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\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs21\lang1033\langfe2052\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1724529 \chftnsepc __\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery851\footery992\colsx425\endnhere\sectlinegrid312\sectspecifyl\sectrsid12208952\sftnbj {\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brsp20 \tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\nosnaplinegrid\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang1033\langfe2052\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf2\insrsid1724529\charrsid1724529 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 南阳师范学院《人文地理学》期末考试重点总结}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf2\insrsid1724529\charrsid1724529 __\par }}{\footerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\nosnaplinegrid\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang1033\langfe2052\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\insrsid12208952 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 PAGE }}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\insrsid12208952 __\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri360\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\nosnaplinegrid\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12208952 __\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\nosnaplinegrid\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang1033\langfe2052\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\insrsid12208952 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1724529 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 3}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\insrsid12208952 __\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri360\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\nosnaplinegrid\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12208952 __\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta \dbch .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta \dbch .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta \dbch .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta \dbch )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb \dbch (}{\pntxta \dbch )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb \dbch (}{\pntxta \dbch )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb \dbch (}{\pntxta \dbch )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb \dbch (}{\pntxta \dbch )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb \dbch (}{\pntxta \dbch )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs32\lang2052\langfe2052\loch\af38\hich\af1\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp2052\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \loch\af13\hich\af13\dbch\f13 第五章}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \hich\af13\dbch\af13\loch\f13 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \loch\af13\hich\af13\dbch\f13 农业的起源与发展}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952 __\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs21\lang1033\langfe2052\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 \hich\af13\dbch\af13\loch\f13 18.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 \loch\af13\hich\af13\dbch\f13 农业起源研究所要解决的六大问题：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 __\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\sbknone\linex0\headery851\footery992\cols2\colsx425\endnhere\sectlinegrid312\sectspecifyl\sectrsid12208952\sftnbj \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs21\lang1033\langfe2052\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 农业产生的原因}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 农业产生的特点}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 农业产生的时间}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 农业最初由什么人产生}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 农业产生的方式}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 农业的对象}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 __\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\sbknone\linex0\headery851\footery992\colsx425\endnhere\sectlinegrid312\sectspecifyl\sectrsid12208952\sftnbj \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs21\lang1033\langfe2052\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 现代农业的类型}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 种植园农业、谷物农业、牲畜育肥农业、乳品业、市场园艺农业和大牧场六种。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qc \fi-270\li270\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel1\rin0\lin270\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs32\lang2052\langfe2052\loch\af38\hich\af1\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp2052\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \loch\af13\hich\af13\dbch\f13 第六章}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \hich\af13\dbch\af13\loch\f13 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \loch\af13\hich\af13\dbch\f13 工业的出现与工业区位}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952 __\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs21\lang1033\langfe2052\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs30 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs30\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 影响工业分布的因素（论述题）}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 自然条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 资源条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 能源条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 4 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 市场条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 劳动力条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 工业发展的环境条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 区域协作和全球经济一体化}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （一）自然条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 影响工业分布的主要条件是地形\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 、气候和水文。地形对工业的影响主要在于厂址的选择。多选择地形比较平坦，有较大面积，有利于生产活动与内外联系的地方。在地形的选择上还要注意自然灾害问题。气候条件对工业的作用不象地形那样大，因为可以用人工办法创造适合工业生产需要的室内环境，以弥补自然气候的不足。水文条件主要是供水与排水问题。工业生产大多需要较多的水，不但有数量上的要求还有质量上的标准。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （二）资源条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 工业是加工原料成为成品的企业，各种原料由于其数量、质量的差异，对工业的区位选择有大大的影响。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 加工后的体积与重量大大减少而且价格低廉的原料。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 加工后的成品体积增大而有不便运输的原料。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 消耗能量多的企业。多选择能源供应量大的地方。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 4 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 需要新鲜原料的企业多选在原料产地近运输条件好的地方。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 产品需要新鲜的企业多选择在市场附近。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （三）能源条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 第二产业在将原料加工为成品的过程中，需要大量的能源，而且这些能源不是过去手工业时，体力劳动所能解决的。蒸汽机、电力、煤石油天然气、核能等相继出现。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （四）市场条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 商品生产的特点，使商品不是为生产者自身消费，而是为消费者而生产的。工厂的效益往往视其规模而定。对于不生产主机而只生产配件，或使用其他企\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 业的副产品做原料的工厂，则手主机厂与提供其副产品做原料的工厂的所在地限制。有些企业与公司，为起产品在其他地区或国家占据市场，往往在这些地区或国家建厂生产其产品。以便就地销售。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （五）劳动力条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 劳动力是生产过程中的重要条件，也是使其他产品增殖的重要因素，因此企业的区位选择对这个条件是十分重视的。由于工业生产过程多劳动力的数量、质量的要求不同，而分成劳动密集型产业。前者需要劳动力的数量较多，后者较少。对生产技术要求高，必须经过严格培训，具有一定水平，并适合操作机器的工人才能上任，称之为技术密集型企业。再有，各\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 种企业的规模，工序关系，生产连续性等方面有所不同，所有企业对工人稳定要求不高。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （六）工业发展的环境条件}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 从工业革命开始与工业生产扩散以来，人门看到其对经济的发展、人民生活水平提高起着显著作用。目前不但污染已造成局部环境问题，而且也出现了大范围的世界性的环境问题。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs32\lang2052\langfe2052\loch\af38\hich\af1\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp2052\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \loch\af13\hich\af13\dbch\f13 第七章}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \hich\af13\dbch\af13\loch\f13 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \loch\af13\hich\af13\dbch\f13 聚落与城市化}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952 __\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs21\lang1033\langfe2052\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 城市化概念：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 农业人口转化为非农业人口，农村地域转化为城市地域，农业活动转化为非农业活动的过程。是社会经济发展的结果，是社会进步的体现，是一个国家社会经济发展水平的体现}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 22.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 城市化的机制}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ①}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 农业生产力的发展是城\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 市化的原生动力}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ②}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 工业化是城市化直接动力}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ③}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 第三产业是城市化的后续动力}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ④}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 经济发展是城市化的内生决定性力量}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ⑤}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 人口与城市政策可以加速或延缓城市化进程}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 城市区位与环境的关系：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （一）从防卫出发而选择的区位}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 在利用河流方面}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 在利用海洋方面：利用海洋作为防卫的有利条件有半岛、岛}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 与内港}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 制高点和隘口}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （二）城市区位与交通的关系}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 城市与水运的关系}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 城市与陆运的关系}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 海上交通与城市的关系}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 24.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 城市地域结构发展动力及其模式：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （一）形成地域结构的动力}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 动力分两方面，即集聚力和离散力。\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 集聚力就是向心力，驱使居民和某些部门向市中心集聚；离散力则是向相反方向，驱使其转向郊区。另外还有摩擦力（阻力）。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-994\li994\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin994\itap0\cufi-550\pararsid12208952 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 集聚力：集聚力主要由下面两方面原因引起的。第一，它提供了多而方便的服务和设施；第二，它具有社会条件方面的优势。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 离散力：由两方面原因引起的。首先是经济条件方面，其次是社会条件方面。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ３摩擦力：阻碍产业、家庭、产生聚集或扩散的力量。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ４三种力的循环相互作用}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （二）城市内部的地域结构模型}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 同心圆模型：是}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1929}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 年由芝加哥大学社会学家伯吉斯提出的。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 扇型模型：是美国的土地经济学家霍伊特于}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1939}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 年提出的。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 多核模型：是美国地理学家哈里斯和}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 乌尔曼于}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1945}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid9713639 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 年提出的}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12208952 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery851\footery992\colsx425\endnhere\sectlinegrid312\sectspecifyl\sftnbj \pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\outlinelevel1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs32\lang2052\langfe2052\loch\af38\hich\af1\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp2052\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \loch\af13\hich\af13\dbch\f13 第八章}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \hich\af13\dbch\af13\loch\f13 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952\charrsid3418890 \loch\af13\hich\af13\dbch\f13 语言类型与语言景观}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af13\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f13\fs24\insrsid12208952 __\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sl-300\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs21\lang1033\langfe2052\kerning2\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid5076341 \hich\af37\dbch\af13\loch\f37 25.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid5076341 \loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\f13 语言}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid5076341 \loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\f13 ：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2052\langfe2052\langnp2052\insrsid12208952\charrsid5076341 __\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl-300\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs21\lang1033\langfe2052\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af13\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 语言是指用习惯的记号，姿势，符号，特别是音节分明和口头声音交流思想和感情的工具。是人类思维的物质外壳。语言地理学即研究语言的时空特征，语言的形成条件，及对人类社会发展的作用。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 语言谱系：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 谱系分类法是指运用历史比较的方法，将世界上的语言比拟为具有生物学上的亲属关系，认为同一语系中的语言具有相同的起源，并按其亲属关系的远近、亲疏划分为不同\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 等级的类别，列出详略不等的语言分类表。谱系分类的等级体系和基本意义如下：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ）语系：分类的最大单位，由一个共同的原始母语分化的若干具有亲属关系的语言组成。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ）语族：分类的二级单位。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ）语支：在语族单位划分的基础上进一步细分的单位。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ）语种：分类中的最小单位。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 语言的本质属性：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 社会性}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 交际性}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 工具性}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 七大方言：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi180\li0\ri0\sl-300\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\cufi100\pararsid12208952 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 北方方言}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 吴方言}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 湘方言的形成与发展}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 4. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 粤方言}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 5. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 闽方言}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 6. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 赣方言}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 7. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 客家方言}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl-300\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12208952 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid1******* \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 语言传播特性：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 外延性}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 和}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 连续性；}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 距离衰减\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 性；}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 层序性}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 和}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 阶层性；复合性；竞争性}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 和同化性；演变性}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 语言传播的影响因素：}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid15931139 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ．地理集团的影响}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （自然因素影响）}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 社会人文因素影响}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 行政区划的影响}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 、}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 人口迁移的影响}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 、}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 经济条件的影响}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12208952\charrsid15931139 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid15931139 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid15931139 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 第四节：语言景观（全看）}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid15931139 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 地名景观（重点看）}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid15931139 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid15931139 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 熟习的某一区域，对地名景观进行解说}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid5076341 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 一、地名景观的特点：特殊性、符号性和变异性。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid12342684 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 分析我国地名景观的类别，试}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 对你所在地的地名特点进行分析总}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 结。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 我国地名景观从其意义上讲，可}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 分为历史地名、变迁地名和意愿地名}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 等不同类别。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ）反映自然环境方面：地名}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 主要是反\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 映地点的相对位置。我国古}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 代就有“山北为阴，山南为阳”，“水南}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 为阴，水北为阳”的说法。与此有关的}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 地名有华阴、蒙阴、衡阳、凤阳、淮}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 阴、沈阳、洛阳等等。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 与地形有关的地名有：鞍山、巫}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 山、平顶山、赤峰、黄冈、等等。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 与水体有关的地名有：黑龙江、}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 浙江、松江，漠河、沙河、白河，沂}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 水、，等等。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ）反映经济活动方}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 面：反映商业、集市贸易特点的地名}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 有：茶店、酒店、牛市屯、牛街、}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 马市、马场、马街、柴树店等}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 等。这种命名反映了该地商业活动的}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 特点。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ）反映历史方面：有许多}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 地名反映了历史上的重要事件\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 。例如}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 明朝时建都于北京，为改善当地农业}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 经济，增加粮食供应，从人口较多的}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 山西移民到此进行开垦种田。当时，}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 来北京开垦的移民都以原来居住地的}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 地名命名新的开垦地点，故村名就以}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 山西的故乡县名命名。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ）反映少}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 数民族文化方面：如在壮族地区称田}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 为“那”。以“那”作地名，不仅限于广西}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （那陈、那琴、那岭）省，而且也出}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 现于广东（那条、那霍）、云南（那}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 洒、那街）的部分地区。在蒙语}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 中，“浩特”是指城，故有呼和浩特}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （蒙语为青色的城）、乌兰浩特（红}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 色的城）等地名。西藏自治区首府拉}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 萨，藏语中是“圣地”之\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 意。新疆的“塔}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 里木”在维吾尔语中意为“脱缰之马”。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 __\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 （}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 ）反映祥瑞或祈福意愿方}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 面。表示祥瑞或祈福意愿的地名很}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 多，谨以陕西为例，就有长安、凤}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 翔、宝鸡、扶风、绥德、安康、宁}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid12208952\charrsid14369937 \loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\f13 陕、镇安、定边、靖边等。}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12208952 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid3552819\charrsid12208952 __\par }{\*\latentstyles\lsdstimax267\lsdlockeddef0\lsdsemihiddendef0\lsdunhideuseddef0\lsdqformatdef0\lsdprioritydef0{\lsdlockedexcept \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Normal;\lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 1;\lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 2;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 3;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 4;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 5;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 6;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 7;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 8;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 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南阳师范学院《人文地理学》期末考试重点总结（五）