LESSON 4 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .

（1）Sustained load 长期荷载 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝胶体

（3）Water-cement ratio 水灰比 （4）The stability of the structure结构稳定

（5）The expansion joint 伸缩缝 （6）Moisture content 含水量

（7）Cement paste 水泥浆

（8）The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete 混凝土热膨胀系

（9）Permanent plastic strain 永久塑性应变

（10）The fatigue strength of concrete 混凝土疲劳强度

3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.

(1)The cause of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in temperature, and applied loads.

混凝土的体积变化的原因可以归结为水分含量,水泥和水的化学反应，温度以及施加荷载的变化。

(2)High-early-strength and low-heat cement show more shrinkage than normal Portland cement.

高早强和低热水泥显示超过普通硅酸盐水泥收缩。

(3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage.

骨料含量越大，收缩越小。

(4)Therefore, cracks may develop in concrete when a high percentage of steel is used.

因此，当使用高比例的钢铁时将可能产生混凝土裂缝。

(5)Generally, concrete shrinks at a high rate during the initial period of hardening, but at later stages the rate diminishes gradually.

一般来说，在硬化过程中初期率很高，但在稍后阶段混凝土收缩率逐渐减小。

（6）Under sustained load, plastic deformation continues to develop over a period that may last for years.

持续负荷下，塑性变形继续发展一段时间，可能持续数年。

(7)Creep increases with an increase of stress in specimens made from concrete of the same strength and with the same duration of load.

与标本中增加的压力增大制成的蠕变相同强度混凝土和时间相同的负载

与标本中的压力相同强度的混凝土，并与负荷增加同一时间作出蠕变增加

(8)Creep is reduced with an increase in the humidity of the ambient air

蠕变的减少是由于在周围的空气湿度增加

(9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen.

蠕变是一个经过测试的试件尺寸增大而减小.

(10)High-temperature steam curing of concrete as well as per use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep.

高温蒸汽作为增塑剂正确使用混凝土养护将减少蠕变量.

5、Translate the following sentence into English.

（1）如果通过蒸发失去水分，混凝土就会收缩，但在水中硬化则会膨胀。

If it loses moisture(水份) by evaporation(蒸发),concrete shrinks, but if the concrete

hardens in water, it expands.

（2）影响混凝土收缩的因素很多，如水泥和水的含量、骨料的级配以及环境条件等。

Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete such as cement and water content、

gradation(等级) of aggregate andambient conditions and so on。

（3）混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多，收缩量则越大。

The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage.

（4）混凝土不是热的良导体，而钢筋是。

Concrete is not a good conductor of heat, whereas steel is a good one.

（5）在荷载作用期间，大约80%的徐变产生在前4个月内，大约2年后完成90%的徐变。

Creep increases with the loading period. About 80% of the creep occurs within the first 4

months;90%occurs after about 2 years.

LESSON 5

2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .

（1）building code 建筑规范 （6）随机变量 random variation

（2）stochastic analyse 随机分析 （7）半经验公式 semiempirical equation

（3）multistory building 多层建筑 （8）风洞荷载 wind tunnel testing

（4）code-prescribed data 规范规定的数值 （9）持续活荷载 sustained live load

（5）transient live load 瞬时活荷载 （10）名义值 nominal value

3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.

(1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as nominal values, determined on the basis of material properties (e.g. , dead load )or load surveys (e.g. , live load and snow load).

该建筑代码加载历来给出标准值，根据材料的性质（如，恒载）或负载调查（如，活荷载和雪荷载）的基础上确定。

(2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, strictly speaking(严格来讲), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(随机分析) to reflect the time and space interdependence(互相依赖).

由于载荷的随机变化是时间的函数以及一系列其他因素，造型数量，严格来说，应考虑到利用随机分析，以反映时间和空间互相依赖。

(3)For example, American live load criteria are based on a reference period of 50 years, while Canadian criteria use a 30-year interval

例如，美国活载标准是根据50年的基准期，而加拿大的标准使用30年的间隔。

(4)Building codes treat these effects as static phenomena and relate them to the actual conditions through semiempirical equations(半经验公式).

建筑规范视这些影响为静态现象，并通过半经验方程与实际情况相联系。

(5)The response of a building, however, will be different for different materials, depending on the type of load.

但是，建筑物的反应，将针对不同的材料不同，这取决于负载类型。

(6)There are many types of loads that may act on a building structure at one time or other, and this section provides a general description(一般说明) of the characteristics of the most important ones.

有许多类型的负载，可能对建筑物结构法在同一时间或其他，本节提供了一种通用的描述的最重要的特点。

(7)The dead load includes not only the self-weight of the structure, but also the weight of permanent construction materials, partitions, floor and ceiling materials, machinery and other equipment, and so on.

静载重不仅包括自身的结构重量，而且还有永久性建筑的材料，隔板，地板，吊顶材料，机械和其他设备的重量，等等

(8)Live load, are more accurately the gravity live load, is the name that is commonly used for the loads on the structure that are not part of the permanent installations(永久设施)

活载，更准确的重力活荷载，即通常是结构上的负荷，不属于永久性设施的一部分荷载的使用名称。

(9)The live load on the structure at any given time is also called the arbitrary point in-time live load.

在任意给定时间作用在结构上的活荷载也被称作任一点时活荷载。

(10)The live load on the structure at any time is normally well below the code value; the maximum lifetime(50-year) live load may be a certain amount larger.

在任意时刻结构上的活荷载一般是低于规范值的，（根据）最高寿命（50年）（确定的）活荷载可能有一定数量的扩大。

5、Translate the following sentence into English.

(1) 对某些荷载来说，结构的地理位置起重要作用。

The geographical location(地理位置) of the structure plays an important role for certain loads.

(2) 风荷载既不是静荷载也不是均匀变化的荷载，并且除了受周围结构和地形影响外还受结构几何形状的严重影响。

At the same time wind loads are neither static nor uniformly varying, and are heavily influenced by the geometry of the structure as well as the surrounding structures and the landscape(景观).

(3) 风荷载和雪荷载可根据模型试验来确定。

Wind loads and snow loads are determined on the basis of model tests.

(4)特殊荷载及荷载效应包括温度变化、结构地基沉降、冲击和爆炸的影响。

Special loads and load effects include the influence of temperature variations(温度变化), structural foundation settlements, impact(撞击), and blast(爆炸).

(5)至少在理论上，结构上的恒载被认为是保持不变的。

In theory, at least, the dead load on a structure is supposed to remain constant.

LESSON8

2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .

（1）chemical composition 化学成分 （6）应力-应变曲线 stress-strain curve

（2）cold working 冷加工 （7）拉伸断裂 tensile fracture

（3）normal distribution curve 正态分布曲线 （8）热处理 heat treatment

（4）local damage 局部破坏 （9）反复荷载 repeated loads

（5）brittle fracture 脆性破坏 （10）变幅应力循环 variable amplitude stress cycle

3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.

（1）The important mechanical properties of most structural steels under static load are indicated in the idealized tensile stress-strain diagram shown in Fig.8.1.

在静态荷载下的大部分结构钢的重要力学性能是用图8.1的理想的拉伸应力-应变曲线表示 。

(2)The values of E vary in the range 200000-210000Mpa, and the approximate value of 200000Mpa is often assumed.

E的值在200000-210000Mpa之间波动，一般假定逼近值为200000Mpa。

(3)Beyond this limit the steel flows plastically without any increase in stress until the strain-hardening strain εst is reached.

超过这个极限，刚的塑性流变不增加任何应力,直到达到应变硬化的εst值。

(4)The rate of straining affects the yield stress, and high rates of strain increase the upper or first yield stress, as well as the lower yield stress Fy.

应变速率会影响屈服应力，高的应变速率会增加高的屈服应力或产生第一个屈服应力值，同样可以增大低的屈服应力Fy。

(5)For design purposes, a “minimum’ yield stress is identified for each different steel classification.

从设计角度看，对于不同的钢材类别可以由相应的最小屈服应力值来识别。

(6)Consequently, it is likely that an isolated test result will be significantly higher than the quoted yield stress.

因此，独立的测试结果很可能显著地高于引用的屈服应力。

(7)Perhaps the most generally accepted theory of two-dimensional yielding under biaxial stresses is the maximum distortion energy theory.

或许大多数普遍接受的在双轴应力下的二维屈服理论是最大的变形能量理论。

（8）Joints should generally be arranged so as to minimize stress concentrations and to produce as smooth a ‘stress flow’ through the joint as is practicable.

节点应当布置得使应力集中减少到最小，以使通过节点的‘应力流’尽可能平滑。

(9)Brittle fracture is initiated by the existence or formation of a small crack in a region of high local stress.

脆性破坏的产生是由于在局部应力高度集中的区域存在或形成小裂缝。

(10)High local stresses facilitate crack initiation, and so stress concentrations due to poor geometry and loading arrangements (including impact loading) are dangerous.

高度局部应力促使裂缝的产生，因此由于差的几何形状和荷载布置(包括冲击载荷)而产生的应力集中是危险的。

5、Translate the following sentence into English.

(1)通常认为单向拉伸确定的屈服应力Fy单向压缩也正确。

The yield stress Fy determined for uniaxial tension is usually accepted as being valid for uniaxial compression.

（2）显著影响疲劳强度的因素有荷载循环次数、荷载循环中的应力幅以及局部应力集中的大小。

Factors which significantly influence the resistance to fatigue failure include the number of load cycles, the range of stress during a load cycle, and the magnitudes of local stress concentrations.

（3）疲劳设计出考虑容许应力外还应考虑节点的位置。

Designing against fatigue involves a consideration of joint arrangement as well as of permissible stress.

（4）结构钢不总是表现出延性特性，在有些情况下，即使名义拉应力很低，突然的、灾难性的断裂也会发生。

Structural steel does not always exhibit a ductile behavior, and under some circumstances sudden and catastrophic fracture may occur, even though the nominal tensile stresses are low.

（5）结构刚的延性取决于钢材的组成、热处理方法和钢材的厚度，并且随温度和应变率的变化而变化。

The ductility of a structural steel depends on its composition, heat treatment, and thickness, and varies with temperature and strain rate.

LESSON14

1

2 Although most  of these  earlier designs  were  based  on sound  principles  and 

assumptions, the girder stiffened by inclined cables suffered various misfortunes that regrettably resulted in abandonment of the system 尽管这些大多数的早期设计基于正确的原理和假设，用斜缆去增强主梁遇到了各种厄运，遗憾地导致这种体系被抛弃。  

3 On the one hand, the equilibrium of these highly indeterminate systems had not been 

clearly appreciated and controlled, and on the other, the tension members were made of timber, round bars or chains 一方面，这些高次超静定体系的平衡还没有清楚地理解和控制，另一方面，承受拉力的构件是由木材、圆形钢筋或索链构成的。

4The important characteristics of such a three-dimensional structure are the full participation of the transverse construction in the work of the main longitudinal structure.  这种三维结构的重要特点是横向建筑深入参与了纵向主结构的工作 

5The importance of cable-stayed bridges increased rapidly and within only one decade they have become so successful that they have taken their rightful place among classical bridge systems.  

斜拉桥的重要性迅速提升，仅在十年当中，斜拉桥就成为一种成功的桥型并且在经典/正统的桥梁体系中占有一席之位。 

6 In old types of conventional superstructures the slab, stringers, floor beams and main girders 

were considered as acting independently. Such superstructures were not suitable for cable-stayed bridges.  在传统形式的上部结构中，板、纵梁、横梁以及主梁被视为独立工作。这种上部结构不适于斜拉桥。

7 The main structural characteristic of this system is the integral action of the stiffening 

girders and prestressed or post-tensioned inclined cableswhich run from the tower tops down to the anchor points at the stiffening girders  这种体系的主要的结构特点是加劲梁和先张或后张拉的斜缆之间的整体作用，斜缆索自索塔顶部延伸至加劲梁的锚固点。 

8   Modern cable-stayed  bridges  present  a  three-dimensional  system  consisting of 

stiffening girders,  transverse  and  longitudinal  bracings,  orthotropic-type  deck and supporting parts such as towers in compression and inclined cables in tension 现代斜拉桥是一个由加劲梁、纵横向支撑、正交各向异性板以及譬如受压索塔和受拉斜拉索等支撑构件构成的三维体系。

9 In fact, in orthotropic systems, all elements of the roadway and secondary parts of the superstructure participate in the work of the main bridge system. This results in reduction of the depth of the girders and economy in the steel.     事实上，在正交各向异性体系中，所有的桥面板单元以及上部结构的辅助部分共同参与主桥体系的工作，这就导致主梁的高度以及钢材用量的减小。

10 Stays made in this manner could not be fully tensioned and in a slack condition allowed large deformations of the deck before they (stays) could participate in taking the tensile loads for which they were intended .这种拉索不能充分拉紧，而处于松弛状态的拉索在参与承担所期望的受拉荷载之前允许桥面板产生很大变形 .

汉译英

1 The development and application of electronic computers opened up new and practically unlimited possibilities for the exact solution of these highly statically indeterminate systems and for precise statical analysis of their three dimensional performance.     

电子计算机的发展和应用使斜拉桥这样的高次超静定体系的精确分析成为可能，并且可以对结构的三维性能进行精确的静力学分析。 

2随着高强钢材、正交各向异性板桥面的出现，焊接技术以及结构分析技术的发展，近年来斜拉桥才得到了广泛和成功的应用。 

Wide and successful application of cable-stayed systems was realized only recently, with the 

introduction of high-strength steels, orthotropic type decks, development of welding techniques and progress in structural analysis 

3 Existing cable-stayed bridges provide useful data regarding design, fabrication, erection and 

maintenance of the new system.//  

已有的斜拉桥为这一新体系的设计、建造、安装与维护提供了有用的数据。 

4With the construction of these bridges many basic problems encountered in their engineering are shown to have been successfully solved 

在这些斜拉桥的建造过程中，工程中遇到的许多基础问题得到了圆满地解决。

 5斜拉桥的特点是这种结构可将斜拉索的原理和正交各向异性板桥面结合起来，故其具有跨径大，结构厚度小和用料省的优点。

 LESSON 15

英译汉

1 Where fresh concrete is placed on hardened concrete,  a good bond must  be developed. 

当新混凝土浇筑在老混凝土上时，必须建立良好的结合面。

2 Before concrete is placed, the formwork must be free of ice and debris and properly coated with bond-breaker oil.  

浇筑前，必须为业主检查混凝土。在混凝土浇筑前，支架模板必须不含冰、碎屑，并且外面涂上合适地防粘结油。 

3Construction personnel should be available,  usually carpenters,  bar placers and other trades,  if piping or electrical conduit is to be embedded, to act as form watchers and to reset any rebars, conduit, or piping displaced. 当铺设水管或者电线管道时，施工人员必须到位，通常有木工、钢筋工以及其他工种，对模板进行检查，对移动了的钢筋、电线或管子重新放置。 

4In addition,  the inspector should ensure that any emergency construction joints made necessary by stoppage of concrete supply,  rain, or other delays are properly located and made in accordance with procedures specified or approved by the engineer 此外，检验员还得确保由于混凝土供应停止、下雨以及其他延误导致的紧急施工缝合理定位，并且程序要符合规范规定或者工程人员认可。

5 In vertical formwork, water rise causes weak planes between each layer deposited. In addition 

to the deleterious\\\structural effect,  such planes,  when hardened,  contain voids through which water may pass 在垂直模板体系中，水的增加可导致层间的薄弱面。除了有害的结构影响之外，这种薄弱面硬化之后，可形成水流通的空隙。

6

7 In horizontal elements, such as floor slabs, excess water rises and causes a weak laitance layer 

at the top.  在诸如楼板之类的水平构件中，过剩水分增加会导致顶部的薄弱浆沫层。

8

9 The temperature of fresh concrete must be controlled from the time of mixing through final 

placement, and protected after placement. 从搅拌站到最终的浇筑，必须控制新鲜混凝土的温度，浇注之后必须保护其温度。

汉译英 

1钢筋必须设备到位，适当支撑以承受浇筑混凝土过程中受到的任何运输作用。The rebars must be in place, properly supported to bear any traffic they will receive during concret-e placing

2检验员还必须确保混凝土运送、浇筑和抹光程序按事先要求进行，避免混凝土离析。The inspector should also ascertain that handling, placing, and finishing procedures that have been agreed on in advance are  properly followed,  to avoid  segregated  concrete 

3更深的贯入效果会更好（复捣） ，但在不同的场地条件下其效果是难以确定的，因此，不作为一般工程实践的建议 Deeper  penetration  can  be  beneficial (revibration), but control  under variable jobsite conditions is too uncertain for recommendation of this practice for general use.

4只有在混凝土浇筑、抹光、养护完成，并完全达到强度时检验才结束Inspection is complete only when concrete is cast, finished,  protected for curing, and attains full strength. 

5在所有柱子以及钢筋混凝土窄墙浇筑时，要先用2~4英寸的水泥浆。否则，游离的石头就会聚集在底部，从而形成蜂窝。In all columns and reinforced narrow walls, concrete placing should begin with 2 to 4 in of 

grout. Otherwise, loose stone will collect at the bottom, resulting in the formation of honeycomb 

LESSON25

1

2 Higher vertical loads will require larger columns, walls, and shafts. 其一，更大的竖向荷载需要更大的柱、墙和电梯井，But, more significantly, the overturning moment and the shear deflectionsproduced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully providedfor. 其二，更严重的是，由侧向力产生的倾覆力矩和剪切位移更大，必须认真加以考虑。

3 The vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulatedgravity load from story to story, thus requiring larger column or wallsections to support such loading. 高层建筑的竖向子系统逐层传递累积的重力，从而需要更大的柱或墙体以支承此荷载

4 For example, under wind load, the overturningmoment at the base of a building varies approximately as the square of theheight of the building, and the lateral deflection at the top of a building may vary as the fourth power of building height, other things being equal. Earthquake produces an even more pronounced effect. 例如，当其它条件不变时，在风荷载作用下，建筑物底部的倾覆力矩大约按建筑物高度的平方增长，其顶部的侧向位移随其高度的4次幂。地震甚至会产生更大的效应。

5 When the structure for a mid-rise building is designed fordead and live load, it is almost an inherent property that the columns, walls,and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces. 当设计中层建筑结构以抵抗恒载和活荷载时，其柱、墙和楼梯或电梯就能承受大部分水平荷载几乎是其固有的特性。

6 Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additionalstructural material is always required for the columns, girders, walls, andslabs in order to make a high-rise building sufficiently resistant to muchhigher lateral loads and deformations. 通常要做出特殊的结构布置，并总是需要额外的材料来制作柱、大梁、墙和楼盖以便使高层建筑能足以抵抗大许多侧向荷载和变形。

7 The vertical components carrying the gravity load, such aswalls, columns, and shafts, will need to be strengthened over the full heightof the building. 需要在整个高度范围内提高支承重力荷载的竖向构件，如墙、柱和电梯井承载力。

8 The graph shown in Figure1 illustrates how theweight of structural steel in pounds per square foot of floor increases as thenumber of stories increases from 1 up to 100. 图1 中的曲线说明单位楼层所需结构材料用量随楼层数增加

9 The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame. 其上下界线之间的范围表示了比一般柱-梁所组成的框架用钢量的增加部分。

10 Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems. 增加抗弯系统的有效宽度：Thisis very useful because increasing the width will cut down the overturnforce directly and will reduce deflection by the third power of thewidth increase, other things remaining constant. 这一点极为重要，因为当其它因素不变时，增加宽度将直接减小倾覆力，并以宽度3次幂的关系减小侧移。

汉译英

1 Although the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem designremain the same for mid-, or high-rise buildings, when a buildinggets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for tworeasons. 尽管对于中层和高层建筑，它们的竖向和水平方向子系统的设计的基本原理并无区别，但当一建筑物高度增加时，由于两个原因使其竖向子系统成为控制问题。

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3 Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems. 增加抗弯系统的有效宽度：Thisis very useful because increasing the width will cut down the overturnforce directly and will reduce deflection by the third power of thewidth increase, other things remaining constant.这一点极为重要，因为当其它因素不变时，增加宽度将直接减小倾覆力，并以宽度3次幂的关系减小侧移。

4 Arrangeto have the greater part of vertical loads be carried directly onthe primary moment-resisting components. 布置结构使竖向荷载的主要部分直接由主抗弯构件承受。This will help stabilize thebuilding against tensile overturning forces by precompressing themajor overturn-resisting components.这将有助于通过预压主要抗倾覆构件来防止建筑物产生受拉的倾覆力而失稳。

5 The local shear in each story can be best resisted by strategic placement of solid walls or the use of diagonal members in a verticalsubsystem. 各层局部剪力可最有效地通过适当布置实体墙或在竖向体系中采用斜构件。

LESSON 26

英译汉

1 Pavements serve structural, functional and safety purposes. 路面具有结构、功能和安全的目的。They are necessary not only for roadways but also for parking lots, airports (i.e., runways, taxiways, aprons and service roads), industrial sites, ports and so forth. 它们不但用于道路，也用于停车场、机场（如跑道、滑行道、停机坪和服务道路），工场，港口等。

2 The load at the interface between the wheel and the pavement surface is applied over a relatively small area, causing high stresses at that point, but these stresses decrease with depth as the load is spread over large areas. 在车轮和道路表面之间的荷载作用于小的面积上，从而在其作用点产生高应力，但此应力随深度的增加而减小，因为此荷载在较深处扩散至较大的面积上。

3 The functional performance of pavement is related to the users’ requirement for smooth and comfortable riding conditions. 路面的功能与使用者对行车的平衡性和舒适性有关

4 The PSI deteriorates with usage and pavement age and is one of several criteria employed to aid decision relating to maintenance, rehabilitation, or reconstruction of the pavement. 此指标随道路的使用和使用寿命而降低，它是用于帮助决定是否保养、维修或重建的许多准则之一。

5 Typical symptoms of pavement distresses are longitudinal and transverse cracking, breaking, swelling and heaving. 路面典型的缺陷包括纵向和横向开裂、断裂、胀起和隆起

6The Asphalt Institute describes asphalt as a “strong cement, readily adhesive, highly waterproof and durable.美国沥青协会将沥青定描述为“强胶结材料，易于粘结，高度不透水和高耐久”

7 Asphalt concrete mixtures are sometimes discussed in terms of the gradation of their component mineral aggregates and fillers into categories such as open-graded, coarse-graded or fine-graded. 在讨论沥青混凝土时，有时根据其所含矿物和填料将其分类为开级配、粗级配和细级配。

8The combinations of material characteristics and proportions on one hand and mixing and placing conditions on the other can lead to asphalt concretes of differing characteristics in terms of their stability, durability and flexibility to suit a variety of application requirements. 沥青混凝土的稳定性，耐久性和柔性因其材料特性，比例、混合和铺筑条件的不同而异，从而使其能满足各种应力需求。

9 It is a “nonbituminous” cement and is classified as “hydaulic” cement because it solidifies under water. 它是一种非沥青胶结材料，并因其遇水固化而被归类为水化胶结料。

10 Rigid pavement. A pavement structure which distributes loads to the subgrade, having as one course a Portland-cement concrete slab of relatively high bending resistance. 刚性路面：其路面结构将荷载传至基层，具有比较高的抗弯性能的一整块沥青混凝土板。

汉译英

1值得指出的是在自然界存在着天然沥青矿。It is worth to note that natural deposits of asphalt exist.

2根据集料和填料的级配，沥青混合料经常被分为开级配、粗级配或细级配沥青混合料。Asphalt concrete mixtures are sometimes discussed in terms of the gradation of their component mineral aggregates and fillers into categories such as open-graded, coarse-graded or fine-graded.

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土木工程专业英语课后习题翻译