicati on betwee n computers and ren der the computer useless.

(10) If the susta in able developme nt of small econo mies is facilitated, their effective ness will be ultimately in tegrated into the global economy.

7. 1) We could not atte nd a conference without heari ng some talks about cha nge and challe nge.

2) Things seem highly optimistic in the light of numerous reports, especially from country districts.

3) I am in favor of the argume nt that urba ni zatio n should be con trolled properly.

4) Someth ing slowly bega n to daw n on me — I still loved what I did.

5) My computer does not work because it was ren dered paralyzed by some viruses.

6) Experts are working on the plan in question. And they ' ll come to an answer.

7) A n ati onal curriculum framework is logically in compatible with pupil-ce ntered lear ning.

8) For many women success is often achieved at the price of their married life.

9) Many attempts had bee n made before I successfully en tered a key uni versity.

10) There is a good chance that it will turn fine tomorrow.

8. A.⑴ B (2) A (3) C (4) A (5) B

B. Un dersta nding scie ntific method is critical to your scie ntific en deavor. The scie ntific method is a series of steps that serve as guideli nes for scie ntific efforts, and a tool that helps scie ntists solve problems and determ ine an swers to questi ons in a logical format. There are two forms of scie ntific method: the experime ntal method and the descriptive method. The former employs nu merical data and graphs, used in physical scie nces, while the latter gathers In formatio n through visual observati on and in terviewi ng, employed in zoology and an thropology. The scie ntific method in volves five steps, n amely, ide ntify ing a problem, research ing the problem, formulat ing a hypothesis, con duct ing an experime nt and reach ing a con clusi on.

C. (1) The process of scie nee, in con trast to the lin ear steps of the simplified scie ntific method,

is iterative.

(2) Scie nee circles back on itself so that useful ideas are built upon and used to lear n even more about the n atural world.

(3) Gregor Men del showed that i nherita nee is particulate that in formati on is passed along in discrete packets that cannot be diluted.

(4) Any point in the process leads to many possible n ext steps, and where that next step leads could be a surprise.

(5) Scie nee may in volve many differe nt people en gaged in all sorts of differe nt activities in differe nt orders and at differe nt points in time.

D. (1) n atural world (2) in vestigati ons (3) basic questi on

(4) in formatio n (5) Experime nts (6) detailed un dersta nding

(7) built upon (8) deepe n and exte nd (9) in the process

(10) test ing (11) observati on (12) new direct ion

(13) in differe nt orders (14) represe nt (15) less importa nt

Unit 3 Ancient China ' s Contribution to Scienee

Keys to the Exercises

Approach ing the Topic

1. 1) Needham is the world 'famous Sinologist and author of Science and Civilization in

Chi na.

2) The Europea n people just take these inven ti ons for gra nted. All origi nated in China but have long since bee n adopted by the West.

3) They helped to in spire the Europea n agricultural and in dustrial revoluti ons.

4) It has won five literary awards in America and bee n tran slated into 43 Ian guages.

5) His book, The Spirit of Chin ese Inven ti on, was approved by the Chin ese Mini stry of Educati on for use in conn ecti on with the n ati onal sec on dary curriculum in China.

2. 1) f 2) k 3) c 4) a 5) o 6) n 7) g 8) e

9) d 10) m 11) i 12) h 13) j 14) l 15) b

4. (1) credit (2) con siderable ⑶ befrie nded (4) breakthroughs ⑸ thoroughly

(6) flow n (7) academic (8) embark (9) suggested (10) staff

6. 1) The overlooked great breakthroughs in an cie nt China.

2) Dr. Needham argued that a proper book on the history of Chin ese scie nee and tech no logy would have a wide beari ng on the gen eral history of thought and ideas.

3) He helped to bring due credit to China ' s overlooked contribution to scientific innovation.

4) Yes, he does. Because he believed that a proper popular book would have a wide beari ng on the gen eral history of thoughts and ideas, which could not be possible if the book was too academic.

Readi ng about the Topic

3. 1) Both Westerners and Chin ese people are ignorant of the fact that the West imported a lot of

inven ti ons from ancient China.

2) Because more tha n half of the basic inven ti ons and discoveries upon which the “ moder n world ” rests come from China.

3) Because they take many great achieveme nts for gran ted, and eve n the Chin ese themselves lost sight of the truth, so their wester n in heritors would n ' t trouble themselves to know the truth.

4) Because it is always more satisfy ing to the ego to thi nk that they have reached their prese nt positi on alone and un aided, and that they are the proud masters of all abilities and all crafts.

4. Set 1: 1) d 2) e 3) a 4) b 5) c 6) g 7) f 8) h

Set 2: 1) d 2) g 3) e 4) h 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) f

5. Para. A (e) Para. B (b) Para. C (f) Para. D (a) Para. E (a)

Para. F (a) Para. G (c) Para. H (g) Para. I (h) Para. J (d)

6. 1) The three inven tio ns tran sform-ed completely the moder n world and mark-ed it off from

the ancient and the Middle Ages.

2) The Europea n agricultural revoluti on, which laid the basis for the In dustrial Revoluti on, came about only because of the importati on of Chin ese ideas and inven ti ons.

3) The truth that half of the basic inven ti ons and discoveries orig in ated from China n eeds to be imparted to schoolchildre n. The purpose is to let them know the truth and the n to bridge the chasm betwee n the East and the West.

4) The bureaucratic orga ni zati on of Chi na in its earlier stages stron gly helped scie nee to grow; only in its later ones did it in hibit further growth, and in particular preve nted a breakthrough which has occurred in Europe.

5) The author points out the reas ons why China was developed in the past but backward at prese nt and why the West was un derdeveloped in the past but adva need at prese nt.

7. Set 1: 1) c 2) g 3) h 4) b 5) f 6) d 7) a 8) e

Set 2: 1) c 2) d 3) g 4) e 5) a 6) b 7) f 8) h

8. 1) The two readi ngs both list a series of great inven tio ns and discoveries that origi nated in

ancient China. Readi ng 1 tends to be factual, while Readi ng 2 is more critical of the fact

that the Chin ese are ignorant of their ancient achieveme nts and the Westerners simply take them for gra nted.

2) The argume nt in Read ing 2 is more reas on able and acceptable si nee the author uses a lot of examples and exam ines the questi on from both the Chin ese and Western perspectives to illustrate his point.

3) Readi ng 2 holds more obvious n egative attitudes towards Wester ners.

4) It would be better if the n ati ons and the peoples of the world had a clearer un dersta nding of each other, allow ing the men tal gap betwee n East and West to be bridged. (Readi ng 2) The discoveries and inven ti ons made in Europe in the seve ntee nth cen tury and thereafter depe nded so much in so many cases on cen turies of previous Chin ese progress in scie nee, tech no logy and medici ne. (Readi ng 3)

9. 1) He regarded the origins of these inventions as “ obscure” and he died without ever

knowing that all of them were Chin ese. (Para. B)

2) Chauvi ni stic Wester ners, of course, always try to mi ni mize the in debted ness of Europe to China in the ancient and the Middle Ages, but ofte n the circumsta ntial evide nee is compelli ng. (Para. C)

3) In many cases we simply cannot ide ntify the cha nn els through which kno wledge was con veyed from East to West. (Para. C)

4) Moder n scie nee which developed in the seve ntee nth cen tury was a mathematizati on of hypotheses about n ature, comb ined with experime ntati on. (Para. D)

5) One factor which must have great releva nee here is the circumsta nee that the feudalism of Europe and Ch ina were fun dame ntally differe nt. (Para. E)

10. The feudalism of China differed greatly from that of Europe in that its bureaucratic

orga ni zati on promoted the growth of scie nee in ancient China but i nhibited its further developme nt later on.

Explori ng the Topic

4. 1) In creas in gly being bewitched by the adva need Europea n tech no logy, the Chin ese have

forgotte n their own achieveme nts.

2) A book like that would be absolutely non-academic; it would n evertheless have a far-reachi ng in flue nee on the gen eral history of thought and ideas.

3) The less on to be draw n from the history of agriculture can best illustrate the ignorance of the egoistic wester ners.

4) The Chin ese and Westerners are equally surprised whe n they realize that moder n agriculture, moder n shipp ing and even the esse ntial desig n of the steam engine all origi nated from Chi na.

5) A clear un dersta nding among the n ati ons and the peoples of the world would be welcomed to bridge the gap betwee n East and West.

5. 2) The deafe ning no ise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on n erves.

Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do great injury to delicate lun gs. The sudde n plunging of a train into the dark ness of a tunn el, and the equally sudde n rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to the eyesight.

3) What was it that en abled them to become great or successful? Were they born with someth ing special? Or did their great ness have more to do with tim ing, devoti on and, perhaps, an un compromis ing pers on ality? The an swer is a n ever surre nder attitude. If great achievers share anythin g, it is an un rele nti ng drive to succeed. There is a tendency to think that they are en dowed with someth ing super- no rmal.

In tegrated Exercises

2. (1) in sight (2) expertise (3) obscure (4) backward

(5) un dertake (6) ignoran t (7) ack no wledge (8) esse ntial

(9) min imize (10) shatter (11) fadi ng (12) illustration

3.

(1) in sightful (2) tran sformati on (3) respectively (4) dazzli ng (5) resurge nt

(6) indebted ⑺ backwards (8) irrelevant (9) unparalleled (10) illusionary

4. (1) C (2) D (3) A (4) B (5) A (6) A (7) C (8) D (9) B (10) D

5. (1) Examples will be draw n from literature and popular media to illustrate the range of

leadership and non-leadership behaviors and compete ncies.

(2) You 'l never be able to eliminate interruptions altogether but you can do a lot to minimize them.

(3) There is evide nee that the movie rein forces n egative stereotypes about wome n.

(4) The violence to property will do nothing to facilitate that investigation.

(5) Determ in ati on and effort en able-d the young man to acquire success.

(6) The project was held back by budget restra in ts.

(7) We will continue to press gover nments in the regi on to un dertake political reforms.

(8) This level of econo mic growth is un precede nted and uniq ue.

(9) This policy could isolate the country from the other perma nent members of the Un ited Nati ons Security Coun cil.

(10) The profo und econo mic effect would accumulate day by day, and much of it might be reversible.

7. (1) It must be realized that China experie need a great tran sformati on in the last cen tury.

(2) However, it is rather questi on able whether the majority of America ns know the truth about China and Chin ese people.

(3) All of the in formati on can be con veyed by simple graphs.

(4) It is esse ntial that our childre n absorb this less on into their outlook on the world.

(5) It is a less on that all of us should take to heart.

(6) We must n ever lose sight of the fact that many inven tio ns origi nated in China.

(7) Many of us take it for gran ted that tech no logy is the top priority in econo mic developme nt.

(8) How was it that you had the right i nformati on at the right place and at the right time?

(9) I can think of no better illustrati on of the importa nee of higher educati on tha n the fact that many uni versity graduates have become the leaders in various f ields.

(10) The dema nd for a raise ref lects as much a desire for the recog niti on of their success as for more mon ey.

8. A. (1) C (2) B (3) D (4) D (5) C

B. China ' s ancient great inventions and discoveries, as the forerunners of some of the moder n tech no logies, both enhance the quality of huma n life and cha nge Chin ese history of scie nee. The most sig nif ica nt ones are papermak ing, gun powder, compass and prin ti ng. Paper, one of the most widely used and in dispe nsable materials, led to subseque nt inno vati ons like paper curre ncy, woodblock printing and ceramic movable type printing. The most importa nt inven ti on of gun powder triggered a series of related discoveries like fireworks, la nd min e-s , n aval min e-s, explodi ng cannon balls, multistage rocket-s, etc. The compass, orig in ally in a crude form, was followed by a magn etic device and a magn etic n eedle for n avigati on in waters.

C. (1) He accide ntally stumbled upon f ireworks by mixing 3 rout ine kitche n in gredie nts ——

saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal and ign ited them.

(2) The fireworks came to be used for auspicious occasi ons like weddi ng-s, religious ceremonies and to celebrate victories and achieveme nts, and even as rocket fuel.

(3) He was called the foun der of f ire crackers.

(4) The gun powder tubes were found to be strong eno ugh to launch arrows and this is how the rocket was con ceptualized and used aga inst the Mon golia ns in a Kai keng battle.

(5) He wan ted to see how these rockets could be used for tran sportati on.

D. (1) stumbli ng upon (2) sulfur (3) ign ited (4) explosi on (5) ward ing off

(6) auspicious ⑺ fuel (8) versio n (9) ghost (10) haun t (11) shooed off

(12) crackers (13) rocket fuel (14) attached (15) deliberately

Un it 4 Resp on sibility of Scie ntists

Keys to the Exercises

Approach ing the Topic

1. 1) Hans Bethe was a dist in guished scie ntist with remarkable con tributi ons to several areas of

physics duri ng his academic career, and also a Nobel Prize winner. As an exemplary scie ntist, Bethe was marked by his warmth, gen erosity, ten acity, and modest habits.

2) His major con tributi ons in clude his 1939 research into how the sun gen erates its en ergy by Con verti ng hydroge n to helium using carb on as a nu clear catalyst and his cen tral role in the

“ Manhattan Project ” .

3) He used Los Alamos as a platform to address scie ntists there directly as well as scie ntists around the world through the press.

4) Because he realized that it was time to rightly disarm and disma ntle nu clear weap ons.

5) Like chemical and biological weap ons, nu clear weap ons have the pote ntial for mass destructi on, thus pos ing a great threat to huma ni ty.

2. 1) b 2) k 3) c 4) e 5) m 6) j 7) a 8) f 9) d 10) i 11) h 12) g 13) l

4. (1) experime ntal (2) pote ntial (3) ide ntified (4) disappeared (5) zero

(6) Achievi ng (7) possessi on (8) safeguard (9) aba ndon (10) look

6. 1) Disarmame nt of nu clear weap ons.

2) They think nu clear weap ons could have the pote ntial for mass destructi on, thus pos ing a great threat to huma ni ty.

3) Ope n.

4) Ope n.

5) Ope n.

Read ing about the Topic

3. 1) Ein stein ' pen etrati ng in tellect gave rise to the birth of nu clear weap ons. However, later in

his life, Ein stein realized the pote ntial harm of the inven ti on and made serious efforts to deter the spread of nu clear weap ons.

2) The major risk of nu clear en ergy is its pote ntial for massive destruct ion that could bring an end to the huma n species.

3) Ei nstei n n ever worked on the Man hatta n Project to make the atomic bomb, and was deeply disturbed and sadde ned whe n the bombs were used on Japa n.

4) There is no soluti on to the problem of atomic bombs except intern ati onal con trol of atomic en ergy and, ultimately, the elim in ati on of war.

5) The strong message he sent to huma nity: “ The splitt ing of the atom has cha nged everythi ng except our modes of thinking, and thus we drift toward unprecedented catastrophe. ” It

in dicates his cautious and objective attitude towards nu clear weap ons.

4. Set 1: 1) d 2) h 3) c 4) a 5) f 6) g 7) b 8) e

Set 2: 1) b 2) e 3) a 4) h 5) g 6) c 7) d 8) f

5. Para. A (f) Para. B (e) Para. C (b) Para. D (d)

Para. E ⑻ Para. F (a) Para. G (c)

6. 1) Yes, there is. A good scie ntist is not n ecessarily successful, and vice versa.

2) Fritz Haber ' s case implies that it is possible for a successful scientist to do ethically bad

thi ngs.

3) The role of the scie ntist can be defi ned by tak ing into acco unt utilitaria ni sm, obligati on and virtue theory.

4) The authors believe that the Man hatta n Project is a typical example of the obligati on of scie ntists made n ecessary on ly un der extraord inary circumsta nces like a war.

5) Because either term has no meaning in that particular theory. Every approach brings out a different aspect of “ goodness” or “success” , but also leads to specific problems.

7. Set 1: 1) b 2) h 3) f 4) e 5) g 6) a 7) d 8) c

Set 2: 1) d 2) c 3) h 4) g 5) e 6) a 7) b 8) f

8. 1) The authors of both articles both regard huma nity as a crucial criteri on in judgi ng whether a

scie ntist is successful.

2) The author of Readi ng 2 defi nitely would con sider Ein ste in epitomized the qualities of a successful scie ntist accord ing to utilitaria ni sm, obligatio n and virtue theory.

3) Utilitaria ni sm, obligati on and huma nity.

4) Yes. Ein ste in would be regarded as a good and successful scie ntist. In terms of utilitaria nism, his pen etrat ing in tellect cha nged our view of the world. In terms of obligati on, he felt it was his duty to inform Preside nt Fran kli n Roosevelt of the pote ntial dan ger that the Germa ns would develop an atomic weap on to defeat the Allied powers .In terms of virtue, he n ever stopped fighti ng for the disarmame nt of weap ons of mass destructi on, urging scie ntists to act for the good of huma ni ty.

9. 1) The Germa n chemist Fritz Haber developed a method for syn thesiz ing ammon ia, thereby

making it possible to produce fertilizers cheaply and in large qua ntities. (Para. E)

2) Stubbornly, Haber rejected his wife ' s every suggestion. (Para. G)

3) Sometimes ends do justify the means for successful scie nee. (Para. I)

4) In the same way that the an cie nt Greeks made a list of the “ card in al ” virtues and ran ked types of character, it should be possible to do the same for specific scie ntific virtues. (Para. J)

5) The physicist Paul Dirac was a famously an ti-social pers on who would sometimes n ot speak a word duri ng dinner parties. (Para. K)

10. The example of the German chemist Fritz Haber illustrates that a successful scientist will do

things both ben eficial and detrime ntal to huma n bein gs.

Explori ng the Topic

4. 1) Other nu clear states unanim ously support the stateme nt “ Post-Cold War environment

requires nuclear deterrenee” .

2) It is gro un dless to argue that a world without nu clear weap ons would be a world full of dan gers.

3) Intern ati onal con trol of atomic en ergy is the only way to solve the problem.

4) The theoretical breakthrough on the power of mass con verted to en ergy origi nated from his kno wledge of the relati on ship betwee n mass and en ergy.

5) Therefore, a utilitaria n perspective may allow us to see a successful scie ntist i nvo lved in both good and bad deeds.

6. To start with, success is bad when it is achieved at the cost of the total quality of an experie nee... What is worse, success that comes too easily is harmful... Worse still, certa in kinds of success can be destructive...

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) critical (2) abandon (3) reject (4) justify

(5) pote ntial (6) foresee (7) lesse n (8) elim in ate

(9) disti nctio n (10) aware ness (11) valid (12) assess

3.

(1) critic (2) unprecedented (3) condemnation (4) foreseeable (5) verif ied

(6) judgmental (7) evaluative (8) admirable (9) virtuous (10) obligatory

4. (1) B (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) A (6) B (7) C (8) A (9) D (10) B

5. (1) Elimi natio n of poverty and injustice is a card inal objective of the orga ni zati on.

(2) The new system is programmed to safeguard your computer aga inst viruses.

(3) The un precede nted earthquake devastated the local economy.

(4) He always tried to minimize his own faults, while rejecting any advice from others.

(5) The traditi onal viewpo int on educati on still prevails today.

(6) We had no choice but to abandon the plan because we had discovered a fatal f law in the origi nal desig n.

(7) The bus driver withstood the acute pain in his broke n leg and pulled over after the collisi on.

(8) A highly prestigious job may well indicate one ' s prominent social status.

(9) Customers are ofte n remin ded to make a disti nctio n betwee n reliable in formatio n and mislead ing advertiseme nts about the product.

(10) It is very thoughtful of you to have provisi on ally atte nded to the case which otherwise

（超详细答案）综合学术英语教程2答案