英语中常用的连词

对于whether... or not前是否能用no matter，部分学生感到疑惑。他们说，见过no matter who, no matter what, no matter how, no matter where, no matter when等，没见过no matter whether... or not。可见，对于no matter的用法他们只知其一，不知其二。

　　针对这一情况，笔者特将no matter的用法归纳、整理如下。

　　1. 词组no matter可独立成句，也可在句中担当成分。如：

　　1) No matter! 不要紧！

　　2) No matter, I'll go myself. 不碍事，我自个儿去。

　　3) No matter if they do not take this factor into consideration. 如果他们不考虑这个因素，那无关紧要。

　　4) It is (of ) no matter. (no matter在句中作表语或of的宾语。) 这无关紧要。

　　5) I had something to say, but it's no matter. 我本来有句话要说，但不是很重要。

　　2. 词组no matter在it作形式主语、真正主语位于句末的句子中作表语。如：

　　1) It is no matter that he didn't phone. 他没打电话没关系。

　　2) It made no matter to him that his brother lost all his money. 他哥哥把所有的钱都弄丢了，这对他来说是无关紧要的。

　　3) It's no matter whether you get there early or late. 不论你到那里早或晚都无关紧要。

　　3. no matter与疑问词who, what, where, when, how, if, whether等连用，意为“无论，不管”。如：

　　1) Don't open the door, no matter who comes. 不管谁来都别开门。

　　2) Don't trust him, no matter what he says. 无论他说什么，都别相信他。

　　3) No matter where you work, you can always find time to study. 无论你在哪里工作，你都能找到时间学习。

　　4) No matter when and how the invaders come, they will be wiped out clean. 无论侵略者什么时候来，怎样来，他们必将被消灭得一干二净。

　　5)—Are you going home? 你回家吗？

　　—Not yet. No matter how hard I work, there is always more to do. 还不行。不管我干得多么卖力，总是有做不完的工作。

　　6) Mary wanted to get to school on time, no matter if she went without breakfast. 玛丽就是不吃早餐也要准时赶到学校。

　　7) No matter whether it is light or dark at that hour, we've decided to leave at five o'clock in the morning. 不管到时候是否天亮，我们都已决定早晨5点离开。

　　no matter who (what, when, where, how, whether等)引导的从句通常在句中作状语，表示让步，但有时也可在句中作宾语。如：

　　8) The man who is lazy radiates laziness in no matter what situation he be observed. [no matter what situation he be observed 在句中作in的宾语。另外，该从句中的谓语用了虚拟语气现在时(即动词原形)］不管什么情况下观察他，那个懒汉都显得很懒。

　　4. 有时， no matter what, no matter who, no matter when等可用于句末或句中。如：

　　1) We have to get to the airport on time, no matter what. 我们无论如何也要准时赶到机场。

　　2) They're going to win no matter what. 他们无论如何都要赢。

　　3) Anyone, no matter who, may point out our shortcomings. 不管是什么人，都可以指出我们的缺点。

　　5. 有时，在no matter what引出的从句中要省略谓语动词。如：

　　1) No matter what the excuse, you must not be late. 不管有什么借口，你一定不要迟到。英语中的连词主要分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组或从句。

　　常见的表示语义引申的并列连词有：

　　1. and

　　Justice is on your side. And justice will triumph over injustice. 正义在你们一边，而正义是会战胜非正义的。

　　2. neither... nor

　　She could neither speak the language nor write it. 这种语言她既不会说，也不会写。

　　3. both... and

　　A man should have both courage and perseverance.一个人既要有勇气又要有毅力。

　　4. not only... but also

　　We should not only be bold, but also be cautious. 我们不仅要大胆，而且要谨慎。

　　5. as well as

　　I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays. 我读过他的一本小说和几个剧本。

　　表示选择的并列连词有：

　　1. or

　　You may do it yourself, or ask someone else to do it. 你可以自己做或者让别人做。

　　2. either... or

　　I left it either on the table or in the drawer. 我不是把它放在桌子上了，就是放在抽屉里了。

　　除了表示选择外，or和either... or还可以表示否定的条件：

　　1) Now I must go or (if not) I shall be late for the party. 我现在得走了，否则晚会我就要迟到了。

　　2) You'll either behave yourself, or you'll never go out with me. 你要么老实点，要么就永远不能跟我一起出去。

　　表示转折或对比的并列连词有：

　　1. but

　　He tried hard but he was unsuccessful. 他做了很大努力但没有成功。

　　2. yet

　　The car was old, yet it was in excellent condition. 这辆车子很旧，但仍处于良好的状态。

　　3. however

　　She felt ill. She went to work, however, and tried to concentrate. 她病了。然而她照旧去上班，并且尽力集中精神工作。

　　4. nevertheless

　　I don't know anything against that man; nevertheless I don't trust him. 我对那个人没有什么不良的看法，但我不能信赖他。

　　表示因果关系的并列连词有：

　　1. for

　　You'd better put on your sweater, for it's rather cold outside. 你最好把毛衣穿上，外边相当冷。

　　2. so

　　My sister is expecting me，so I must be off now. 姐姐在等我，因此我得走了。

　　3. therefore

　　You are right, therefore we should support you. 你是对的，所以我们应当支持你。

　　4. hence

　　I fell off my bike yesterday—hence the bruises. 我昨天骑自行车摔倒了——所以青一块、紫一块的。

　　从属连词是用来引导从句的。

　　引导时间状语从句的从属连词有：

　　1. when

　　There was prolonged applause when he began to speak. 他开始讲话时响起了经久不息的掌声。

　　2. while

　　We should strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。

　　3. as

　　As (When) he entered, the hall burst into thunderous applause. 当他进来时，全场发出雷鸣般的掌声。

　　4. after

　　After I visit Shanghai I'll travel up the Yangtze. 访问上海之后，我将溯长江而上。

　　5. before

　　It would be months before he was fit for the work. 要过好几个月他才能适应工作。

　　6. since

　　It is just a week since we arrived here. 我们到这里才一个星期。

　　7. until (till)

　　I shall stay here until (till) I've completed my studies. 我要在这里待到学习结束为止。

　　8. as soon as

　　As soon as he got well, he went back to work. 他病一好就回去上班了。

　　9. once

　　Once he said that, I knew he was lying. 他一说这话我就知道他在撒谎。

　　引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：

　　1. because

　　He failed because he was too careless. 因为他太粗心，所以失败了。

　　2. as

　　As it was already rather dark, we decided to stop at the temple for the night. 因为已经相当晚了，我们决定在庙里待一夜。

　　3. since

　　Since you don't want to go, we won't force you to. 既然你不愿意去，我们也不勉强你。

　　4. now that

　　Now that you are all back, we'd better start the work right away. 你们既然都回来了，我们最好马上就开始工作。

　　5. considering (that)

　　They did the job quite well considering (that) they had no experience. 考虑到他们没有什么经验，这项工作他们已经干得不错了。

　　6. seeing that

　　Seeing that (Since) nobody was very enthusiastic about it, they decided to cancel the trip. 由于都没有很高的热情，他们决定取消这次旅行。

　　引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：

　　1. if

　　If you can do it, so can I. 你要是能办到，我也能办到。

　　2. even if

　　We wouldn't lose heart even if we should fail ten times. 我们就是失败十次也不灰心。

　　3. unless

　　I won't go unless you want me to. 除非你要我去，否则我是不会去的。

　　4. in case

　　We'd better take our raincoats in case it should rain (rains). 我们最好把雨衣带着以防下雨。

　　5. provided /providing (that)

　　I'll come provided (providing) (that) you let me know in good time. 你要是及时通知我是会来的。

　　6. suppose/supposing (that)

　　Suppose (Supposing) (that) he won't agree, what shall we do? 假如他不同意，我们怎么办？

　　7. as (so) long as

　　You may use the room as long as you keep it clean. 只要保持清洁你可以用这个房间。

　　8. on condition (that)

　　I'll lend you the book on condition (that) you return it on Monday. 只要你能在星期一还我，这本书我就借给你。

　　引导让步状语从句的从属连词有：

　　1. although / though

　　Everybody worked with great enthusiasm although/though the weather was extremely cold. 虽然天气很冷，大家工作得非常起劲。

　　2. even if (though)

　　Even if I have to walk all the way I'll get there. 即使我得一路走着去，我也要去那里。

　　引导比较状语从句的从属连词有：

　　1. than

　　We have produced 20% more cotton this year than we did last year. 我们今年棉花产量比去年高百分之二十。

　　2. as (so)...as

　　He doesn't play half as well as his sister. 他演奏的水平不及他姐姐的一半。

　　引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：

　　1. lest

　　She explained again and again lest people should misunderstand her. 她一再解释唯恐人们误解。

　　2. so that

　　Speak clearly so that we may understand you. 讲话要清楚，以便我们能听明白。

　　3. in order that

　　He assigned us some books to read at home in order that (so that) we might have a deeper understanding of the subject. 他指定几本书给我们回家看，以便我们对这一主题有一个较深的了解。

　　引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：

　　1. so...that

　　She was so moved that tears came to her eyes. 她感动得热泪盈眶。

　　2. such...that

　　It was such a boring speech that I fell asleep. 演讲枯燥乏味，听得我都睡着了。

　　引导名词性从句的连词有三个：(1)that (本身无意义)，(2)whether (or not)，(3)if。例如：

　　That they will refuse the offer is unlikely. 他们不太可能会拒绝这个建议。

　　I don't know whether (=if) these figures are accurate. 我不知道这些数字是否精确。

　　需要注意的是：whether (or not) 可引导大部分名词性从句；if仅可引导宾语从句，而且不可跟or not。例如：

　　Whether (≠if) they will come or not won't make much difference. 他们来不来关系不大。

　　I wonder if (=whether) she has received our telegram. 我不知道她是否收到了我们的电报。

常用的转承词语

常用的转承词语大致可分为以下几类：(1)表示次序；(2)表示时间；(3)表示条件、原因；(4)表示目的、结果；(5)表示转折、让步；(6)表示补充、排除；(7)表示举例、说明；(8)引出题目；(9)表示强调；(10)表示判断；(11)表示总结、归纳。

表示次序/列举:

one, two, etc. / next / first, second, etc. / another / in the first place/ finally / in the second place / still / at first开始 / first of all 首先；第一 / to begin with 首先 / above all 首先；尤其是/ first，then，finally 首先，然后，最后 / First，second，third 第一，第二，第三 / On the one hand，on the other hand 一方面，另一方面 / in the first place，in the second place 第一，第二

At first I thought he was right；on second thoughts, I was not sure．

开头我认为他是对的，再一想我又没有把握了。

To do a good job, first of all you must keep your mind on your work. 

要做好工作，你首先必须专心于你自己的工作。

To begin with，we ought to know what we are studying for. 首先，我们应该知道为什么而学习。

You must，above all，set your heart on study. 首先，你必须专心致志于学习。

First，we go over the story，then we make an outline of it，and finally we retell it. 

首先，我们看一遍故事，然后写一个提纲，最后进行复述。 

Why should we learn swimming? First，because it is a very good form of exercise．Second，it gives pleasure. Third, it may sometimes mean the difference between life and death．

为什么我们要学游泳?第一，因为它是一项很好的运动形式；第二，它给我们带来乐趣；第三，会不会游泳有时可能成为生死攸关的问题。

On the one hand he had to study，on the other hand he had a big family to support．

一方面他要学习，另一方面他还要维持一个大家庭。

In the first place，we should not delay our work…In the second  place，we should divide our work to be done at regular times during the day. 第一，我们不能拖延我们的工作……。第二，我们应该把工作分别安排在一天的固定时间去完成。

表示条件、原因: Once 一旦/ as long as 只要/ supposing 假如 / in case 万一；假使 / on condition that 如果；倘若 / on account of 因为 / thanks to 由于 / as far as 根据 / owing to 由于 / but for 要不是有

according to 根据；按照/ considering 考虑到 / it is understood that 不用说；大家知道 / it was noted above that 前面已经指出 / it will be seen from this 由此可见

Once you begin，you must continue．一旦开始，你就必须继续下去。

I will fight for the cause of Communism as long as I live.

只要我活着一天，就要为共产主义奋斗一天。

Supposing that yon were rich, what then? 假如你很富裕的话，那么会怎样呢?

In case I forget，please remind me about it. 万一我忘了，请提醒我。

We shall go to Guangzhou for our holiday，on condition that it isn't too expensive．

倘若费用不太贵，我们将去广州度假。

On account of the bad weather，the harvest was poor.由于天气不好，农作物歉收。

Thanks to her ability，she has achieved great success．

由于她的才能，她获得了极大的成功。

As far as I know, it is less valuable than diamond．据我所知，它不如金刚石贵重。

Owing to his lack of experience，he didn't do the work well．

他由于缺乏经验，没有将工作做好。

But for his help，we would have failed．要不是有他帮忙，我们是不会成功的。

According to the weather report, it is going to snow tomorrow．

根据天气预报，明天要下雪。

Considering that the time is short，you ought to go all out to fulfill the plan．

考虑到时间不多了，你应该全力以赴去完成计划。

It is understood that strict discipline is good for a student．

大家都知道, 严格的纪律对一个学生来说是有好处的。

It was noted above that hard work and labour are often necessary to train a man's talent．

我们在前面已经指出，艰苦的工作与劳动，常常是锻炼一个人的才能所不可缺少的。

It will be seen from this that the need for water is increasing day by day．

由此可见，对水的需要正在日益变得迫切。

表示目的、结果:

accordingly / since / then / because / therefore / thereupon / consequently/ for this purpose/ hence / to this end / with this object

as a result 结果

The production，as a result，has begun to rise rapidly．生产终于开始迅速增长了。

at last 最后

At last he obeyed the order silently．最后，他一声不吭地服从了命令。

for the purpose of 为了……目的

For the purpose of learning，he visited many hospitals．

为了学习借鉴，他参观了许多医院。 

therefore 因此

The examination is still far away，therefore we plan to go for an outing．

离考试时间还很远，因此我们计划去郊游。

thus 因此；从而

He studied diligently, thus he got high marks．他学习勤奋，因而得了高分。

in this way 这样

In this way you can get rid of bad habits.这样你就能改掉坏习惯了。

表示转折、让步:

but / however/ instead / and yet / rather/ but at the same time/ regardless / notwithstanding / while / still / whereas / for all that / after all / even so / despite /

yet 然而

Although this sounds strange，yet it is true．这件事听起来虽然奇怪，然而却是真的。

however 可是；不过

However，we will look into the matter later.不过我们以后还要调查这件事。

nevertheless 然而

Some of them hadn't for 36 hours，They went on working nevertheless．

有些人已经38个小时未睡，然而他们仍继续工作。

after all 到底；毕竟

What harm does it do after all? 这到底有什么危害呢?

whereas 而

He thought I was lying，whereas I was telling the truth.

他认为我在撤谎，而我说的确实是真话。

even if 即使

Even if we achieve great success in our work, there is no reason to feel conceited．

即使我们的工作取得了巨大成绩，也没有理由感到骄傲。

on the contrary 相反

You think it simple，but on the contrary，it is complicated．

你认为这容易，但是相反，这很复杂。

no matter 不管

No matter how difficult it may be, we are determined to carry the research to the end．

不管有多少困难，我们决心把这项研究进行到底。

in spite of 不管；尽管

In spite of the cold weather, we went on digging the earth.尽管天冷，我们还是继续挖土。

all the same 仍然；尽管如此

He is not doing a very good job. All the same，you have to admit that he is doing his best．

他工作做得不很好。尽管如此，你还得承认他尽了最大的努力。

表示补充、排除:

besides / further / furthermore / in addition / equally important / most important also / too / again

moreover 而且

He refused to help me，more over he laughed at me in public.他拒绝帮助我，而且还当众嘲笑我。

furthermore 而且

Furthermore, he never cared for other people's interests.

而且他从不关心别人的利益。

what is more 而且

What's more, I found，to my great surprise，a girl of six from Nanjing 

could speak good English. 

而且，使我吃惊的是，我还发现一位南京来的 六岁女孩能说一口很好的英语。

and…as well 而且

This old worker has experience and knowledge as well．

这位老工人既有经验，又有知识。

apart from 除了

Apart from oxygen, there are some other gases in the air.除了氧气以外，空气中还有其它气体。

in addition to 除了;加上

In addition to "when", we can use "as soon as" to introduce this kind of sentences. 

除了"when"，我们还能用“as soon as”来引导这类句子。

表示举例、说明:

namely / specifically / that is / in particular/ for instance / to illustrate / for example / an illustration of / as an example

for instance 例如

Television，for instance, is a great invention in the 20th century．

例如，电视就是20世纪的一个伟大发明。

for example 例如

“At this” sometimes may mean "hearing this".example：Mother burst into tears at this．"At this"

有时可能表示“听到这消息”的意思。例如：听到这消息，母亲大哭起来。

such as 例如

There are many lovely parks in Beijing, such as the Summer Palace，Beihai and Zhongshan Park．

北京有很多可爱的公园，例如颐和园、北海和中山公园。

take the case of 以……为例

Take the case of cars，they use a lot of gas．以汽车为例，它们要消耗很多汽油。 

in other words换句话说

In other words，the output has been increased fifty million tons．

换句话说，就是产量已增加了五千万吨。

that is to say 那就是说

That is to say we won't have enough time for a holiday.

那就是说，我们没有足够的时间去度假。

that is 即

He left last month-that is，in August this year．他是上个月，也就是今年八月离开的。

namely 即;这就是说

Arabic is written in the opposite direction to English， namely from right to left．

阿拉伯文的书写方向同英语相反，即它是从右到左的。

to be more exact 说得更精确一点

He came home very late last night，to be more exact，very early this morning. 

他是昨天深夜，更确切地说是今天凌晨才回家的。

引出题目

on the subject 关于

On the subject of music，people nowadays love popular music rather than classical music．

谈到音乐，人们现在喜欢流行音乐，而不是古典音乐。

it is thought that 有人认为

It is thought that some of the popular novels have bad effects on 

young people's mind．

有人认为一些通俗小说对年轻人的思想有坏的影响。 

regarding 关于

Regarding this matter， what's your opinion?关于此事，你的意见如何?

concerning 关于

Concerning their service, it needs it needs improving．关于他们的服务工作，还需要改进。

I'd like to point out 我想指出

I'd like to point out that we are living in the 20th century．我想指出，我们是生活在20世纪。

表示强调

Certainly / to be sure / truly / of course / after all / even / indeed 

actually 实际上

Actually，I find this subject rather interesting.实际上，我觉得这门学科相当有趣。

practically 实际上

The two are Practically the same．两者实际上是同一种东西。

as a matter of fact 其实; 实际上

As a matter of fact they kept in contact with each other for quite a long time．

其实，他们保持互相联系已经有相当长的时间了。

in reality 其实；实际上

We once took him for an experienced worker．In reality, he was a student. 

我们一度把他当作有经验的工人，其实他是个学生。

in fact 实际上 

It was，in fact，the most beautiful city I have ever seen．

实际上，它是我曾经见到过的最美丽的城市。

obviously 明显地

Obviously，there is much room for improvement in our work.

很明显，我们的工作还有很多要改进的地方。

equally 同样地

He was equally successful in gaining the prize．他也同样获得了奖品。

Certainly / to be sure / truly / of course / after all / even / indeed 

表示判断

from my point of view 根据我的观点 / in my opinion 根据我的看法

From my point of view，it is her mother's fault．根据我的观点，这是她母亲的错。

In my opinion, the whole affair was a waste of time．根据我的看法，整个事情都在浪费时间。

in my view 在我看来 / as I see it 依我之见

In my view, she is a bit too slow to respond．在我看来，她的反应有点迟钝。 

The difference, as I see it, is one of method．依我之见，这是一个方法问题。

it seems to me that 在我看来 / I am certain that 我肯定

It seems to me that this research plan will be very promising.

在我看来，这项研究计划是很有希望的。

I am certain that he will come out first in the contest． 我肯定他会在比赛中得第一。

It is my belief that 我相信

It is my belief that there are living creatures on some other planets．

我相信别的星球上也有生物存在。

表示总结、归纳

all in all / in short / altogether / in summary / finally / on the whole / in brief / therefore / in conclusion / to summarize / indeed / to sum up

常用的连词