会话含义理论视角下的唐顿庄园对话分析

Analysis of Downton Abbey conversation in Conversational Implicature Perspective

摘要Abstract：

英国ITV热播的古典剧唐顿庄园-反映了20世纪伯爵一家关于家产继承权而衍生出的勾心斗角、阴谋诡计，阶级斗争等等复杂又诱人的故事。剧中语言特色非常具有研究价值。Grice的会话含义理论被认为是语用学的核心内容,极大推进了语用学的研究.文章从会话含义理论的视角去分析唐顿庄园中的对话,旨在为观众更好地理解唐顿庄园提供借鉴，同时也为证明这一理论对分析人物语言的实用性提供了参考。

British ITV hit classical drama Downton Abbey - reflect on a 20th century Earl of family about property and inheritance rights derived out the infighting, intrigue, class struggle, and so complex and compelling story. Language Features of Downton Abbey play high research value. Grice's conversational implicature theory is considered to be the core of pragmatic learning, which greatly promoted the study of pragmatics article. From the perspective of conversational implicature theory, this article analyzes the meaning of Downton Abbey in dialogue. In this way not only can audience have a better understanding of Downton Abbey, but also prove this theory can provide a reference for the practicability of analyzing character’s languages.

关键词keywords：会话含义 唐顿庄园 对话分析

conversational implicature theory Downton abbey

Conversation analysis

1．剧情简介Synopsis

古装剧唐顿庄园是一部由英国媒体公司为英国独立电视台（ITV）制作的时代迷你剧，讲述了唐顿庄园的Grantbam伯爵一家，由家产继承问题而引发的种种纠葛和摩擦，呈现了英国上层贵族与其仆人们在森严的等级制度下的人间百态。目前已经播出5季。故事从1912年4月泰坦尼克号沉没，Grawley家族和仆人的日常生活讲起，到第一次世界大战爆发及战后庄园的变化。故事的焦点集中在Grantbam的产业需要一位男性继承人，Mary小姐试图找一位合适的郎君，但恋爱问题麻烦重重。Grantbam伯爵的头衔及产业只能由男性继承人同时继承。而产业徘徊在财务危机的边缘让事情变得棘手，现任的伯爵，即当时的继承人在迎娶了一位极富有的美国女人才让产业得救。通过婚姻，她的巨额财产按照契约永久地成为伯爵资产的一部份，这样伯爵的头衔及产业都会留在现时的家族内部。他们的假定继承人在泰坦尼克号沉没的事故中丧生，而他们的额远房亲戚，一位曼彻斯特的年轻律师，将继承他们的一切，包括伯爵夫人的个人觉财产。

Costume drama Downton Abbey is a British media company by the British Independent Television (ITV) era produced miniseries, Downton Abbey tells the story of a Grantham Earl, the family property inheritance problems caused by the various disputes and friction, showing Britain upper nobility and its servants in the strict hierarchy of human phenomena. It has aired fifth season. Stories are about from the April 1912 resolution of the Titanic sinking, Crawley family and servants talk in everyday life, a change in the First World War and post-war estate. The focus of the story focused on Grantham industry needs a male heir, Miss Mary tried to find a suitable Musical, but troubled love problems. Grantham’s both barony and industry only inherited by male inheritor. The industry teetering on the edge of the financial crisis to make things difficult, the current count, the then heir married a US female talent to make some very industry saved. Through marriage, her huge property according to contract permanently become a part of the Earl of assets, so that the title of count and will stay at the current industry within the family. Their heir presumptive Titanic sank killed in the accident, and their foreheads distant relative, a young lawyer in Manchester, they will inherit everything, including personal property feel countess.

《唐顿庄园》被称为95版傲慢与偏见之后最好的一部时代剧。它拥有英剧时代剧中的一切优秀素质：沉稳的 镜头语言，庞大的家族故事，充满矛盾和隐忍的人物性格，精致的台词，跌宕起伏的故事，击中了很多人的心灵，它将人们带到了上世纪初，用一种偏现代的视角和表现手法，展现了一种经典气质，令人叹息、折服。自从唐顿庄园开播以来，中国学者从各个角度研究它的特点，如研究唐顿庄园的时代主题，从餐饮文化方面分析英国贵族的用餐礼仪，从翻译学角度分析英汉字幕翻译等。但很少有从会话含义理论角度分析唐顿庄园的对话，文章从会话含义理论的角度对唐顿庄园的对话进行分析。

After "Downton Abbey" is called best version of Pride and Prejudice a period drama. It has a British drama era drama all the outstanding qualities: calm camera language, a huge family stories, full of contradictions and forbear character, fine lines, the ups and downs of the story, hit a lot of people's mind, people will to the beginning of the last century, with a modern perspective and partial expression, showing a classical temperament, alas, impressed. Downton Abbey since its launch, Chinese scholars to study it from every angle characteristics, such as research theme of the times Downton Manor, from food culture analyzes the British aristocracy dining etiquette, from the perspective of translation studies in English and Chinese subtitles translation. But few from the theoretical point of view of the meaning of the session Downton Abbey dialogue, the article from the perspective of the theory of conversation meaning of Downton Abbey conversation analysis.

二：会话含义理论

格莱斯于1957年发表的《意义》一文中正式提出 “非自然意义理论”.他把意义分为两类： “自然意义”（natural meaning）和 “非自然意义”（non-natural meaning). 这一区分的重要理论意义是主张运用 “非自然意义理论”去全面地﹑深入地分析言语交际中地话语意义或信息交流内容. 格莱斯的 “非自然意义理论”实际上是一种交际理论.任何交际过程都涉及交际意图，任何成功的交际都取决于听话人对说话人交际意图地准确理解.

Grice, published in 1957, "significance" in the official presentation of "unnatural theory of meaning," meaning he divided into two categories: "Natural sense" (natural meaning) and "unnatural meaning" (non-natural meaning) the important theoretical significance of this distinction is that advocated the use of "unnatural theory of meaning" go round earth, the in-depth analysis of discourse in verbal communication to the meaning or content of information exchange. Grice's "unnatural theory of meaning" is actually a communication theory. any communication process involves communicative intent, any successful communication depends on the listener to the speaker's communicative intent accurately understood.

按照格莱斯地 “非自然意义理论”，在言语交际中，一句话地全部意义，即有意图地信息交流内容应作图式分解如下：

从这一图解可以清楚看到，格莱斯认定 “非自然意义由字面意义和含义两部分共同组成。因此，要全面地﹑深入地研究交际中话语地含义就必须既研究话语地字面意义又研究话语地含义，而含义中又以会话含义最为重要。会话含义具有一下特征：可废除性（cancellability），不可分离性（non-detachability)，可推导性（calculability）和非规约性（non-conventionality）。

Grice according to "unnatural theory of meaning" in verbal communication, the full meaning of the word, the exchange of information that is intentionally plotted content should decomposition formula is as follows:

It is clear that Grice finds "unnatural significance and meaning from the literal meaning composed of two parts. Therefore, to fully depth study of communication to the meaning of words must be both literal meaning and discourse studies to study the meaning of words, but the meaning of the meaning of the most important conversation again having a conversation about the meaning of characteristics: the abolition of the can (cancellability), inseparability (non-detachability), can be derived resistance (calculability) and the Statute of the (non- conventionality).

会话含义的 产生是由于在现实交际中，人们出于种种原因，并不都严格地遵守合作原则及其相关准则。因而有必要先介绍一下格莱斯的合作原则及其准则。格莱斯认为，在所有地语言交际中为了达到特定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都应该遵守的原则，他称这种原则为会话的合作原则（cooperative principle，简称CP），也就是说，每一个交谈参与者在整个交谈过程中所说地话要符合交谈的公认目的或方向。

Session meaning arises because in reality communication, people for various reasons, not all strictly abide by the principles of cooperation and related guidelines. Thus it is necessary to introduce the principle of cooperation Grice and guidelines. Grice believes in all local languages in order to achieve specific communication goals, there is a tacit understanding between speaker and listener, a principle of both sides should observe the principles of cooperation, he said that the principle of the session (cooperative principle, referred to as CP), that is to say, each of said one participant in the conversation throughout the course of this conversation, then to be consistent with generally accepted purpose or direction of the conversation.

格赖斯（1975）针对会话含义和规约意义的区别，指出会话含义具有五个特点：

1）可取消性（cancellability）

在具体情况下，一个会话含义可以通过附加一个分句而被取消或者通过上下文表明说话人放弃了那个会话含义。例如，“Bill has four books．”一句带有这样的含义：比尔只有四本书，不多也不少。但若在该句之后加上“…and perhaps five or more．”这样一个分句，则先前的含义（即比尔只有四本书，不多也不少）就被取消了。

2）不可分离性（non－detachability）

除了背景知识外，说话人所说的话的内容而非它的形式在产生会话含义中起作用。换言之，会话含义依附于话语内容，而不依附于话语形式。因此，一般说来，一个人不可能通过改变同一内容的不同讲法而改变会话含义。例如：

A：What did you think of the lecture？

B：Well，I thought the lecture hall was big．

B句的会话含义是：“没有多少人对讲座感兴趣”。如果将句中的thought换成believed，should say，reckoned等词，big换成large，great等词，句子的会话含义仍然存在。

Grice (1975) the difference between the meaning and significance of the Statute for the session, noting that the session meaning has five characteristics:

1) cancellability (cancellability)

In the specific case, a session can be added by means of a clause to be canceled or the context indicates that the speaker gave up the meaning of the conversation. For example, " Bill has four books" with the meaning of this sentence: Bill only four books, neither more nor less. However, if after the sentence adds perhaps five or more such a clause, the previous meaning (ex, Bill only four books, no less) was canceled.

2) the inseparability of (non-detachability)

In addition to background knowledge, the contents of the words of the speaker rather than its form play a role in generating a session meaning. In other words, the content of the session meaning attached to words, not attached to forms of discourse. Thus, in general, a person of the same argument cannot be varied by changing the content of the conversation changed meaning. ex:

A: What did you think of the lecture?

B: Well, I thought the lecture hall was big.

B conversation sentence means: "Not many people are interested in talks." If the sentence of thought into believed, should say, reckoned the words, meaning big conversation into large, great and other words, the sentence remains.

3）可推导性（calculability）

所谓可推导性，指的是听话人一方面根据话语的字面意义，另一方面根据合作原则的各项准则，推导出相应的会话含义。（何自然，1988）。

4）非规约性（non－conventionality）

会话含义不是话语的规约意义（conventional meaning）。也就是说，会话含义不是字面意义，也不是字面意义的一部分。它是通过合作原则中各项准则，通过话语的字面意义，结合语境推导出来的。字面意义在话语中是不变的，会话含义则视语境的不同而变化。例如，“It's cold here．”在某一特定语境中可能产生出“关窗”这个会话含义，而在另外一些语境中则可能产生一些其他的会话含义。

5）不确定性（indeterminacy）

推导会话含义就是推导交际双方在遵守合作原则的前提下话语的种种解释；而这种解释随语境的不同又可以有无数个，因而会话含义是不确定的。列文森（1983）举的一个例子是：“John is a machine．”这句话在不同的语境中可以表达“约翰是冷酷的”、“约翰是能干的”、“约翰不停地干活”或“约翰不会动脑子”等会话含义。

3) can be derived property (calculability)

The so-called sex can be derived, refers to the listener on the one hand according to the literal meaning of words, on the other hand according to the norms of cooperation principles deduced corresponding session meanings. (Ho Nature, 1988).

4) Non - conventional (non-conventionality)

The meaning of the statute is not the meaning conversation discourse (conventional meaning). In other words, the meaning is not literal meaning conversation, not part of the literal sense. It is through the principle of cooperation in the guidelines, through the literal meaning of words, with Context deduced. In the literal sense of the words are the same, meaning the session varies depending on the context. For example, "It's cold here." May produce a "close window" meaning the conversation in a particular context, while in other context may have some other meaning of conversation.

5) uncertainty (indeterminacy)

Derivation meaning is derived both communication sessions explanations in compliance with the principles of cooperation under the premise of discourse; and this interpretation with different contexts and can have numerous, thus meaning the session is uncertain. An example of Levinson (1983) is cited: " John is a machine" in this sentence can be expressed in different contexts, "John is cold," "John is capable of," "John kept dry live "or" John is not mindless "and the meaning of the session.

格莱斯将合作原则具体化为四个准则：

⑴ 量的准则（The maxim of quantity):

1） 所说的话应包含当前交谈目的所需要地信息；

2） 所说地话不应包含多于需要地信息.

⑵ 质的准则（The maxim of quality):

1） 不要说自知是虚假的话；

2） 不要说缺乏足够证据的话.

⑶ 关联准则（The maxim of relevance):

所说的话与话题要相关联.

⑷ 方式准则（The maxim of manner）：清楚明白地表达出要说的话，尤其是：

1） 避免晦涩；

2） 避免歧义；

3） 简练；

4） 有条理.

以上是对格莱斯地会话含义理论和合作原则的简述.不少修辞，如比喻﹑讽刺等都是违反合作原则中地某一准则产生会话含义的.

Grice cooperative principle embodied in the four criteria:

⑴ amount Guidelines (The maxim of quantity):

1) words should contain the current purpose to the information required;

2) the words should not be said to contain more than the information required.

⑵ qualitative criteria (The maxim of quality):

1) Do not say knew to be false words;

2) Do not say the words of lack of sufficient evidence.

⑶ association guidelines (The maxim of relevance):

Words to be associated with the topic.

⑷ mode Guidelines (The maxim of manner): clearly expressed clearly to say, in particular:

1) Avoid obscure;

2) to avoid ambiguity;

3) concise;

4) organized.

These are the Grice conversational implication of the theory and principles of cooperation outlined. Many rhetoric, as are all ironic metaphor ﹑ violate the principles of cooperation in the guidelines to produce a meaningful Session

三 Grice的会话含义理论被认为是语用学的核心内容,极大推进了语用学的研究.文章以影片《唐顿庄园》中的精彩对白为例,对这一理论涉及的会话含义、会话合作原则、会话含义的产生与会话含义的特点做了较为细致的分析,为准确理解这一理论提供生动实例,同时也为证明这一理论对分析人物语言的实用性提供了参考.

Grice's conversational implicature theory is regarded as the core content of pragmatics, greatly promote the research of pragmatics. Based on the TV show " Downton Abbey", for example, the theory of conversational implicature, the generation of conversational cooperative principle, conversational implicature and the characteristics of the conversational implicature made a relatively detailed analysis, provide accurate understanding of this theory with vivid examples, as well as to prove the practicability of this theory analysis of the character language provides reference.

作为语言学的重要组成部分，语用学已引起了语言学家的广泛关注。学者们也越来越重视对这门学科的研究，特别是其核心理论格莱斯的合作原则及会话含义一直以来更是人们关注的焦点。随着语用学相关理论的快速发展，合作原则和会话含义的研究不再局限于语用学领域，在其他领域也发挥着一定的作用。因此，在20世纪70年代，一些语言学家将语用学带入到文学领域，提出了融合语用学和文学的方法来研究文学作品的观点。本文就采用了这种方法，尝试在合作原则视角下分析电视剧唐顿庄园中的会话含义。本文从《唐顿庄园》中选取了许多经典地使用间接表达的对话，运用上述理论对其产生的会话含义进行详细的剖析，以期更深入地探索人物的内心世界，为更好地理解这部电视剧做出一些尝试。

As an important part of linguistics, pragmatics has caused widespread concern linguists. Scholars also increasing emphasis on research in this subject, in particular the principle of cooperation and conversation meaning its core theory Grice has been more the focus of attention. With the rapid development of the theory of pragmatics, research cooperative principle and conversational meaning is no longer confined to the field of pragmatics, in other areas also play a role. Thus, in the 1970s, a number of linguists will be brought to the pragmatics literature proposed fusion pragmatic methodology to study literature and literary point of view. We try to analyze the drama Downton Abbey Conversational meaning under the principle of perspective cooperation. This article selected from "Downton Abbey" in many classic expressions using indirect dialogue session using the above theoretical meaning produced a detailed world of characters, in order to better understand this drama make some attempt.

四 对话分析

张云;;20世纪初的英国风情画——英剧《唐顿庄园》时代主题之研究[J];华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版);2012年S1期

会话含义理论视角下的唐顿庄园对话分析