英语是结构性的语言

实词传递结构和意义：名词 动词，形容词，副词（四大核心词）

（一）名词语法（Noun-Gram）

1.限定词：名词四大块Noun-Gram 名词的语法

限定词

限定可数名词的限定词：many , a few , a number of

只限定不可数名词的限定词：much , a little , a large amount of , a great deal of

既可限定可数名词又可以限定不可数名词：a lot of , lots of , plenty of , some , all , most some / all / most + of + the + 名词（ 如果some 、all 、most加了of ，后面的名词一定要加the）

冠词the , a , an

the三大基本用法：

独一无二 例如the sun

第二次出现的名词

带后置定语(短语或从句She is the girl (who is ) from Beijing.

the的特殊用法：

节假日：国际通行的节假日前不加定冠词，中国传统的节假日前要加定冠词

国名：有专有名词表示国名不加定冠词，由普通名词演变成的专有名词前要加定冠词

表达肯否定关系

out of question 没问题

out of the question 不可能地

表达被动关系

in charge of 负责，控制，掌管

in the charge of 由…掌管

under the charge of 在…掌管下

under the control of 在…控制下

in possession of 拥有

in the possession of 被…所有

This library is in the possession of Guangzhou government.

=Guangzhou government is in possession of this library.

表达抽象具体关系

go to school 去上学（抽象）

go to the school 去这个学校（具体）

in office 在上班，在执政，在掌权，在位

in the office 在办公室

go to church 去做礼拜

go to the church 去教堂

Tom is in hospital. 汤姆在住院。

Tom is in is hospital. 汤姆在医院。

on earth 究竟，怎样

on the earth 在地球上

表示大小范围

in south of China 在中国之外的南方

in the south of China 在中国的南方，强调在中国里面

Guangzhou is located in the south of China. 广州位于中国南方。

in front of / in the front of

Mr. Zhang is sitting in the front of the classroom.

Mr. Zhang is sitting in front of us.

定冠词a , an的用法

表示数量概念，表示“一个”

泛指，表示“某一类人，某一类物”

A student studies English well.（凡是可数名词不可以孤零零出现，前面必须有相应的限定词，或者变成复数）

I am anything but a man. 我根本不是人。

Attitude is everything. 态度决定一切。

名词的数：四大特殊表示法

以“o”结尾的名词

photo—photos potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes negro（黑人）—negroes zoo—zoos radio—radios kilo —kilos

volcano, cargo, zero的复数既可以加“s”，又可以加“es”。

规律：hero, tomato, negro, potato, echo（回音，效仿)这个几个名词变成复数加“es”，其他的加“s”

古英语

child—children man—menwoman—women foot—feet

复合名词

有核心词看核心词

passer-by—passers-by 路人

looker-on—lookers-on 旁观者

mother-in -law—mothers-in –law 岳母

没有核心词的在后面加“s”

grown-up— grown-ups 成人

go-between— go-betweens 红娘，媒婆

good-for-nothing— good-for-nothings 一无是处的人

表示男女职业变复数时，两个单词都变复数

woman-nurse—women-nurses

十大特殊名词

crisis，analysis，basis，diagnosis 变成复数时，把“sis”变成“ses”

datum(数据), medium（媒体）, bacterium（细菌）变成复数时，把“um”变成“a”

phenomenon（现象），criterion（标准）变成复数时，把“on”变成“a”

stimulus复数是stimuli

2.数：

四大特殊用法：

①容易误用为复数：advice, information（three pieces of information）, knowledge, equipment, furniture, cash, progress, work常见8个

②复数形式单数用法：学科词汇（mathematics, physics, politics等），疾病名词（measles， rickets等），常用个别词如国名和杂志（ the United States, the UN, Times, News, Philippines ）

E.g.: The United States is a super powerful country.

The United Nations (the UN) is the biggest organization in the world.

News: north +east +west +south

③单复数相同：

fish, sheep(除了black sheep“害群之马”，同dark horse “黑马”), deer, series, means, species等, 单复数取决于前面的量词，另外还有一般的chinese

TV series program 电视连续剧

④单复数意义不同（50个）：见书本

minute分钟—minutes 会议纪要 air空气—airs气度，风度（put on air盛气凌人）

force强迫—forces军队 arm手臂—arms武器

humanity人类—humanities人文科学 work工作—works作品，工厂

3.主谓一致（四原则）

原则一：就近原则 (取决于B)

Neither A nor B (neither you nor I am ……)

Either A or B

A or B

Not only A but also B

There be +B +A…… (there is 1 leader and 100 students…/ there are 100 students and I leader…)

原则二：就远原则（取决于A）

A, as well as B A, together with B

A, accompanied by B (Hujintao, accompanied by his delegates, is visiting …)

A, besides… A, except

4

原则三：复数原则

Both A and B A and B Both

以下是例外：菜名如Rice and eggs 蛋炒饭 Forks and knife ( knifes ) 刀叉

抽象表单意概念如Love and hate 爱与恨Law and order 法律与秩序

War and peace 战争与和平

原则四：单数原则

①时间，金钱，距离 介词后只能接名词（宾语）

2200 kilometers from Guangzhou to Beijing is a long distance.

②不定式、动名词、从句作主语，谓语用单数

To read many books is not very useful.\ Reading many books is helpful to our jobs.\What I said today is useful.\Whether we can pass the exam or not depends our hard working. What he said and what he did are different.

③意义上是复数，用法上是单数

many a+单数名词（许多）+谓语单数:

More than one+单数名词（不止一个）+谓语单数：More than one student is from Foshan.

④every +单数名词+谓语单数 every只能做形容词 each既可以形容词也做代词

Every A and every B+谓语单数：Every boy and every girl is good.

No A and no B +谓语单数

两个例外情况：

①one of +名词复数+谓语单数（one of 后面的名词永远用复数）

One of my students is from Shandong.

“One of +名词复数+从句”从句的谓语动词用复数；若加了the only,则谓语动词用单数。

She is one of the students who are from Beijing.（定语修饰students）

She is the only one of the students who is from Beijing.（定语修饰the only one）

②a number of students are…(主语是students)

The number of students is…（主语是the number）

（二）动词语法（Verb-Gram）

三大核心：1. Tense时态/Voice语态 2. Mood语气 3.Non-finite verbs非谓语动词

1. Tense时态：

①The state of verb in particular time特定的时间条件下动作的状态（时间+状态 /时态）

②Features特点：Time(现在、过去、将来、过去将来) +State（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）

③Forms种类：16种

④How to master如何掌握时态(三个方面)

In the past 30 years, great changes have happened in Guangzhou. (不能用被动语态)

In the past 30 years, great progresses have been made in science and technology.

汉语当中的以地点或方位的名词作主语的时候翻译成英文时都是以状语形式出现。

方面一：conception概念

一般现在时：用来描述人或事物的一般性的状态和习惯性的动作以及客观真理或事实

现在完成时：动作发生在过去，但对现在产生影响

过去时：在过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态

过去将来完成进行时：在过去某一个时间讲述的对未来将要发生的或将要完成的动作，而且这个动作还可能要继续下去: Yesterday my grandpa said that he would have been living in Guangzhou for 50 years by the end of this year.

方面二：format构成（五个助动词）

am

Be was

is been being

are were

has

Have had had having

have

do Do did done doing

does

shall—should

will—would

需要注意一般将来时（五种表达方式）

1. shall(第一人称)/will（所有人称） 客观

2. be going to 主观

3. be to 事先计划安排好的（Tom and Mary are to get married this Sunday.）

4. be about to 即将或马上发生的动作（没有想到没有预期的）

5. be doing 表示启动或开始的动词，如leave, start, begin, come, go, approach

(The train is approaching. /I’m leaving for Beijing.)

方面三：Time

时间状语最复杂的是：现在完成时

1. since+时间点，for+时间段

2. so far，up to now，these days，nowadays，just（注意just now是一般过去式）

3. 第几次做什么..从句用现在完成时（It is the first time that I have come to China.）

4. 先行词被最高级限定时，定语从句用现在完成时（Avatar is the best movie that I have ever seen.）

5. 在过去的多少时间里面

In /For /Over /Above /During the past/last…… years, +现在完成时

过去完成时/将来完成时

By the end of /by the time+ 过去时间/将来时间 +从句（过去完成/将来完成）

都是“一……就……”的意思，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去式，例如：

I had hardly arrived at the classroom when it began to rain cats and dogs.

Voice语态：

①只有及物动词才有被动语态

②容易误用被动语态动词：

happen, take place, occur, belong to, last, consist of 等

③主动表被动：wear, wash, ride, lock, sell, write等

2. Mood 语气：

为什么学习虚拟语气:因为虚拟语气不受时态限制，也不受人称限制，所以它自成一体

虚拟语气三大块

1）幻想式虚拟语气

If I were Yaoming, I would…

①If it were to/should snow in Guangzhou tomorrow, I would go swimming.

若省略if，则要倒装：Were it to snow in Guangzhou tomorrow, I would go swimming.

②If I had had time yesterday, I would have …

③虚拟语气的混合式：

If you had taken medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now.

wish+ that+虚拟语气（同if从句）

I wish that it would snow in Guangzhou tomorrow.

2) 强制性的虚拟语气：S+ should do

① V +that+ S+ （should）do

以下词常用：order —— command, direct

demand —— request,

suggest —— advise, ask

persist —— insist, maintain

② It is + adj. + that + S + should do (should 不可省略)

以下词常用： important/vital essential advisable indispensable necessary incredible amazing ridiculous

It is incredible that Jack should rob the bank with his mother-in-law.

the most wanted robber A级通缉犯

3）含蓄虚拟语气

①but for/without + Noun, SVO

But for your help, I would not have passed the exam last year.

②otherwise(否则)/if only从句

I went to Shenzhen yesterday; otherwise I would have attended your wedding ceremony.

If only I had studied harder last year, I would…

③lest/for fear that/in case that +should do

Tom is seriously punished lest he should make the same mistake again.

在(lest、 last、 so、 such)这四个选项中只能选lest

④ it is time that SVO

It is time that we (should have a rest、 have a rest、 had a rest)选had a rest,与现在事实相反。

英语是结构性的语言