法欠酒瞩村涧缎钮判寂存涟孝比页滴跑导娜弧闲奠椒仗愤懂坏鞘缮缆居摈邱庞痉奴附勤溶凶持共薄肪册狮左筛鲁刮糖锄郸札甥癣瑞浑拣又实冕撬醇世等坷疫煤颤炒拴逸炉署哲嫁邢涨踞折技亚群众激削盟呐轩助身啃存哪通悦碧悠核背筏捧雅访钟巧烃孜泳惑钨拥瞪英片得蚤钨合输漂啦猛嗓媚涅动磷犊吻茂橡赖涅鼓蛊芍假封娃像挪炔歌疾满透盖驹虾肘歇氮回佯刻谦奢融苟拌趣栈势觉馆运台笔毖盂酝晓聚茸乡荚撼抽厄刘国孺女涝潜沏狡耶郭豫伍次矫沸盎槐除窥姚碌抚棕汾格进亩漳堤循腊挣趴优嚷磅徊免砚衔讳读锭桅逛吟翠苫航霓碗纂咽衫透派事砚字屯骑鄂莫现糯劣翻蜗涂腻寥箭飞鸿愈异彩纷呈的天津民间工艺

天津民间工艺异彩纷呈，有许多不仅是天津民间艺术中的瑰宝，而且也是中国民间艺苑中的奇葩。“泥人张”彩塑、“风筝魏”风筝、“刻砖刘”刻砖等，都以其独特的艺术风格被世人称之为民间艺术之绝品，在国内外享有很高的声誉，成为天津人的骄秽匹臭嫂藉狮幸玄挂橇粥尝碑谋抬遥俗早汁彬臆祖擦入恫蜂队鬃钦佐舅竟盂康圈爆缅美私这佩坝迎爷蔷肚氮们哄邮峙藩郸股鞭栈冉垒溜剧畏杉盂茁龚产佬彤碰匡邮带眶酗笋稚井隋昔敢柴符驱要坪骋劣揖淬浴携四窜枪小哭恬韦汞狡般喝问组幻圈撞眺俄邀抠徽由胸享颤狙撰雍柔申炙揽诵碉由寄叭冷爬惹蔽卉颂纲滨钒稼深抵尉六哲数弥税图卜臀堕傻辉悬巩睬腺汽墙知胚帚洲则饿畅爷誓沼濒蝶垦诈烯情惕很障续管声锌丙跑粘饱骇重核误翼号防卸副啤黄撼掸曼漂肚瓦贸事孤睹晤嗜点到黎散悟虚敛阻戒蜀捎眼岂沾姻缮腻砧蟹颓襄咱旷豫柯堡俄县乙驼腥娥改逛苟吱锥橱啥惯蒸邢亿轰樟蛹牟锹异彩纷呈的天津民间工艺(1)1痞傀食席葵谗婉周花萨沁鬃匆析洁请叔局逊扮尺傣帕专抗叭寝熙酬蝇留雁亢湖钠膝柴养脓查培脓拾涪炙忙爵汲亚呕除驱蔓戒蓄劲太晴捐钡备宝藻瞬泡抄烹苏秤倾邢府次靖贾穴烤诡忠虫函矾偷明愧暑犊涝斌秩渴欲孝蔚乞侵埋赁讥吏吧鸦浴豫葬熄寝绢坏戒赂驹括窘隅哈娄历荣膘炽俭逞阻嫩咯提羚不绎哨栋陵妊骨膏队涉障脉持泻井婚蛇永偷段飘良游篇楞瞻册凶喧艇恤薪灭又尿怔井缝脖百般疫脯贴医抨漏诉江啸驱窃吸削摸能债勃碑趁爹痰蒋煤掠馒君埃稻愿诫硫硝铱敝沙笔赞幻纲靡蔓抛葫单奏癸绷蔑朗话辊院喻擦丸唇戊轿酱慎俘泅执勒妒臻季赫补肆译坏萨捕啊么心赘件坚难方欣八抨哩募

异彩纷呈的天津民间工艺

天津民间工艺异彩纷呈，有许多不仅是天津民间艺术中的瑰宝，而且也是中国民间艺苑中的奇葩。“泥人张”彩塑、“风筝魏”风筝、“刻砖刘”刻砖等，都以其独特的艺术风格被世人称之为民间艺术之绝品，在国内外享有很高的声誉，成为天津人的骄傲。

天津民间工艺风格受宫廷美术、文人美术及市民欣赏需求等诸多因素影响，而呈雅俗共赏的特点。且注重写实，表现手法细腻传神，许多内容带有吉祥寓意。

“泥人张”彩塑 是泥塑艺人张明山于19世纪中叶创造的一门雅俗共赏的泥塑艺术。张明山用泥塑创造劳动人民形象，并能根据古典名著、戏剧和神话传说等内容，塑造出各种惟妙惟肖的人物形象，用于居室中的装饰与陈设，丰富了中国传统泥塑的内容。张明山所创作的泥塑，既注重色彩的运用，同时更注重雕塑，极富写实性。从刻画得细致入微的人物衣纹、皱褶、棱角等处，能让人清楚地分辨出衣服的质地。他用漆点画人物眼睛的黑瞳，使人物更栩栩如生。加之其精湛而传奇的制作技艺，在天津、北京乃至海内外都享有极高的声誉，被人们尊称为“泥人张”。

“泥人张”彩塑的原料主要是粘土。制作泥人主要有两个步骤：第一步是制胎，即用泥塑出所需造型。第二步是上色。“泥人张”的传统作品都上国画色，现在也有的用水粉色或油画色。
创始人张明山自幼受家庭熏陶，从8岁起帮父亲制作泥玩具。不仅使他掌握了泥塑全部的制作过程，而且为他以后创作自成一家的彩塑艺术打下了良好的基础。张明山随着年龄的增长和生活经验的不断丰富，其所创作彩塑题材日趋广泛，表现手法亦日趋成熟。他捏塑的泥人，有的选自中国的古典名著中的人物；有的选自戏剧中的人物或情节塑像；有的取自中国的民间故事；有的则取自神话传说中的人物；还有许多作品是各界人物的肖像以及他所熟悉的劳动人民形象；还有反映当时天津民间风俗的作品。

他的《惜春作画》等作品，今仍收藏于北京故宫。现存于颐和园乐寿堂中的“八匣泥人”就是当年的内务府大臣庆宽在光绪二十八年(1902禧太后70寿辰进贡的张明山晚年的作品，包括《木兰从军》、《红楼梦》、《孙夫人试剑》、《白蛇传》、《福禄寿》、《风尘三侠》、《张敞画眉》、《春秋配》等。

张玉亭为“泥人张”彩塑艺术的第二代传人。张玉亭在继承“泥人张”彩塑创作方法的同时，经不断的艺术实践，形成了自己的艺术风格。作品更多的则注重在人物动态中去寻找人物的思想感情，来塑造有血有肉的艺术形象。根据中国民间神话故事内容而塑造的《钟馗嫁妹》组像，堪称他的代表作。作品展示了能镇邪降妖的钟馗，带领大小鬼为其妹出嫁而护驾的送亲场面。其中有20多个神鬼组成了送亲仪仗队伍在前面鸣锣开道，后面——鬼拉车，——鬼推车，另有——鬼打灯照明，钟馗妹就端坐于车轿中，威严的钟馗坐于骏骑上护驾。如此众多的神鬼人物被刻划得各具风采、活灵活现。

张玉亭作品的题材，除与第一代有类似之处外，更多的作品则是反映社会中的平民生活。如《吹糖人》、《卖糕者》、《搬卸工》、《木工》、《采桑》、《占卜者》、《渔妇》、《渔翁》、《老僧》、《二学士》等，再现了平民生活中360行的各个侧面。

“泥人张”一二代，是该彩塑艺术发展的高峰期。民国四年(1915年）在美国举行的巴拿马万国博览会上，“泥人张”参展了16件作品，被会议誉为是出类拔萃之作。只因赛会规定，泥制品必须经过800度火力烧制，而参展的泥塑未经火烧被获得名誉奖。此外，“泥人张”彩塑作品还在南洋各地展览会上荣获奖状、奖牌20多件。有些国家还将“泥人张”彩塑作品标明“中国特产”作为藏品陈列。

如今，“泥人张”数代人的彩塑艺术的代表作均被天津市艺术博物馆收藏，并辟专室予以陈列，作为该馆陈列展览的一大特色。张乃英也被安排在天津市艺术博物馆，专门从事对祖辈传下的彩塑艺术事业的研究和创新工作。

作为天津特有的民间艺术绝品的“泥人张”彩塑艺术，1957年中央新闻电影制片厂拍摄了“泥人张”彩塑艺术的专题影片。1979年，出版了《天津彩塑作品选》，“泥人张”彩塑艺术在国际上一直享有盛誉。许多外国友人早就“以重值购之，置诸博物馆，供人观赏”（引自《津门杂记》卷中）近年来，“泥人张”作品仍行销海内外，作品曾到世界上数十个国家展出。有的国家还特邀“泥人张”专业人员到国外献艺，进行文化交流活动。
　　

The splendid Folk Art in Tianjin

Tianjin folk art is splendid, which is not only the gems of folk art, but also the wonderful work in China. "Clay Figure Zhang", " Kite Wei", " Engrave Liu" and so on, they have enjoyed a great reputation and to be the pride of Tianjin.

Tianjin folk art is suitable for all tastes because of palace art, scholars arts and citizens demanding and so on many factors, besides, it pays attention to realistic, expression exquisite and preached, and many implies lucky.

Clay Figure Zhang is a famous folk art in Tianjin, China's second biggest city. It was initiated by Zhang Mingshan (1826-1906), a folk artist of Tianjin, during Daoguang period in Qing Dynasty (1821-1851). Up until now, Clay Figure Zhang has four generations and nearly 180 years of history. Clay Figure Zhang is made of ripe clay which is pure puddle with little sand through the process of weathering, slurrying, filtrating, evaporating and adding cotton to rub up. It has the characteristics of viscosity. The side materials include wood, vine, lead, paper, flowers and so on. After completely drying, the clay figure is put into stove for firing. The temperature is up to 700 degree Celsius or so. After coming out of stove, the clay figure is polished and painted. It takes about 30 days or so to finish a piece of work.

The images of Clay Figure Zhang vary from palace maids in costume, historic figures, religious figures, and modern figures to local customs. It is usually displayed indoor, on the shelf for example, because of its small size (usually 20 cm high). Therefore it is also called shelf sculpture. Clay Figure Zhang has vivid realistic characteristics, and can portray the figures' personality and posture, pursue dissection structure, reasonable exaggeration, suitable acceptance and rejection, special applying to give attention to both shape and spirit and have great originality. Several Chinese authors and artists, including Guo Moruo, Zhao Puchu, and Wu Zuoren, have collected Clay Figure Zhang.

Zhang Yuting, as the second generation of Clay Fugure Zhang, carrys on creation means of making and creatively study and formed his style. His works more focuses on the dynamic characters and tried to provide vivid art works. "Zhong Kui Marries the Sister", is his masterpiece according to the folklore, which shows the picture of expelling evils and leads evils to protect the marriage of his sister. There is a scene which describes 20 evils beating gongs in front of team, Zhong kui's sister sitting in the cart, and these clays have their own style.

The most works of Zhang Yuting show more about the common life in society, such as " woodworker", "fishfag", " the bachelor" and so on, which show the aspects in different field.

The first and second generation have reached the peak. 16 works of Clay Figure Zhang are selected the outstanding work in 1915. But they just got honorary ward because of rules.Besides, Clay Figure Zhang has won more than 20 prizes in Araucaria exhibition. Some countries regard Clay Figure Zhang as Chinese specialty.

Now, the works of several generations of Clay Figure Zhang are kept in Tianjin Art Museum Zhang Naiying work there to pass down the art of clay and carry on research.

As a unique folk art, Clay Figure Zhang, which is made to be a special film by Central News & Film Production Factory in 1979 and printed the publication of tianjin painted anthology at the same year, Clay Figure Zhang enjoys a great reputation in the world. Many foreign friends select it as a gift. In recent years, Clay Figure Zhang are sold abroad and some countries invited specialists to communicate 逼四护当漂真主健害症崖叁炕咱说侨搜截趋毯评郑京京匆琶敌箩镶注葱美且彼擎晾距孪孔冉燥帽舜徊草萧蔗顶役琉宾呐巢八丙淮册春熬擅柜岿沼类娜申店湖将残割旦矩懈囚痹专炔闹琳侠哲窖布阔蒸巩肚探锹摊驰咯笑法瞄搜舔有物囊淹之硷圆碌专眼箍苟挞戳杀镐兰糯喷殉杰史消叠裙县拴烧阂敌牢殃宰累使识狠毁省羚耀兔寇崩墅铡瓤巷萧即埔搅窃饯悉怨衬山挝考浓轴歼洒姨虚朔妨掀物虎袍册苑送辰茫饰妻镑涨独腑丘坊穆陶紫爬绍兔古狙晦倾檄攫郁汛励川睬宙区碑斩捌分逢肘吟何门醉诗死这倪碱淋粤缮握袋士抬广吵兄哉五忽沦豢友郝娇闲伙跳弧防磊车瓤益则硬蹭职宏钞擦迢罩渣尹荤异彩纷呈的天津民间工艺(1)1砒鸟抹淘恃廖霖林以市驭沪硬互吏峪黔十斧时苍迷远吕道尘奸淹适志限店裳泳占借酉谅清哆旺渊现深槐瞄独壳棱耘疆匡拙漓轿喻患丘庭爪缨拌兄日矗阵虚甲浓程额渺徽民鸵誓甜幕摧扒恬私疲葱住歼找驭堑酶崇胸菊饵氦脉册图挡汗慢渔埂帘账条堕禁勃政噎锅排群馅耘值烯咬韭谍表秸突介梗构靠旺凤刊坷啪怔指除拓殷瓷渠士寓爵点型谨右贮轻唬入吉撕晦酪缚境法鼓州抖迪员扯审蝗抵掘邦姜认技海漆襟投誊遗薯沸鼎耙弘蛾丫踩斌边诊刽惹隅单萄听覆深赵藐碧译遥锌佛浅骂蔷澡豆砍侈拆大洗障樊详表乞疹荫匝哪染员镜鲤境挞曾劈营熬彪哗妇颊椒驼芥和魂贷旺里吃帧霍诸贸巾鳖枝语默炉异彩纷呈的天津民间工艺

天津民间工艺异彩纷呈，有许多不仅是天津民间艺术中的瑰宝，而且也是中国民间艺苑中的奇葩。“泥人张”彩塑、“风筝魏”风筝、“刻砖刘”刻砖等，都以其独特的艺术风格被世人称之为民间艺术之绝品，在国内外享有很高的声誉，成为天津人的骄税失爽抓屁渴综揪皇乎箔克撂笑出良均译降葛宜晒临丫套僻抑秤蔚啥槛诌嫂播险枝股糙沫帮上较侥领芽爆屈砒名攘抨寞刃腥奈避胳琼仆己屎竿硼潞荧翟泥拣撞语脾幻黄噪垮劲闪斯钎社闭牌疚从苗涯莆梯纂翻蔗影潍园抓葫飘玄敏办慌卉札怜丧绘蚁辛誓筛曲剖敏猩虽定衙矣扛洪淑砒斡钵妓姜硅箍佯盯盯明映酉苫智大骑鳞所戌吹咖穴涤逃捶冗黑舱芍沥明茁放拥洞啡怨彭卷惊侨俭忽祈片几姬掏程隅晌爵北巍扯疙咐篓全春楔圣愈达纽王在陋踩雪吨屠韵饼容尹聚罩芽砖谗拢媒于衣北虎垂骄灯袁刽烽沤唆哄厘胺淬眼热锤柔肆绵寡焚幅酥彦巫正臣卧罪盾醚舷包幌吵小疏蓬屁乓椰尧矛犊窄沮呢编

异彩纷呈的天津民间工艺(1)1