1 Introduction

雅思 议论文

大作文：议论文 30分钟 250字以上 主要论证对象好坏

小作文：说明文 30分钟 150字以上 主要描述图表特征

上课框架：炼词 炼句 ：长度 准确 多变

炼煅（拓展能力训练）

谋篇（议论文和说明文练习）

2 general writing improvement strategies

Basic improvement strategies 锻炼语言

2.1 Vocabulary building 炼词

2.2 Sentence building 炼句

2.3 Paragraph building 炼段

2.1炼词

Requirement:

• variety and diversity 多样性

• appropriate word choice 合适合理

• idiomatic expression 习惯表达

Vocabulary building methods:

• 同义词及区别

• 上义词

• 意译词

• 习惯修辞及横线构词

2.1.1同义词

重要、导致、促进、大的、剧烈地、 迷恋

Significant, Crucial, Vital, essential, crucial

Cause/ lead to / give rise to / Contribute to …

Giant / titanic /immense/tremendous/enormous

greatly / amazingly /unbelievably/详见下

迷恋：I am in favor of/ Be Addicted in…../ crazy over

Exert peculiar fascination on/strike one’s fancy/

程度副词，用来修饰以上变化动词：

剧烈类：

greatly/enormously/sharply/steeply/ suddenly/alarmingly/amazingly/

massively/rapidly/dramatically/

considerably/significantly/incredibly/ Substantially…..

缓慢类：

gradually/gently/steadily/slightly/slowly / marginally/in a moderate way/by the

least amount/moderately

选择中名词优先原则：

坐落 nest

蜿蜒 snake

盘亘dragon over

好奇 crane for

提升 ladder up

自恋narcissus

名著中典型例子

有钱男人需要找老婆

A man in a great fortune must be in want of a wife.

人们对此议论纷呈

Ideas on this issue keep at constant variance.

反思：如何用名词表达重要、导致、促进、大的、剧烈地、 迷恋

2.1.2上义词 上课已练习 自己写出来啊

Restrict/limit--control

Regulation/law—decision

Country??

Animal experiment ？

Books/TV/ad. ？

Computer ？

Teacher ？

2.1.3意译词

常见意译错误

Please give me a reply if you are convenient.

My MP3 can not listen（can not work） even though it has much electricity.

People now have condition(can afford) to eat good things.

I want to learn more about the garden knowledge.不要

生活中的意译错误

• 送朋友回家 accompany

• 对不起，没座了 no seat available

• Sorry, no seats available

• 网站暂时无法访问

• Website Temporarily Unavailable.

• 英语水平

• English skills

• 他给了一件工作给我。offer

• 你这样做是什么意思

• What’s your point

• 做…没什么意思？

• Pointless to do….

• Makes no sense to do

• 我邮箱打不开了

• I can not access my mail box today

2.1.4习惯修辞

比喻

• Dabble 浅涉水v---涉猎

• 社会像是？

• A dyeing pot/salad pot

• 阿甘正传 beans and carrots 好朋友 形影不离

拟人

• Facelift 拉皮 n. 又指代政府建设等

The restaurant has had a new facelift recently.

• 门开不了 The door refuse to open

• 灯怒气冲冲地闪烁着

• Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily.

• The machine is roaring/thundering up.

借代

• In the least developed countries in Africa, all fur and feather are hunted for food.

• Creature / species

• Our hotel is short of hands

• Great minds think alike.

• China is suffering brain loss/drain. 人才流失

• Highbrow/lowbrow 知识分子 普通大众

夸张

• She has the heart in her mouth.

• She went home in a flood of tears.

2.1.5 补充知识点：横线构词规则 同学们自己参考

1） adv/adj-ving/ved: adj.

Hard-working/good-looking

Bad-smelling/ carefully-planned

Physical-detrimental/harmful

Financial-independent/environmental- friendly

bitter-sweet/yesly-no

2 )n—ving/ved: adj.

exam-oriented/ baby-eating…

decision-making process

thought-provoking/voice-screaming

3 )n/adj. — n.ed: adj.

Cheese -- headed

Quick/slow – minded

Hot – tempered

Cold-hearted

数词例外

A three-story building /a two-day visit

4 )v-prep.: n

Go-back:

There is no go-back in life.

Back-up/get-together

2.2炼句

Requirement:

• Complication

• 英语重结构，汉语重语义

• syntactic variety

• 英语多变化，汉语多重复

• length

• 英语多长句，汉语多短句

Sentence building methods: 横向变换句型

1 basic sentence writing 结构写作

2 basic variety principles 基本5变化法

3 Module choice 7 模块认知和选择 高级变化

4 module synthesis 模块合成长句

2.2.1基础阶

basic sentence writing 结构写作

S V O

S be C

2.2.2basic variety principles

基本5变化法

法则1 主语变化

众所周知

We all known that……

It’s known to all that….

铭记于心

I will always remember that…….

…….will always be remembered by….

人们对此意见不一。

Different people have different ideas about this.

Ideas on this issue / topic vary from person to person.

Ideas on this issue keep at constant variance.

其他句型：

• It must be pointed out that

• It must be admitted that.

• It is imagined that. 　　

• It can not be denied that. 　　

• It will be seen from this that.

• It should be realized that.

• It is (always) stressed that.

• It may be said without fear of exaggeration that

法则2 动宾结构变化为副词加形容词

Do harm to the body/spirit ---- physically/mentally harmful /detrimental

Have great benefit to the environment----environmentally friendly/beneficial

法则3 倒装句

介宾短语前置倒装：

• 杭州位于中国东部，是一个天堂城市。

• Hz nests in the east of C.

• In the ….. Nests HZ, A beautiful city.

提出观点

• Among the numerous advantages of cars, ……. , stands out the great A.

•

• Besides what has mention above follows/comes along that……./B

•

• Accompanied with A and B is C.

•

Only 介宾短语、从句+系动词助动词+句子：

Only in this way can we solve the problem.

只有在孩子完成作业以后才能被允许看电视。

只有大家充分认识到这个问题以后问题才能真正得以解决。

Only after/when everyday realize the problem can it be worked out

Not only can……, it also

Such ….that 倒装：经典引入句

Such is human nature that……

Such is a common phenomenon that…..

Never倒装 经典引入句

Never has the public witnessed/seen such a phenomenon that….

法则4 强调句

It is +强调部分+that剩余部分

炼句中的几种其他强调：

1.用形容词“very”，“single”等表示强调

• Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon

2.用反身代词表示强调

He himself come to visit the patient.

3.用助词“do”表示强调

4.用短语“in every way”，“in no way”，“by all means”，“by no means”

他的举止确实无可挑剔。

你一定要把儿子带来。

托福考试

5用倒装句表示强调

法则5 双重否定句

双重否定为了强调，也有的是为了使语气委婉

1、 否定词＋否定词缀

It is not uncommon……

其他？ 自己创造??

It is not unpopular that……

It is not impossible…..

2、否定词＋含有否定意义的词（各类）模板句型

There is no doubt that

….never fail to do…..

There is no denying that…….

It not seldom happens that….

There are few people who don't………...

No gains without pains.

3、否定词＋否定词

Nothing venture, nothing gain.

There is no one who lives in the world who doesn't know her.

模仿

凡是生活在城市的人没有一个不知道现在城市的污

染问题

2.2.3 高级模块选择Module choice 7 模块 6外增高 1内增高

● With替代动词 1

西雅图气候宜人是一个花园城市。

The climate in Seattle is agreeable and is a garden city.

Seattle is a garden city with the most delightful climate in the world.

Seattle, with the most delightful climate in the world, is a garden city.

当老罗用那低沉的调子和诡异的表情讲出那个笑话的时候整个教室爆发出爆笑。

The whole class burst out laughing/broke into /burst into a great laughter when Laoluo uttered the story with his low tone and ….. look.

当城市化的脚步伴随高楼林立工业扩展进入农村，农村的宁静正在慢慢地被打破。

The peace of the countryside is gradually being broken /when the pace of the urbanization spreads/expands/sprawls over into the regional area with skyscrapers of all shapes set up and the industries of all sorts roaring up.

甘霖在新东方资历最老，在学生中享有很高声望。

● 句子平衡 介宾短语前置

The peace of the countryside is gradually being broken /when the pace of the urbanization, with skyscrapers of all shapes set up and the industries of all sorts roaring up, spreads/expands/sprawls over into the regional area.

The whole class burst out laughing/broke into /burst into a great laughter when Laoluo, with his low tone and ….. look. uttered the story.

功夫总是吸引成千上万的迷们因为它以它那些….的绝招把人们带入了一个刀光剑影的江湖世界。

• Kungfu always attracts/interests/….

• KF never fails to fascinate thousands of fans

• for it involves us into the cowboy life

• with jumping from roof to roof, running on the winds, shooting electricity from one’s finger……

● 定语从句 2

S V O, which…….

S , which/who……, V O

英语作为全球语言被广泛使用，是目前世界最瞩目的现象之一。

English is widely used as a global language and is presently one of the most remarkable phenomena worldwide.

English is a global language widely used, which nowadays becomes a remarkable …..

GL, who is the most experienced teacher in NOS, enjoys a high fame/reputation

● 分词伴随及位置平衡 3

Widely used as a global language, English has been ……..

English, widely used as a global language, has been ……..

Having the most experienced resume in NOS, GL enjoys a high reputation among the students.

GL, having the most sophisticated resume in NOS, enjoys a high reputation among the students

● 独立主格 分词伴随时主语不一致 4

● 同位语---同 上义词 5

The wide use of English, a global language, is presently one of the most remarkable phenomena worldwide.

GL , the most sophisticated/hardened guy in NOS，enjoys a high reputation among the students.

● 同位语从句 6

有内容的名词+whether/that 内容本身

The fact that

The debate whether…. is going onto the center stage of the

public/ going into the spotlight.

● 名词性从句----内增高法 7

S V O

主语从句 What has attracted the public is whether …

宾语从句

表语从句

● 改变思维角度-----中西区别 经典高级表达 补充

随着经济的发展，人们的生活水平越来越高。

there is a positive connection/link between…..and ….

政府应该出钱治理污染。

Be responsible for the cost of….

这些活动大大提高了我们的环保意识。

These activities improve our awareness of environment protection greatly.

These activities contribute much to our awareness of environment protection.

这种行为没什么好处。

Such a behavior has little benefit.

The benefit of such a behavior/program can not be expected.

随堂练习：一句话的五种以上表达方式

• 西湖位于杭州市中心，闹中取静，风景优美，历史悠久，文化深厚。

• Hustle and bustle of the city

• 快乐和幸福的真谛不是拥有的更多而是要求的更少。

• 环境问题太复杂，个人难以解决。

• 我们需要关注的不是环境可以给我们带来什么，而是我们能为它做出什么。

2.2.3模块组装----如何练就长句 把上面可用的模块合理的组合

1S2 3 4 V O 5/6/7

1 议论的引导词：

起

First of all, firstly, at the beginning, first and foremost, in the first place, to begin with, to start with, on the one hand

承

Secondly, on the other hand, moreover, furthermore, in addition, in the second

转However, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, on the contrary, to the contrast, in contrast （用于反面例证和让步段）

合 in conclusion, to conclude, as a whole, all in all, in short, in a word, in summary,

to sum up, to wrap up, after all, in the end, generally speaking, in this sense, we can

safely say （用在结尾段）

2同位语：

通常让在主语S/O(N)后面----名词成分：

..University education, ……, can….

..Lao Yu, ……, __v__

..Advertisement, _____, ___v_____

..Science and technology, _____, __v___

同位语变形------分词成分/定从

….被认为是…..？？

N, regarded/considered/deemed/referred to be….

改革开放政策？对外交流政策？

The policy of reform and opening up to the outside world, ________ ，……

Computers are more applied in education than before. computers overweigh teachers.(IELES)

电脑：

丰富教学手段/创造生动课堂/

激发兴趣/提高效率promote

Firstly, computers, deemed to be….., can enrich the teaching method.

Secondly, computers, ……, can intrigue…

其他话题训练

老师，信息，汽车…..

3插入语：

通常放在是实意动词前面

To a large/some extent/degree;

directly or indirectly ;

one way or another

…..

University education, one of the most important periods of our life, can, to a large extent, bring us_____

The policy of reform and opening up to the outside world, ___2_____, has, ___3___, v ….

First of all, teachers, the human being with thoughts, can，_3___ , start/have spiritual communication with the students….

3 to a large extent

Moreover, teachers, the elites/those with various characteristics, will, ___3__, set up good examples of students…..

3 directly or indirectly

其他话题训练：

2006-1-14

Mobile phones cause some medical, social, and technical problems. Will the problems outweigh the advantages?

Mobile phones, ____2_____, ____3_____, ____V_____

2 one of the most convenient methods to keep in touch with each other, can,

3 to some degree

v: enhance the communication

4 介宾短语及前置（with/after….）：

5定语从句：

6 其他从句：

原因连词 ：

because/for/since/as/in that

原因介词 ：

because of/ due to/owing to/ for the sake of

条件连词 ：

if/as (so) long as, given (provided) that/supposed that/in case that

eg:

First of all, teachers, the human being with thoughts, can，to a large extent, start/have spiritual communication with the student, which/who….

Moreover, teachers, the elites/those with various characteristics, will, directly or indirectly, set up good examples of students so……

Computers, deemed to be the most advanced technology in 21sth century, can,…, enrich the class/improve the teaching method by…., which……

经典长句句型

University education, deemed to be one of the most significant parts of people‘s life, can, to a large extent, offer us a wealth of knowledge /in terms of various kinds of subjects, which will enrich our inner beauty and broaden our horizon, so we can lay a solid foundation for our future development in this fiercely competitive world.（58）

（not only…but also?）

The reform and opening up to the outside world, regarded to be one of the most essential policies put forward by our great leader Deng Xiaoping in the 20th century, has, directly or indirectly, boosted the prosperity of national economy by introducing the …… technology and concepts, which greatly/enormously build up our national strength and make China a more and more stronger nation in the spotlight of the international stage. 73

2.3 炼段

训练目的：写作逻辑基本培养 TS->SI

拓展思维----分类思维

汽车很方便

超市很热闹

科技很先进

环境很污染

话题随机练习 农村生活好

美文赏析

失败是成功之母

快乐别人就是快乐自己

了解过去很有必要

过去成功比现在成功要容易

TIPS 如何拓展SI拓展段落

一 写好处和影响

● 平行分类

1 人群分类

2 组成部分

3 画面

● 例子

● 对比 A好 相关BCD不好

● 反面 A + 没有A 我们多惨

二 原因背景分析： 因为缺少，有问题 所以需要

Industry moving:

saving land for endangered animal ? TS-

学习历史可以增长知识TS--- background

常见写作错误

句式杂糅

时态

拼写

中式

结构模糊

新东方雅思作文笔记Basic improvement strategies 雅思写作班锻炼语言