2016年12月大学英语四级真题第二套

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2016年12月英语四级真题及答案详解和听力原文第二套
2016年12月英语四级真题第二套
PartIWriting(30minutes
(请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay.Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation:oneistoworkinastate-ownedbusinessandtheotherinajointventure.Youaretomakeachoicebetweenthetwo.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourchoice.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.
PartIIListeningComprehension（25minutesSectionA
Directions：Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswersheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejusttheheard.
1.AItwasdangeroustolivein.CHecouldnolongerpaytherent.BItwasgoingtoberenovated.DHehadsoldittotheroyalfamily.2.AAstrike.BAstorm.CAforestfire.DATerroristattack.
Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.3.ATheylostcontactwiththeemergencydepartment.BTheyweretrappedinanundergroundelevator.CTheywereinjuredbysuddenlyfallingrocks.DTheysentcallsforhelpviaaportableradio.4.ATheytriedhardtorepairtheaccident.BTheyreleasedthedetailsoftheaccident.CTheysentsuppliestokeeptheminerswarm.DTheyprovidedtheminerwithfoodandwater.
Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.5.ARaisepostagerates.CRedesigndeliveryroutes.
BImproveitsservices.DClosesomeofitspostoffices.
6.AShorteningbusinesshours.CStoppingmaildeliveryonSaturdays.BClosingofficesonholidays.DComputerizingmailsortingprocesses.7.AManypostofficestaffwilllosetheirjobs.CTaxpayerswillbeverypleased.
BManypeoplewillbegintocomplain.DAlotofcontroversywillarise.
SectionB
Directions：Inthissection，youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation，youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethe
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bestanswerfromfourchoicemarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteranAnswersheet1withasinglelinethoughthecentre.
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Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.8.AHewillbekeptfrompromotion.CHewillbegivenawarning.BHewillgothroughretraining.DHewilllosepartofhispay.
9.AHeisalwaysontime.CHeisanexperiencedpressoperator.BHeistrustworthyguy.DHeisongoodtermswithhisworkmates.10.ASheisatradeunionrepresentative.CSheisaseniormanageroftheshop.
BSheisinchargeofpublicrelation.DSheisbetterathandingsuchmatters.
11.AHeisskilledandexperienced.CHeisalwaystryingtostiruptrouble.
BHeisveryclosetothemanager.DHeisalwayscomplainingaboutlowwages.
Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.12.AOpen.BFriendly.CSelfish.DReserved.13.ATheystayquiet.CTheytalkabouttheweather.BTheyreadabook.DTheychatwithfellowpassengers.14.AShewasalwaystreatedasaforeigner.BShewaseagertovisitanEnglishcastle.CShewasneverinvitedtoacolleague’shome.DShewasunwillingtomakefriendswithworkmates.
15.AHousearemuchmorequiet.CTheywanttohavemorespace.BHousesprovidemoreprivacy.DTheywantagardenoftheirown.SectionC
Directions：Inthissection，youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.16.ATheydon’thavemuchchoiceofjobs.BTheyarelikelytogetmuchhigherpay.
CTheydon’thavetogothroughjobinterviews.DTheywillautomaticallybegivenhiringpriority.
17.AAsktheirprofessorsforhelp.CVisittheschoolcareersservices.
BLookatschoolbulletinboards.DGothroughcampusnewspapers.18.AHelpingstudentsfindthebooksandjournalstheyneed.BSupervisingstudyspacestoensureaquietatmosphere.CHelpingstudentsarrangeappointmentswithlibrarians.DProvidingstudentswithinformationaboutthelibrary.
Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
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19.AIttastesbetter.CItmaybesoldatahigherprice.BItiseasiertogrow.DItcanbettersurviveextremeweathers.20.AItishealthierthangreentea.CItwillreplacegreenteaoneday.
BItcangrowindriersoil.DItisimmunetovariousdiseases.21.AIthasbeenwellreceivedbymanyteadrinkers.BItdoesnotbringthepromisedhealthbenefits.CIthasmadeteafarmers’lifeeasier.DItdoesnothaveastablemarket.
Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.22.ATheyneeddecorationstoshowtheirstatus.BTheypreferuniqueobjectsofhighquality.CTheydecoratetheirhomesthemselves.DTheycaremoreaboutenvironment.23.ATheywereproudoftheircreations.BTheycouldonlytrytocreateatnight.CTheymadegreatcontributionstosociety.
DTheyfocusedonthequalityoftheirproducts.
24.AMakewisechoices.CDesignhandicraftsthemselves.
BIdentifyfakecrafts.DLearntheimportanceofcreation.
25.AToboostthelocaleconomy.CToarousepublicinterestincrafts.
BToattractforeigninvestments.DTopreservethetraditionalculture.
PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutesSectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Theoceanisheatingup.That’stheconclusionofanewstudythatfindsthatEarth’soceansnow26heatattwicetheratetheydid18yearsago.Aroundhalfofoceanheatintakesince1865hastakenplacesince1997,researchersreportonlineinNatureClimateChange.
Warmingwatersareknownto27tocoralbleaching（珊瑚白化andtheytakeupmorespacethancoolerwaters,raisingsea28.Whilethetopoftheoceaniswellstudied,itsdepthsaremoredifficultto29.Theresearchersgathered150yearsofoceantemperaturedatainordertogetabetter30ofheatabsorptionfromsurfacetoseabed.Theygatheredtogethertemperaturereadingscollectedbyeverythingfroma19thcentury31ofBritishnavalshipstomodernautomatedoceanprobes.Theextensivedatasources,32withcomputersimulations(计算机模拟,createdatimelineofoceantemperaturechanges,includingcoolingfromvolcanic
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outbreaksandwarmingfromfossilfuel
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33.
About35percentoftheheattakeninbytheoceansduringtheindustrialeranowresidesata34ofmorethan700meters,theresearchersfound.Theysaythey’re35whetherthedeepseawarmingcanceledoutwarmingatthesea’ssurface.
AabsorbDdepthHfloorKlevelsOvoyageBcombinedEemissionsIheightsLmixedCFexcursionJMpicturecontributeGexploreindifferentNunsure
SectionB
Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.
TheSecrettoRaisingSmartKids
[A]Ifirstbegantoinvestigatethebasisofhumanmotivation—andhowpeoplepersevereaftersetbacks—asapsychologygraduatestudentatYaleUniversityinthe1960s.AnimalexperimentsbypsychologistsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniahadshownthatafterrepeatedfailures,mostanimalsconcludethatasituationishopelessandbeyondtheircontrol.Aftersuchanexperienceananimaloftenremainspassiveevenwhenitcaneffectchange—astatetheycalledlearnedhelplessness.
[B]Peoplecanlearntobehelpless,too.Whydosomestudentsgiveupwhentheyencounterdifficulty,whereasotherswhoarenomoreskilledcontinuetostriveandlearn?Oneanswer,Isoondiscovered,layinpeople’sbeliefsaboutwhytheyhadfailed.
[C]Inparticular,attributingpoorperformancetoalackofabilitydepressesmotivationmorethandoesthebeliefthatlackofeffortistoblame.WhenItoldagroupofschoolchildrenwhodisplayedhelplessbehaviorthatalackofeffortledtotheirmistakesinmath,theylearnedtokeeptryingwhentheproblemsgottough.Anothergroupofhelplesschildrenwhoweresimplyrewardedfortheirsuccessoneasierproblemsdidnotimprovetheirabilitytosolvehardmathproblems.Theseexperimentsindicatedthatafocusoneffortcanhelpresolvehelplessnessandgeneratesuccess.
[D]Later,Idevelopedabroadertheoryofwhatseparatesthetwogeneralclassesoflearners—helplessversusmastery-oriented.Irealizedthesedifferenttypesofstudentsnotonlyexplaintheirfailuresdifferently,buttheyalsoholddifferent“theories”ofintelligence.Thehelplessonesbelieveintelligenceisafixedcharacteristic:youhaveonlyacertainamount,andthat’sthat.Icallthisa“fixedmind-set(思维模式.”Mistakescracktheirself-confidencebecausetheyattributeerrorstoalackofability,whichtheyfeelpowerlesstochange.Theyavoidchallengesbecausechallengesmakemistakesmorelikely.Themastery-orientedchildren,ontheotherhand,thinkintelligenceisnotfixedandcanbedevelopedthrougheducationandhardwork.Suchchildrenbelievechallengesareenergizingratherthanintimidating(令人生畏；theyofferopportunitiestolearn.Studentswith
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suchagrowthmind-setweredestined(注定forgreateracademicsuccessandwerequitelikelytooutperformtheircounterparts.
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[E]WevalidatedtheseexpectationsinastudyinwhichtwootherpsychologistsandImonitored373studentsfortwoyearsduringthetransitiontojuniorhighschool,whentheworkgetsmoregrades.Atthebeginningofseventhgrade,,weaccessedthestudents’mind-setsbyaskingthemtoagreeordisagreewithstatementssuchas“Yourintelligenceissomethingverybasicaboutyouthatyoucan’treallychange.”wethenassessedtheirbeliefsaboutotheraspectsoflearningandlookedtoseewhathappenedtotheirgrades.
[F]Aspredictedthestudentswithagrowthmind-setfeltthatlearningwasamoreimportantgoalthangettinggoodgrades.Inaddition,theyheldhardworkinhighregard.Theyunderstoodthatevengeniuseshavetoworkhard.Confrontedbyasetbacksuchasadisappointingtestgrade,studentswithagrowthmind-setsaidtheywouldstudyharderortryadifferentstrategy.Thestudentswhoheldafixedmind-set,however,wereconcernedaboutlookingsmartwithlessregardforlearning.Theyhadnegativeviewsofeffort,believingthathavingtoworkhardwasasighoflowability.Theythoughtthatapersonwithtalentorintelligencedidnotneedtoworkhardtodowell.Attributingabadgradetotheirownlackofability,thosewithafixedmind-setsaidthattheywouldstudylessinthefuture,trynevertotakethatsubjectagainandconsidercheatingonfuturetests.
[G]Suchdifferentoutlookshadadramaticimpactonperformance.Atthestartofjuniorhigh,themathachievementtestscoresofthestudentswithagrowthmine-setwerecomparabletothoseofstudentswhodisplayedafixedmind-set.Butastheworkbecamemoredifficult,thestudentswithagrowthmind-setshowedgreaterpersistence.Asaresult,theirmathgradesovertookthoseoftheotherstudentsbytheendofthefirstsemester—andthegapbetweenthetwogroupscontinuedtowidenduringthetwoyearswefollowedthem.
[H]Afixedmind-setcanalsohindercommunicationandprogressintheworkplaceanddiscourageorignoreconstructivecriticismandadvice.Researchshowsthatmanagerswhohaveafixedmind-setarelesslikelytoseekorwelcomefeedbackfromtheiremployeesthanaremanagerswithagrowthmind-set.
[I]Howdowetransmitagrowthmind-settoourchildren?Onewayisbytellingstoriesaboutachievementsthatresultfromhardwork.Forinstance,talkingaboutmathematicalgeniuseswhoweremoreorlessbornthatwayputsstudentsinafixedmind-set,butdescriptionsofgrowthmathematicianswhofellinlovewithmathanddevelopedamazingskillsproduceagrowthmind-set.
[J]Inaddition,parentsandteacherscanhelpchildrenbyprovidingexplicitinstructionregardingthemindasalearningmachine.Idesignedaneight-sessionworkshopfor91studentswhosemathgradesweredecliningintheirfirstyearofjuniorhighForty-eightofthestudentsreceivedinstructioninstudyskillsonly,whereastheothersattendedacombinationofstudyskillssessionsandclassesinwhichtheylearnedaboutthegrowthmind-setandhowtoapplyittoschoolwork.Inthegrowthmind-setclasses,studentsreadanddiscussedanarticleentitled“YouCanGrowYourBrain.
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”Theyweretaughtthatthebrainislikeamusclethatgetsstrongerwithuseandthatlearningpromptsthebraintogrownewconnections.Fromsuchinstruction,manystudentsbegantoseethemselvesasagentsoftheirownbraindevelopment.Despitebeingunawarethatthereweretwotypesofinstruction,teachersreportedsignificantmotivationalchangesin27%ofthechildreninthegrowthmind-setworkshopascomparedwithonly9%ofstudentsinthecontrolgroup.
[K]Researchisconverging(汇聚ontheconclusionthatgreataccomplishmentandevengeniusistypicallytheresultofyearsofpassionanddedicationandnotsomethingthatflowsnaturallyfromagift.
36.Theauthor’sexperimentshowsthatstudentswithafixedmind-setbelievehavingtoworkhardisanindicationoflowability.
37.Focusingoneffortiseffectiveinhelpingchildrenovercomefrustrationandachievesuccess.
38.Wecancultivateagrowthmind-setinchildrenbytellingsuccessstoriesthatemphasizehardworkandloveoflearning.
39.Students’beliefaboutthecauseoftheirfailureexplainstheirattitudetowardsetbacks.
40.Intheauthor’sexperiment,studentswithagrowthmind-setshowedgreaterperseveranceinsolvingdifficultmathproblems.
41.Theauthorconductedanexperimenttofindoutabouttheinfluenceofstudents’mind-setsonmathlearning.
42.Afterfailingagainandagain,mostanimalsgiveuphope.
43.Informingstudentsaboutthebrainasalearningmachineisagoodstrategytoenhancetheirmotivationforlearning.
44.Peoplewithafixedmind-setbelievethatone’sintelligenceisunchangeable.
45.Intheworkplace,feedbackmaynotbesowelcometomanagerswithafixedmind-set.
SectionC
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
PassageOne
Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
“Sugar,alcoholandtobacco,”economistAdamSmithoncewrote,“arecommoditieswhicharenowherenecessariesoflife,whichhavebecomeobjectsofalmostuniversalconsumption,andwhichare,therefore,extremelypopularsubjectsoftaxation.”
Twoandahalfcenturieson,mostcountriesimposesomesortoftaxonalcoholandtobacco.Withsurgingobesitylevelsputtingincreasingstrainonpublichealthsystems,governmentsaroundtheworldhavebeguntotoywiththeideaoftaxingsugaraswell.
Whethersuchtaxesworkisamatterofdebate.ApreliminaryreviewofMexico’
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staxationfoundafallinpurchasesoftaxeddrinksaswellasariseinsalesofuntaxedandhealthierdrinks.Bycontrast,aDanishtaxonfoodshighinfatswasabandonedayearafteritsintroduction,amidclaimsthatconsumerswereavoidingitbycrossingthebordertoGermanytosatisfytheirdesireforcheaper,fattierfare.
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Thefoodindustryhas,ingeneral,beenfirmlyopposedtosuchdirectgovernmentaction.Nonetheless,therenewedfocusonwaistlinesmeansthatindustrygroupsareunderpressuretodemonstratetheirproductsarehealthyaswellastasty.
Overthepasttheredecades,theindustryhasmadesomeeffortstoimprovethequalityofitsofferings.Forexample,somedrinkmanufacturershavecuttheamountofsugarintheirbeverages.
Manyofthereductionsoverthepast30yearshavebeenachievedeitherbyreducingtheamountofsugar,saltorfatinaproduct,orbyfindinganalternativeingredient.Morerecently,however,somecompanieshavebeeninvestingmoneyinamoreambitiousundertaking:learninghowtoadjustthefundamentalmake-upofthefoodtheysell.Forexample,havingsaltontheoutside,butnoneontheinside,reducesthesaltcontentwithoutchangingthetaste.
Whilereformulatingrecipes(配方isonewaytoimprovepublichealth,itshouldbepartofamulti-sidedapproach.Thekeyistorememberthatthereisnotjustonesolution.Todealwithobesity,amixtureofapproaches—includingreformulation,taxationandadjustingportionsizes—willbeneeded.Thereisnosilverbullet.
46.WhatdidAdamSmithsayaboutsugar,alcoholandtobacco?ATheywereprofitabletomanufacture.BTheywereinever-increasingdemand.
CTheyweresubjecttotaxationalmosteverywhere.DTheywerenolongerconsiderednecessitiesoflife.47.Whyhavemanycountriesstartedtoconsidertaxingsugar?
ATheyareundergrowingpressuretobalancetheirnationalbudgets.BTheyfinditeverhardertocopewithsugar-inducedhealthproblems.CThepracticeoftaxingalcoholandtobaccohasprovedbothpopularandprofitable.
DThesugarindustryisovertakingalcoholandtobaccobusinessingeneratingprofits.
48.WhatdowelearnaboutDanishtaxationonfat-richfoods?AItdidnotworkoutaswellaswasexpected.BItgaverisetoalotofproblemsontheborder.CItcouldnotsucceedwithoutGermancooperation.DItmetwithfirmoppositionfromthefoodindustry.
49.Whatisthemorerecenteffortbyfoodcompaniestomakefoodsanddrinksbothhealthyandtasty?
AReplacingsugarorsaltwithalternativeingredients.
BSettingalimitontheamountofsugarorsaltintheirproducts.CInvestinginresearchtofindwaystoadapttoconsumers’needs.
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DAdjustingthephysicalcompositionoftheirproducts.
50.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying,attheendofthepassage,“Thereisnosilverbullet”(Line4,Para.7?
AThereisnosingleeasyquicksolutiontotheproblem.BThereisnohopeofsuccesswithoutpubliccooperation.
CThereisnohurryinfindingwaystosolvetheobesityproblem.DThereisnoeffectivewaytoreducepeople’ssugarconsumption.PassageTwo
Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Youmayhaveheardsomeofthefashionindustryhorrorstories:modelscastingtissuesorcottonballstoholdoffhunger,andmodelscollapsingfromhunger-inducedheartattacksjustsecondsaftertheystepoffrunway.
Excessivelyskinnymodelshavebeenapointofcontroversyfordecades,andtworesearcherssayamodel’sbodymassshouldbeaworkplacehealthandsafetyissue.InaneditorialreleasedMondayintheAmericanJournalofPublicHealth,KatherineRecordandBrynAustinmadetheircaseforgovernmentregulationofthefashionindustry.
Theaverageinternationalrunwaymodelhasabodymassindex(BMIunder16—lowenoughtoindicatestarvationbytheWorldHealthOrganization’sstandard.AndRecordandAustinareworriednotjustaboutthemodelsthemselves,butaboutthevastnumberofgirlsandwomentheirimagesinfluence.
“Especiallygirlsandteens.”SaysRecord.“Seventypercentofgirlsaged10to18reportthattheydefineperfectbodyimagebasedonwhattheyseeinmagazines.”That’sespeciallyworrying,shesays,giventhatanorexia（厌食症resultsinmoredeathsthandoesanyothermentalillness,accordingtotheNationalinstituteofMentalHealth.
It’scommonlyknownthatcertaindiseasesarelinkedwithoccupationslikelungdiseaseincoalminers.Professionalfashionmodelsareparticularlyvulnerabletoeatingdisordersresultingfromoccupationaldemandstomaintainextremethinness.
Record’ssuggestionistoprohibitagentsfromhiringmodelswithaBMIbelow18.
InApril,Francepassedalawsettinglowerlimitsforamodel’sweight.AgentsandfashionhouseswhohiremodelswithaBMIunder18couldpay$82,000infinesandspendupto6monthsinjail.RegulatingthefashionindustryintheUnitedStateswon’tbeeasy,Recordsays.ButwiththenewrulesinFrance,U.S.supportcouldmakeadifference.“Adesignercan’tsurvivewithoutparticipatinginParisFashionWeek”,shesays,adding,“OurargumentisthatthesamewouldbetrueofNewYorkFashionWeek.”
51.WhatdoRecordandAustinsayaboutfashionmodels’bodymass?
AIthascausedneedlesscontroversy.CItisthefocusofthemodelingbusiness.
BItisbutamatterofpersonaltaste.DItaffectsmodels’healthandsafety.
52.WhatareRecordandAustinadvocatingintheMondayeditorial?
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AAchangeinthepublic’sviewoffemalebeauty.BGovernmentlegislationaboutmodels’weight.CEliminationofforcedweightlossbymodels.DProhibitionofmodelseatingnon-foodstuff.
53.WhyareRecordandAustinespeciallyworriedaboutthelowbodymassindexofmodels?
AItcontributestomanymentalillnesses.
BItdefinesthefutureofthefashionindustry.
CIthasgreatinfluenceonnumerousgirlsandwomen.DItkeepsmanyotherwisequalifiedwomenofftherunway.54.WhatdowelearnaboutFrance’sfashionindustry?
AIthasdifficultyhiringmodels.CItallowsgirlsunder18ontherunway.
BIthasnowanewlawtofollow.DIthasovertakenthatoftheUnitedStates.
55.WhatdoesRecordexpectofNewYorkFashionWeek?AItwillcreateacompletelynewsetofrules.BItwilldobetterthanParisFashionWeek.CItwilldifferfromParisFashionWeek.DItwillhavemodelswithahigherBMI.PartIVTranslation(30minutes
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2.
随着中国的改革开放，如今很多年轻人都喜欢举行西式婚礼。新娘在婚礼上穿着白色婚纱，因为白色被认为是纯洁的象征。然而，在中国传统文化中，白色经常是葬礼上使用的颜色。因此务必记住，白花一定不要用作祝人康复的礼物，尤其不要送给老年人或危重病人。同样，礼金也不能装在白色的信封里，而要装在红色的信封里。

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2016年12月大学英语四级真题第二套

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