2018年上海交通大学博士入学考试英语

（回忆版：附阅读答案）

其大作文题目为：大学是硬件重要还是有名学者重要？

作文涉及内容为：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should spend more money in improving facilities (e.g. libraries and computer labs) than hiring famous teachers.

作文字数要求为：300字左右。

passage 6

Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion， it sorted out people and land uses， and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion， the omnibuses， horse railways， commuter trains， and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850， for example， the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work， shopping， and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920， for example， some 250，000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago， most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period， another 550，000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting， real estate developers added 800，000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.

Of course， many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided， but vacant， land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation： urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes， particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated， did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.

1. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?

[A] Types of mass transportation.

[B] Instability of urban life.

[C] How supply and demand determine land use.

[D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.

2. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?

[A] To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.

[B] To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.

[C] To show mass transportation changed many cities.

[D] To contrast their rate of growth.

3. According to the passage， what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?

[A] It was expensive.

[B] It happened too slowly.

[C] It was unplanned.

[D] It created a demand for public transportation.

4. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city，

[A] that is large.

[B] that is used as a model for land development.

[C] where the development of land exceeded population growth.

[D] with an excellent mass transportation system.

Passage 5 Antarctica and Environment

Antarctica has actually become a kind of space station - a unique observation post for detecting important changes in the world’s environment. Remote from major sources of pollution and the complex geological and ecological systems that prevail elsewhere， Antarctica makes possible scientific measurements that are often sharper and easier to interpret than those made in other parts of the world.

Growing numbers of scientists therefore see Antarctica as a distant-early-warning sensor， where potentially dangerous global trends may be spotted before they show up to the north. One promising field of investigation is glaciology. Scholars from the United States， Switzerland， and France are pursuing seven separate but related projects that reflect their concern for the health of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet - a concern they believe the world at large should share.

The Transantarctic Mountain， some of them more than 14，000 feet high， divide the continent into two very different regions. The part of the continent to the “east” of the mountains is a high plateau covered by an ice sheet nearly two miles thick. “West” of the mountain， the half of the continent south of the Americas is also covered by an ice sheet， but there the ice rests on rock that is mostly well below sea level. If the West Antarctic Ice Sheet disappeared， the western part of the continent would be reduced to a sparse cluster of island.

While ice and snow are obviously central to many environmental experiments， others focus on the mysterious “dry valley” of Antarctica， valleys that contain little ice or snow even in the depths of winter. Slashed through the mountains of southern Victoria Land， these valleys once held enormous glaciers that descended 9，000 feet from the polar plateau to the Ross Sea. Now the glaciers are gone， perhaps a casualty of the global warming trend during the 10，000 years since the ice age. Even the snow that falls in the dry valleys is blasted out by vicious winds that roars down from the polar plateau to the sea. Left bare are spectacular gorges， rippled fields of sand dunes， clusters of boulders sculptured into fantastic shapes by 100-mile-an-hour winds， and an aura of extraterrestrial desolation.

Despite the unearthly aspect of the dry valleys， some scientists believe they may carry a message of hope of the verdant parts of the earth. Some scientists believe that in some cases the dry valleys may soak up pollutants faster than pollutants enter them.

1. What is the best title for this passage?

[A] Antarctica and environmental Problems.

[B] Antarctica： Earth’s Early-Warning station.

[C] Antarctica： a Unique Observation Post.

[D] Antarctica： a Mysterious Place.

2. What would the result be if the West Antarctic Ice Sheet disappeared?

[A] The western part of the continent would be disappeared.

[B] The western part of the continent would be reduced.

[C] The western part of the continent would become scattered Islands.

[D] The western part of the continent would be reduced to a cluster of Islands.

3. Why are the Dry Valleys left bare?

[A] Vicious wind blasts the snow away.

[B] It rarely snows.

[C] Because of the global warming trend and fierce wind.

[D] Sand dunes.

4. Which of the following is true?

[A] The “Dry Valleys” have nothing left inside.

[B] The “Dry Valleys” never held glaciers.

[C] The “Dry Valleys” may carry a message of hope for the verdant.

[D] The “Dry Valleys” are useless to scientists.

5.the meaning of an aura of extraterrestrial desolation 我记得有一个选项中含有bleak这个单词，答案应该是这个

应译为：与地球格格不入的一种荒凉隔绝的气氛或与世隔绝的一种荒凉气氛。

Passage 4

Nothing succeeds in business books like the study of success. The current business-book boom was launched in 1982 by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman with “In Search of Excellence”. It has been kept going ever since by a succession of gurus and would-be gurus who promise to distil the essence of excellence into three (or five or seven) simple rules.

“The Three Rules” is a self-conscious contribution to this type; it even includes a bibliography of “success studies”. Messrs Raynor and Mumtaz Ahmed work for a consultancy, Deloitte, that is determined to turn itself into more of a thought-leader and less a corporate repairman. They employ all the tricks of the success genre. They insist that their conclusions are “measurable and actionable”-guide to behavior rather than analysis for its own sake. Success authors usually serve up vivid stories about how exceptional business-people stamped their personalities on a company or rescued it from a life-threatening crisis. Messrs Raynor and Ahmed are happier chewing the numbers: they provide detailed appendices on “calculating the elements of advantage” and “detailed analysis”.

The authors spent five years studying the behaviour of their 344 “exceptional companies”, only to come up at first with nothing. Every hunch(直觉) led to a blind alley and every hypothesis to a dead end. It was only when they shifted their attention from how companies behave to how they think that they began to make sense of their voluminous material.

Management is all about making difficult tradeoffs in conditions that are always uncertain and ever-changing. But exceptional companies approach these trade-offs with two simple rules in mind, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously. First: better before cheaper. Companies are more likely to succeed in the long run if they compete on quality or performance than on price. Second: revenue before cost. Companies have more to gain in the long run from driving up revenue than by driving down costs.

Most success studies suffer from two faults. There is “the halo (光环) effect”, whereby good performance leads commentators to attribute all manner of virtues to anything and everything the company does. These virtues then suddenly become vices when the company fails. Messrs Raynor and Ahmed work hard to avoid these mistakes by studying large bodies of data over several decades. But they end up embracing a different error: stating the obvious. Most businesspeople will not be surprised to learn that it is better to find a profitable niche (缝隙市场) and focus on boosting your revenues than to compete on price and cut your way to success. The difficult question is how to find that profitable niche and protect it. There, The Three Rules is less useful.

1.What kind of business books are most likely to sell well?

A)Books on excellence.C) Books on business rules.

B)Guides to management. D) Analyses of market trends.

2.What does the author imply about books on success so far?

A They help businessmen on way or another.

B They are written by well-recognised experts.

C They more or less fall into the same stereotype.

D They are based on analyses of corporate leaders.

3.How does The Three Rules different from other success books according to the passage?

AIt focuses on the behavior of exceptional businessmen.

B It bases its detailed analysis on large amount of data.这一题我看答案不统一，我自己选了这个答案

C It offers practicable advice to businessmen.

D It draws conclusion from vivid examples.

4.What does the passage say contributes to the success of exceptional companies?

A Focus on quality and revenue.

B Management and sales promotion.

C Lower production costs and competitive prices.

D Emphasis on after-sale service and maintenance.

5. What is the author’s comment on The Three Rules?

A It can help to locate profitable niches.

B) It has little to offer to businesspeople. 这一题答案也不统一，有的答案是D

C) It is noted for its detailed data analysis.

D) It fails to identify the keys to success.

passage 2

“Deep reading” —as opposed to the often superficial reading we do on the Web—is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art. Its disappearance would jeopardize the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the preservation of a critical part of our culture：the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains, quite literally, have been trained to understand them.

Recent research in cognitive science and psychology has demonstrated that deep reading—slow, immersive, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity—is a distinctive experience, different in kind from the mere decoding of words. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely helpful to the deep reading experience. A book’s lack of hyperlinks (超链接), for example, frees the reader from making decisions—Should I click on this link or not? —allowing her to remain fully immersed in the narrative.

That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, indirect reference and figures of speech: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity for empathy (认同).

None of this is likely to happen when we’re browsing through a website. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacities they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less engaging and less satisfying, even for the “digital natives” to whom it is so familiar. Last month, for example, Britain’s National Literacy Trust released the results of a study of 34,910 young people aged 8 to 16. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read printed materials every day. Those who read only onscreen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly two times less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen.

56. What does the author say about “deep reading”?

A) It serves as a complement to online reading.

B) It should be preserved before it is too late.

C) It is mainly suitable for reading literature.

D) It is an indispensable part of education.

57. Why does the author advocate the reading of literature?

A) It helps promote readers’ intellectual and emotional growth.

B) It enables readers to appreciate the complexity of language.

C) It helps readers build up immersive reading habits.

D) It is quickly becoming an endangered practice.

58. In what way does printed-page reading differ from online reading?

A) It ensures the reader’s cognitive growth.

B) It enables the reader to be fully engaged.

C) It activates a different region of the brain.

D) It helps the reader learn rhetorical devices.

59. What do the studies show about online reading?

A) It gradually impairs one’s eyesight.

B) It keeps arousing readers’curiosity.

C) It provides up-to-date information.

D) It renders reading less enjoyable.

60. What do we learn from the study released by Britain’s National Literacy Trust?

A) Onscreen readers may be less competent readers.

B) Those who do reading in print are less informed.

C) Young people find reading onscreen more enjoyable.

D) It is now easier to find a favorite book online to read.

Passage

Over the years, biologists have suggested two main pathways by which sexual selection may have shaped the evolution of male birdsong. In the first, male competition and intrasexual selection produce relatively short, simple songs used mainly in territorial behavior. In the second, female choice and intersexual selection produce longer, more complicated songs used mainly in mate attraction; like such visual ornamentation as the peacock’s tail, elaborate vocal characteristics increase the male’s chances of being chosen as a mate, and he thus enjoys more reproductive success than his less ostentatious rivals. The two pathways are not mutually exclusive, and we can expect to find examples that reflect their interaction. Teasing them apart has been an important challenge to evolutionary biologists.

Early research confirmed the role of intrasexual selection. In a variety of experiments in the field, males responded aggressively to recorded songs by exhibiting territorial behavior near the speakers. The breakthrough for research into intersexual selection came in the development of a new technique for investigating female response in the laboratory. When female cowbirds raised in isolation in sound-proof chambers were exposed to recordings of male song, they responded by exhibiting mating behavior. By quantifying the responses, researchers were able to determine what particular features of the song were most important. In further experiments on song sparrows, researchers found that when exposed to a single song type repeated several times or to a repertoire of different song types, females responded more to the latter. The beauty of the experimental design is that it effectively rules out confounding variables; acoustic isolation assures that the female can respond only to the song structure itself.

If intersexual selection operates as theorized, males with more complicated songs should not only attract females more readily but should also enjoy greater reproductive success. At first, however, researchers doing fieldwork with song sparrows found no correlation between larger repertoires and early mating, which has been shown to be one indicator of reproductive success; further, common measures of male quality used to predict reproductive success, such as weight, size, age, and territory, also failed to correlate with song complexity.

The confirmation researchers had been seeking was finally achieved in studies involving two varieties of warblers. Unlike the song sparrow, which repeats one of its several song types in bouts before switching to another, the warbler continuously composes much longer and more variable songs without repetition. For the first time, researchers found a significant correlation between repertoire size and early mating, and they discovered further that repertoire size had a more significant effect than any other measure of male quality on the number of young produced. The evidence suggests that warblers use their extremely elaborate songs primarily to attract females, clearly confirming the effect of intersexual selection on the evolution of birdsong.

17.1. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) showing that intrasexual selection has a greater effect on birdsong than does intersexual selection

(B) contrasting the role of song complexity in several species of birds

(C) describing research confirming the suspected relationship between intersexual selection and the complexity of birdsong

(D) demonstrating the superiority of laboratory work over field studies in evolutionary biology

(E) illustrating the effectiveness of a particular approach to experimental design in evolutionary biology

17.2. The author mentions the peacock’s tail in line 8 most probably in order to

(A) cite an exception to the theory of the relationship between intrasexual selection and male competition

(B) illustrate the importance of both of the pathways that shaped the evolution of birdsong

(C) draw a distinction between competing theories of intersexual selection

(D) give an example of a feature that may have evolved through intersexual selection by female choice

(E) refute a commonly held assumption about the role of song in mate attraction

17.3. According to the passage, which of the following is specifically related to intrasexual selection?

(A) Female choice

(B) Territorial behavior

(C) Complex song types

(D) Large song repertoires

(E) Visual ornamentation

17.4. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly demonstrate the interaction mentioned in lines 11-13?

(A) Female larks respond similarly both to short, simple songs and to longer, more complicated songs.

(B) Male canaries use visual ornamentation as well as elaborate song repertoires for mate attraction.

(C) Both male and female blackbirds develop elaborate visual and vocal characteristics.

(D) Male jays use songs to compete among themselves and to attract females.

(E) Male robins with elaborate visual ornamentation have as much reproductive success as rivals with elaborate vocal characteristics.

17.5. The passage indicates that researchers raised female cowbirds in acoustic isolation in order to

(A) eliminate confounding variables

(B) approximate field conditions

(C) measure reproductive success

(D) quantify repertoire complexity

(E) prevent early mating

17.6. According to the passage, the song sparrow is unlike the warbler in that the song sparrow

(A) uses songs mainly in territorial behavior

(B) continuously composes long and complex songs

(C) has a much larger song repertoire

(D) repeats one song type before switching to another

(E) responds aggressively to recorded songs

17.7. The passage suggests that the song sparrow experiments mentioned in lines 37-43 failed to confirm the role of intersexual selection because

(A) females were allowed to respond only to the song structure

(B) song sparrows are unlike other species of birds

(C) the experiments provided no evidence that elaborate songs increased male reproductive success

(D) the experiments included the songs of only a small number of different song sparrows

(E) the experiments duplicated some of the limitations of previous field studies

答案：CDBDADC

Passage 6

写作方法与文章大意

　　文章论述了“公共交通从三方面改变了城市的社会和经济结构。”采用分类写法。文章一开始就提出三方面：第一，促进城市实质性的扩展;第二，把人和土地分民别类加以利用;第三，加速了城市生活的不稳定性。然后就是三方面的具体内容。

　　答案详解

　　1.D 公共交通运输对城市扩展的影响。文章开门见山提出这一点“公共交通运输从三个根本方面改变了美国城市的社会和经济结构。”后面文章内容就是三方面的具体化。

　　A. 公共交通运输类型。 B. 城市生活的不稳定性。 C. 供需如何决定土地利用。这三项文中作为具体问题提到，并不是文章涉及的主要题目。

　　2.C 说明公共交通改变了许多城市。答案箭第一段第四句“举例说，1850年，波士顿市界离老的商业地区几乎不到2英里，到了这世纪末，其半径扩至10英里。现在供得起的人们可以住得很远，远离老的城市中心，仍然来回去那里上班、购物和娱乐”。第七句，“举例说，在1890至1920年期间，据记载，芝加哥市界内有约250，000个新的住宅楼区大多数设在郊区。经过同样这段时期，市区外，但仍在芝加哥大都市地区内，又计划建造了550，000个住宅楼区。”

　　A. 表示成长的正反两方面效果。B. 举有无公共交通运输的城市为例。 D. 对比两者成长率;都不是本文中举两城市例子的目的。

　　3.C 没有计划。见第二段第三句起“城市扩展蔓延根本无计划，好几千个小的投资商进行扩展，毫不考虑相互协调配合利用土地，也不考虑未来土地利用。”

　　A. 太贵 和 B.太慢，两个选项，文内没有提。D. 它创造了对公共交通运输的需求。这不是住宅扩展的一个缺点，而是三个根本改变城市的一个方面。见第一段第三句：“通过大量开发未占土地扩建住宅，公共汽车、马车、铁路、来回火车，有轨电车把已有人定居的居住区向外扩展了三四倍，比他们先现代时期的市中心更远。”

　　4.C(第二段中以芝加哥城市例子说明)土地开发超过人口增长速度。答案详见第二段“这些购买和置备土地建设住宅，特别是购置临近城市或就在市界外的土地，抢在交通线路和中产阶层的居民进去之前。他们这样做的目的是创造一种需求，也是响应这种需求。芝加哥就是这种过程的典型例子。那里的房地产小块土地比人口增长快得很多很多。”

　　A. 城市大。B. 用作土地开发的样板。 D. 具有优越的公共的交通系统。

Passage 5

小题1】A

【小题2】D

【小题3】C

【小题4】C

【小题5】含有bleak的选项

解析:

这是一篇有关南极洲科研考察的重要性的科普文章。采用因果，点面结合写法。首先提出：由于南极洲远离污染，又不同于其它任何地方，普遍存在着复杂的地质和生态环境，所以这块地方就可能得到更敏锐又易解释的科学测量结果。它成了监察世界环境变化的观察哨和空间站，后面几段就写了进行考察的方面和结果。

【小题1】南极洲和环境问题。

B. 南极洲：地球最早的报警战。C.南极洲：独一无二的观察哨。D. 南极洲：神秘的地方。三项都是总内容众的组成部分。

【小题2】 大陆西部成为一群岛屿。第三段“横断南极的山脉，有的高达一万四千多英尺，把这大陆分成情况各异的两个地区。山脉以东的大陆部分是由差不多两英里厚的冰层覆盖的高原；山脉以西，即美洲以南的半个大陆也为冰层所覆盖。可是，这里冰层覆盖在大大低于海平面的岩石。如果西南极洲冰层消失，那这大陆西部将成为稀疏的岛群。”

A. 大陆西部将小时。B. 大陆西部缩小。 D. 大陆西部将成为分散的岛屿。

【小题3】 因为地球变暖和狂风劲吹。在第四段：“……这些干谷甚至在寒冬季节也很少有冰雪。它们插在南维多利亚陆地的山脉中，一度曾有从极地高原到罗斯海的深度为9000英尺的冰河。现在冰河已不存在，很可能是冰期之后一万年间地球变暖的结果。即使落入干谷的雪也被从极地高原咆哮入海的邪恶狂风吹散了。留下来的是裸露的壮观的峡谷，沙丘起伏的原野，被时速一百英里的大风雕刻成奇形怪状的大砾石，形成与世隔绝的荒凉景象。”

A. 邪恶的狂风吹走了雪。B. 它很少下雪。D.沙丘。这三项只是干谷现象的一部分。

【小题4】他们可能为地球上绿色地区带来了希望的信息。答案是第五段第一句“尽管干谷具有神秘的一面，科学家却相信他们可能为地球上葱绿的地方带来了希望的信息。”

A. 干谷内什么都没有留下。B. 干谷内从没有冰河。D. 按照科学家的看法，干谷毫无用处。

Passage 4

【答案】

56. A  57. C  58. D  59. A  60. B

以下是另外一家的答案

56题。题干问题为“以下哪种商业书籍最可能大卖?”。根据关键词business books 定位到第一段。Nothing succeeds in business books like the study of success. 商业书籍中最成功的就是对成功的研究。The current business-book boom was launched in 1982 by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman with “In Search of Excellence”. 最近的商业书籍的繁荣始于1982年的一本名为“找寻杰出”的书。The trend has continued with a succession of experts who promise to distil the essence of excellence into three (or five or seven) simple rules.这个趋势伴随着一系列专家而持续，他们承诺提取出杰出的本质并把它简化成3或5或7个简单规则。 由此可以得出，A.研究杰出的书 为正确答案。

　　57题。：……They employ all the tricks of the success books. 他们使用了成功学书籍的所有诡计。They insist that their conclusions are “measurable and actionable”—guides to behaviour rather than analysis for its own sake.他们坚持说他们的结论是可测量的和可执行的——引导行为而不是分析。Success authors usually serve up vivid stories about how exceptional business- people stamped their personalities on a company or rescued it from a life-threatening crisis. 成功学作者们经常准备好了一些生动的关于杰出的商人是怎样把自己的个性刻划于自己的公司之中，或怎样把公司从致命危机中拯救的故事。 一个usually暗示成功学作者们经常这样做，可得出C.他们或多或少陷入了同样的思维定势 为正确答案。

　　58题。题干问题为“作者认为三大规则这本书与其他成功学书籍有何不同?”。根据关键词大写的Three Rules 定位，发现剩下的文章几乎都是在说这本书。于是动用顺序原则优先看第三段：The authors spent five years studying the behaviour of their 344 “exceptional companies”, only to come up at first with nothing. Every hunch led to a blind alley and every hypothesis to a dead end. It was only when they shifted their attention from how companies behave to how they think that they began to make sense of their voluminous material. 大意就是：

　　他们前五年对344个优秀公司的研究毫无成果。直到他们把注意力从杰出公司做了什么转移到总结杰出公司的思考方式，他们浩瀚的研究素材才有成果。 由此得出他们的重点是在站在杰出公司角度思考动因以分析成功，所以 C.此书详细的分析是基于海量的数据 为正确答案。

　　59题。题干问题为“文章认为杰出公司的成功是依靠以下哪个选项?”。根据关键词exceptional companies 定位到第四段第二句：…But exceptional companies approach these trade-offs with two simple rules in mind, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously. First: better before cheaper. Companies are more likely to succeed in the long run if they compete on quality or performance than on price. Second: revenue before cost. Companies have more to gain in the long run from driving up revenue (for example by charging higher prices or appealing to more customers) than by driving down costs. 大意就是：杰出公司有两大原则：第一，打质量仗而不是价格仗;第二，开源而不是节流。 可得出A.专注于质量和收入 为正确答案。

　　60题。题干问题为“作者对三大规则这本书有何评价?”。根据关键词书名comment和顺序原则来到最后一段最后两句：…But they end up embracing a different error: stating the obvious. Most businesspeople will not be surprised to learn that it is better to find a profitable niche and focus on boosting your revenues than to compete on price and cut your way to success. The difficult question is how to find that profitable niche and protect it. There, “The Three Rules” is less useful.大意是：此书翻了另一个错误，就是忽视了商人们的难题是达到盈利位置并保持领先。在这个方面，此书没那么有用。 由此得出作者对此书并不是完全认可，所以D.它失败于确认成功的关键 为正确答案。

2018年上海交通大学博士入学考试英语回忆版附答案