Line chart/line graph

The line graph illustrates the date about people at a London subway station from 6 am to 10 pm.

As we can see from the line graph, the number of people using this station fluctuates over these 16 hours.

More specifically, at first at 6 am the number of people at the station stands at only 100.

Then, the number shoots up over the next two hours, peaking at 400 at 8 am.

After that, the number declines rapidly for two hours, bottoming out at 180 at 10 am.

The period between 10 o 'clock and 12 o'clock experiences a slight growth in the number of people in the station, with the number reaching 280 at midday.

Numbers in the following two hours level off at just under 300 people.

From this point onwards, the number plunges to only 100 from 2 pm to 4 pm.

The next two hours experiences a sharp rise again, with 6 pm arriving at 380 people.

After 6 pm, the number falls again, reaching the lowest point of 130 at 8 pm.

The period from 8 pm to 10 pm sees a slight rise, but finally the number of people declines again from 180 at 9 pm to 135 at 10 pm.

The graph illustrates changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken, and, fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004.

Overall, the graph shows the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period.

In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week.

Lamp and chicken were eaten in similar quantities(around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed(just over 50 grams).

However ,during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamp fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively.

The consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels to were the stable.

The consumption of chicken, in the other hand, showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989.

By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week.

The graph shows energy consumption in the US from 1980 to 2012, and projected consumption to 2030.

Overall, the US will continue to rely on fossil fuels, with sustainable and nuclear energy sources remaining relatively insignificant.

Petrol and oil are the dominant fuel sources throughout the period, with 35 quadrillion (35q) units used in 1980, rising to 42q in 2012.

Despite some initial fluctuation, from 1995 there was a steady increase.

This is expected to continue, reaching 47q in 2030.

Consumption of energy derived from natural gas and coal is similar over the period.

Form 20q and 15q respectively in 1980, gas showed an initial fall and coal a gradual increase, with the two fuels equal between 1985 and 1990.

Consumption has fluctuated since 1990 but both now provide 24q.

Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030, whereas after 2014, gas will remain stable at 25q.

In 1980, energy from nuclear, hydro- and solar/wind power was equal at only 4q.

Nuclear has risen by 3q, and solar/wind by 2.

After slight increases, hydropower has fallen back to the1980 figure.

It is expected to maintain this level until 2030, while the others should rise slightly after 2025.

BAR CHART

The bar charts illustrate how developing and developed countries participated in education and science in the years of 1980 and 1990.

In terms of years of schooling, both developing countries and industrialized countries experienced stable increase, with the former increasing from 2.5 years of schooling in 1980 to 3.5 years in 1990, and the latter growing from 8.5 years in 1980 to 10.5 years in 1990.

When it comes to scientists and technicians per 1000 people, developing countries, as well as industrialized countries, show a similarly upward trend.

There were about 10 scientists and technicians per 1000 people for developing countries in 1980 while there were approximately 42 people for industrialized countries in the same period.

The gap widened in 1990, with 15 scientists and technicians per 1000 people in less developed countries but 70 in developed countries.

Unlike the 2 indicators above-mentioned, spending on research and development has seen a utterly different picture in developing countries.

While developed countries have more than doubled their spending on Research & Development from $150 billion to $350 billion, developing countries diminished theirs from $50 billion to $25 billion.

The chart shows the time spent by UK residents on different types of telephone calls between 1995 and 2002.

To sum up, although local fixed line calls were still the most popular in 2002, the gap between the three categories had narrowed considerably over the second half of the period in question.

Local fixed line calls were the highest throughout the period, rising from 72 billion minutes in 1995 to just under 90 billion in 1998.

After peaking at 90 billion the following year, these calls had fallen back to the 1995 figure by 2002.

National and international fixed line calls grew steadily from 38 billion to 61 billion at the end of the period in question, though the growth slowed over the last two years.

There was a dramatic increase in mobile calls from 2 billion to 46 billion minutes.

This rise was particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2002, during which time the use of mobile phones tripled.

PIE CHART

It can be concluded from the pie chart that chicken is the most commonly bought meat while others is the least commonly bought meat.

As can be seen in the pie chart, chicken, which makes up 40%, is the most popular among the total meat sold, then next is pork with 20%, followed by beef, constituting 18%, and finally come lamb, fish and others at 15%, 5% and 2% respectively.

It should be noted that the sale of pork is half as much as that of chicken.

And it is also interesting to note that the sale of chicken is 20 times as much as that of others.

The charts show how much a UK school spent on different running costs in three separate years:1981,1991 and 2001.

Overall, teachers’ salaries constitutes the largest cost to the school, and while spending increased dramatically for equipment and insurance, there were corresponding drops on expenditure on things such as books and on other workers’ salaries.

In all three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries.

But while other workers’ salaries saw a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of spending in 2001, teachers’ pay remained the biggest cost, reaching 50% of total spending in 1991 and ending at 45% in 2001.

Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to 20% by 1991 before decreasing to only 9% by the end of the period.

In contrast, the cost of furniture and equipment saw an opposite trend.

This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget. Similarly, the cost of insurance saw a rising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001.

The charts compare the source of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000.

Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources: Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear power.

Between these years electricity production almost doubled, rising from 100 units to 170 in Australia, and from 90 to 180 units in France.

In 1980 Australia used coal as the main electricity source(50 units) and the remainder was produced from natural gas, hydro power(each producing 20 units) and oil(which produced only 10 units). By 2000, coal had become the fuel for more than 75% of electricity produced and only hydro continued to be another significant source supplying approximately 20%.

In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was matched by natural gas.

The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear power, with hydro contributing only 5 units.

But by 2000 nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and together produced only 50 units.

Other source were no longer significant.

The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in five countries in 2002.

It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks and tobacco.

On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest percentages in the table.

Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably higher in Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%.

The proportion of spending on leisure and education was also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly higher in Italy, at 9%, than in any of the other countries.

It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure for food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively.

Spain had slightly higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for leisure/education, at only 1.98%.

The figure illustrates the process used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology to forecast the weather.

There are four stages in the process, beginning with the collection of information about the weather.

This information is then analyzed, prepared for presentation, and finally broadcast to the public.

Looking at the first and second stages of the process, there are three ways of collecting weather data and three ways of analyzing it.

Firstly, incoming information can be received by satellite and presented for analysis as a satellite photo.

The same data can also be passed to a radar station and presented on a radar.

Finally, drifting buoys also receive data which can be shown on a synoptic chart.

At the third stage of the process, the weather broadcast is prepared on computers.

Finally, it is delivered to the public on television, on the radio, or as a recorded telephone announcement.

The picture illustrates the way in which water passes from ocean to air to land during the natural process known as the water cycle.

Three main stages are shown on the diagram.

Ocean water evaporates, falls as rain, and eventually runs back into the oceans again.

Beginning at the evaporation stage, we can see that 80% of water vapors in the air comes from the oceans.

Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate, and water vapour condenses to form clouds.

At the second stage, labeled ‘precipitation’ on the diagram, water falls as rain or snow.

At the third stage in the cycle, rainwater may take various paths.

Some of it may fall into lakes or return to the oceans via ‘surface runoff’.

Otherwise, rainwater may filter through the ground, reaching the impervious layer of the earth.

Salt water intrusion is shown to take place just before groundwater passes into the oceans to complete the cycle.

The map shows the growth of a village called Chorleywood between 1868 and 1994.

It is clear that the village grew as the transport infrastructure was improved.

Four periods of development are shown on the map, and each of the populated areas is near to the main roads, the railway or the motorway.

From 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood covered a small area next to one of the main roads.

Chorleywood Park and Golf Course is now located next to this original village area.

The village grew along the main road to the south between 1883 and 1922, and in 1909 a railway line was built crossing this area from west to east.

Chorleywood station is in this part of the village.

The expansion of Chorleywood continued to the east and west alongside the railway line until 1970.

At that time, a motorway was built to the east of the village, and from 1970 to 1994, further development of the village took place around motorway intersections with the railway and one of the main roads.

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