第二节　转换词汇类

(2018·江苏)

HowArtsPromoteOurEconomy

Whenmostpeoplethinkofthearts，theyimaginetheendproduct，thebeautifulpainting，awonderfulpieceofmusic，oranaward-winningperformanceinthetheater.Butartsgroupsbringbroadervaluetoourcommunities.Theeconomicimpactoftheartsisoftenoverlookedandbadlyjudged.

Theartscreatejobsthathelpdeveloptheeconomy.Anygivenperformancetakesatourbusfullofartists，technicalexperts，managers，musicians，orwriterstocreateanappealingpieceofart.Thesepeopleearnalivingwagefortheirprofessionalknowledgeandskills.

Anothergroupoffolksisneededtohelpmarkettheevent.“Ifyoubuildittheywillcome”isamisleadingbelief.Painters，digitalmediaexperts，photographers，bookingagentsandpromotersarehiredtosellticketsandpromotetheevent.AccordingtotheDallasAreaCulturalAdvocacyCoalition，artsagenciesemploymorethan10,000peopleasfull-orpart-timeemployeesorindependentcontractors.

Asuccessfulartsneighborhoodcreatesarippleeffect(连锁反应) throughoutacommunity.In2005，whentheBishopArtsTheatrewasdonatedtoourtown，thelocationwasconsideredapoorareaoftown.Afterinvestingmorethan$1millioninreconstructingthebuilding，webeganproducingafullseasonoftheaterperformances，jazzconcerts，andyear-roundartseducationprogramsin2008.Nearly40percentofjazzloversliveoutsideoftheDallascitylimitsanddriveorflyintoenjoyaneveningintheBishopArtsDistrict.

Nodoubtthetheaterhascontributedtothearea’sdevelopmentandeconomicgrowth.Today，therearegalleries，studios，restaurantsandnewlybuiltworkspaceswhereneighborsshareexperiences，wherethereisrenewedlifeandenergy.Inthisway，artsandculturealsoserveasapublicgood.

TeCoTheatricalProductionsInc.madeuseofBloomberg’sinvestmentof$35,000togetnearly$400,000inpublicandprivatesectorsupportduringthetwo-yearperiod.Further，Dallasartsandarts-basedbusinessesproduce$298foreverydollarthecityspendsonartsprogrammingandfacilities.InPhiladelphia，ametroareasmallerthanDallas，theartshaveaneconomicimpactofalmost$3billionandsupport44,000jobs，80percentofwhichactuallylieoutsidetheartsindustry，includingaccountants，marketers，constructionworkers，hotelmanagers，printers，andotherkindsofartworkers.

Theartsareefficienteconomicdriversandwhentheyaresupported，theentiresmall-businesscommunitybenefits.

Itiswrongtoassumeartsgroupscannotmakeaprofit.Butinordertostayinbusiness，artsgroupsmustproducereturns.Ifyouareastudentstudyingthearts，chancesareyouhavebeenill-advisedtohaveaplanB.Butthosewhotrulyunderstandtheeconomicimpactandcanworktochangethepatternscancreateawiderangeofcareerpossibilities.

考场思维模式

第一步：读表格，填出较简单的概括词汇题

本文是一篇说明文，以“HowArtsPromoteOurEconomy”为题，重点分析了艺术促进经济的途径。考查了考生在信息检索、内容归纳、语言结构等方面的知识与能力。其中第71，74和80题是转换词汇类题，填写答案时要注意与已填部分的形式保持一致，同时要注意时态、语态、句式等。

第二步：定位、定词、定性、定形

任务型阅读表格高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读表格内容，然后在原文中进行定位。定位后进行定词，定词后要定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词等)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。

1.原文词汇类

75.答案　effect

解析　根据第四段首句“Asuccessfulartsneighborhoodcreatesarippleeffect(连锁反应) throughoutacommunity.”和第五段首句“Nodoubtthetheaterhascontributedtothearea’sdevelopmentandeconomicgrowth.”可知，艺术对经济发展有扩散效应。根据arippleeffect可得出答案。

78.答案　outside/beyond

解析　根据第六段末句“...80percentofwhichactuallylieoutsidetheartsindustry，includingaccountants，marketers，constructionworkers，hotelmanagers...”可知，艺术为不从事这个行业的人也提供了就业机会。故填outside/beyond。

2.转换词汇类

71.答案　benefit

解析　根据第二段首句“Theartscreatejobsthathelpdeveloptheeconomy.”可知艺术创造就业岗位，推动经济发展，也就是说从经济角度而言，社会能从艺术发展中受益(benefit)。

74.答案　promotion/marketing

解析　根据第三段的第三句“Painters，digitalmediaexperts，photographers，bookingagentsandpromotersarehiredtosellticketsandpromotetheevent.”可知，艺术活动涵盖了创作、表演和营销。promoters，promote可词形转换为promotion。故填promotion/marketing。

80.答案　alternative

解析　根据文章最后的“...youhavebeenill-advisedtohaveaplanB.Butthosewhotrulyunderstandtheeconomicimpactandcanworktochangethepatternscancreateawiderangeofcareerpossibilities.”可知，学艺术的学生就业前景光明，选择的范围很广，不必做另外的计划。由关键词awiderangeofcareerpossibilities可知填alternative。

3.概括词汇类

72.答案　Ways/Aspects

解析　纵观语篇内容可知，文章重点介绍艺术在哪些方面能推动经济发展，故填ways或aspects，意为“方面”，注意首字母大写。

73.答案　joint/collective

解析　根据第三段首句“Anothergroupoffolksisneededtohelpmarkettheevent.”可知，艺术活动需要很多人来运作，groupoffolks可同义替换为joint/collectiveeffort。

76.答案　fares

解析　根据第四段末句“Nearly40percentofjazzloversliveoutsideoftheDallascitylimitsanddriveorflyintoenjoyaneveningintheBishopArtsDistrict.”可知很多爵士乐爱好者来看演出要花交通费，故填fares。

77.答案　positive

解析　根据第六段首句“TeCoTheatricalProductionsInc.madeuseofBloomberg’sinvestmentof$35,000togetnearly$400,000inpublicandprivatesectorsupportduringthetwo-yearperiod.”可知，在音乐方面的投资能产生潜在的积极的经济回报。publicandprivatesectorsupport(国营部门和私营企业的支持)可转化为positive。

79.答案　statistics/data/analyses

解析　根据上文提供的数据或分析，我们就会得出学艺术的学生不必担心就业问题的结论。故填statistics/data/analyses。

第三步：复查并将答案填在答题卡上

复查完确认没有修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡规定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。

转换词汇类是典型的二次加工题型，需要考生有基本的构词法知识，对句子成分和词性的对应关系要明确。做题时，不但要找到与试题相关的句子信息，还要根据词法和句法知识以及上下文的逻辑关系进行加工，从而提炼出新词。要求考生对已锁定的关键句进行知识重组，运用多种表达方式，考查考生是否具有遣词造句的能力。常见的转换词汇题可分为：词形转换、同义(反义)表达、句型转换等。

1.词形转换

词形转换题即用不同的方式表达文中的意义，由于表达的方法不同，被考查单词在原文和试题中充当的句子成分不同。有时所采用的词性会有所变化。如，动词与名词的转换、动词与动名词的转换、形容词与副词的转换、名词与形容词的转换等，有时还涉及短语搭配的考查。

(1)Socialisolationisanobjectiveconditioninwhichpeoplehavelittlecommunicationwithothers.

＝Socialisolationmeansthatpeoplehardlycommunicatewithothersorstayalone.

(2)It’salsoimportantforeverystudenttosethighacademicgoalssoastobeabletobuildagoodcareer.

＝Studentswhowanttobuildagoodcareershouldattachimportancetosettinghighacademicgoals.

2.同义(反义)表达

同义(反义)表达是指用不同的词组表达同一个意思或是相反的意思。这主要考查考生灵活运用英语的能力。此项考查要求我们对同义/反义词(组)互换，单个动词与动词短语的互换，单个副词与短语的互换等。

(1)Theuseoftheseresourcescannotgoonindefinitely—wewouldrunout.

＝Thevastmajorityofresourcescan’tbereplacedandtheywouldbeusedup.

(2)Buttheysayit’sfarfromclearthatsocialisolation，notloneliness，isalwaystherealcauseofincreaseddeathrate.

＝Itwasstillunclear/vague/ambiguousthatsocialisolationratherthanlonelinessistherealcauseofhigherdeathrate.

(3)Youareexpectedtoknowthateverystepcountsandthatsettingupgoalsiseasy，butfollowingthemonaconsistentbasisisdifficult.

＝Youshouldbeaware/consciousthatit’sdifficulttofollowyourgoalsconsistently.

3.句型转换

句型转换题指的是用不同的句式表达同一意思。有时是主动语态与被动语态的互换，有时是采用另外一种句式表达。答题时要抓住核心词汇，对这些词汇表达进行句式转换，一般为高中阶段常用句式。

(1)Whensomethingisthrownaway，welosethenaturalresources，theenergyandthetimewhichhavebeenusedtomaketheproduct.

＝Thenaturalresources，theenergyandthetimeusedtomaketheproductbecomelostwhensomethingisthrownaway.

(2)Researchershavefoundthatolderpeoplewithfewerhumancontactsaremorelikelytodie.

＝Socialisolationmayincrease/raiseolderpeople’sriskofdeath.

(3)Settinggoalsforcompletingthedailyschedulehelpsanemployeetofinishtheassignedtasksandtargetsinatimelymanner.

＝Bysettinggoals，anemployeecanincreaseoutputandperformanceinsteadofdelayingcompletinghisorhertasks.

这类题型解题时可采用以下三个步骤：

A

(2019·镇江高三期中)

PretendingYou’reSomeoneElseCanMakeYouCreative

Onegreatirony(讽刺) aboutourcollectivefascinationwithcreativityisthatwetendtoframeitinuncreativeways.Thatistosay，mostofusmarrycreativitytoourconceptofself：Weareeither“creative”peopleorwearen’t，withoutmuchofamiddleground.

Pillay，atechbusinessmanandHarvardprofessorhasspentagoodpartofhiscareerdestroyingtheseideas.Pillaybelievesthatthekeytounlockingyourcreativepotentialistodismisstheconventionaladvicethaturgesyouto“believeinyourself”.Infact，youshoulddotheexactopposite：believeyouaresomeoneelse.

InarecentcolumnforHarvardBusinessReview，Pillaypointedtoa2016studyshowingtheimpactofstereotypes(刻板印象) onone’sbehavior.Theauthors，educationpsychologistsDenisDumasandKevinDunbar，dividedtheircollege-studentsubjectsintothreecategories，instructingthemembersofonegrouptothinkofthemselvesas“eccentric(古怪的) poets”andthemembersofanothertoimaginetheywere“rigidlibrarians”(peopleinthethirdcategory，thecontrolgroup，wereleftaloneforthispart).Theresearchersthenpresentedparticipantswith10ordinaryobjects，includingafork，acarrot，andapairofpants，andaskedthemtocomeupwithasmanydifferentusesaspossibleforeachone.Thosewhowereaskedtoimaginethemselvesas“eccentricpoets”cameupwiththewidestrangeofideasfortheobjects，whilethoseinthe“rigidlibrarian”grouphadthefewest.Meanwhile，theresearchersfoundonlysmalldifferencesinstudents’creativitylevelsacrossacademicmajors—infact，thephysicsmajorsinhabiting(寄生) thepersonas(伪装的外表) of“eccentricpoets”cameupwithmoreideasthantheartmajorsdid.

Theseresults，writeDumasandDunbar，suggestthatcreativityisnotanindividualquality，buta“malleable(可塑的) productofcontextandperspective.”Everyonecanbecreative，aslongastheyfeellikecreativepeople.

Pillay’sworktakesthisastepfurther：Hearguesthatidentifyingyourselfwithcreativityislesspowerfulthanthecreativeactofimaginingyou’resomebodyelse.Thisexercise，whichhecalls“psychologicalhalloweenism”，referstotheconsciousactionofinhabitinganotherpersona—aninnercostumingoftheself.Itworksbecauseitisanactof“consciousunfocus”，awayofpositivelystimulatingthedefaultmode(默认模式) network，acollectionofbrainregionsthatspringintoactionwhenyou’renotfocusedonaspecifictaskorthought.

Mostofusspendtoomuchtimeworryingabouttwothings：Howsuccessful/unsuccessfulweare，andhowlittlewe’refocusingonthetaskathand.Theformerfeedsthelatter—anunfocusedpersonisanunsuccessfulone，webelieve.Thus，weforceourselvesintoquietareas，buynoise-cancelingheadphones，andhateourselvesfortakingbreaks.

WhatmakesPillay’sargumentstandoutisthehealthy，forgivingrealism：Accordingtohim，mostpeoplespendnearlyhalfoftheirdaysinastateof“unfocus”.Thisdoesn’tmakeuslazy—itmakesushuman.Theideabehindpsychologicalhalloweenismis：Whatifwestoppedjudgingourselvesforourmentaldowntime，andinsteadstartedusingit？Puttingthisnewideaondaydreamingmeansaddressingtwoproblemsatonce：You’remakingyourselfmorecreative，andyou’regivingyourselfpermissiontodosomethingyou’dotherwisefeelguiltyabout.Imaginingyourselfinanewsituation，oranentirelynewidentity，neverfeltsoproductive.

Title：PretendingYou’reSomeoneElseCanMakeYouCreative

1.答案　fascinated/impressed

解析　转换词汇题。根据第一段的第一句可知关于创造性的具有讽刺性的是，我们会用没有创造性的方法来限制创造性。句中使用名词fascination，而表格里需要使用形容词，构成短语befascinatedwith“着迷于……”。所以要填fascinated/impressed。

2.答案　Contrary

解析　概括词汇题。根据第二段后两句可知帕利的观点与传统观点相反，所以要填Contrary。

3.答案　worked/acted/served/functioned

解析　概括词汇题。根据第三段的第二句“Theauthors，...andthemembersofanothertoimaginetheywere‘rigidlibrarians’(peopleinthethirdcategory，thecontrolgroup，wereleftaloneforthispart).”可知，第三小组是对照组，故用固定搭配workas(担任)/act as(担当)/serve as(担任)/function as(起……作用)，所以填worked/acted/served/functioned。

4.答案　given

解析　转换词汇题。根据第三段中的“Theresearchersthenpresentedparticipantswith10ordinaryobjects，...”可知，应用given与presented同义替换，所以要填given。

5.答案　creativity

解析　原文词汇题。根据第三段的最后一句“Meanwhile，theresearchersfoundonlysmalldifferencesinstudents’creativitylevelsacrossacademicmajors...”可知，学生的创造性与他们的专业不成比例。所以填creativity。

6.答案　individual/personal

解析　原文词汇题。根据第四段的第一句可知创造性并不是个体的品质。所以填individual/personal。

7.答案　positively

解析　原文词汇题。根据第五段的最后一句“Itworksbecause...awayofpositivelystimulatingthedefaultmodenetwork...”中的positively可知，要积极地刺激。所以填positively。

8.答案　subscribes

解析　概括词汇题。根据第五段的第一句可知帕利非常赞成把自己想象成别人的观点。subscribeto同意，赞成，固定搭配。所以填subscribes。

9.答案　realistic/practical

解析　转换词汇题。根据最后一段的第一句“WhatmakesPillay’sargumentstandoutisthehealthy，forgivingrealism.”可知，本段主要讲的是这个实验的现实意义。所以填realistic/practical。

10.答案　forgive

解析　概括词汇题。根据文章倒数第二句可知，依据新观点，我们每天一半的时间都处于白日梦的状态会让我们更有创造力、并能允许自己做一些会让自己内疚的事情，这会让我们有理由原谅自己。所以填forgive。

B

(2019·如皋高三一模)

Inanidealworld，weusuallygeteighthoursofsleepeverynight，andwakeupwithenoughenergybeforework.Butwhenwe’restrugglingtobalancetheresponsibilitiesofeverydaylife，cuttingbackonsleepseemstobetheonlysolution.Manyofusrelyoncoffeeorenergydrinkstogetusthroughtheday，insteadofmakingsleepapriority.Sadly，asdeliciousasitcanbe，caffeineisnotthesolution.Beingtirednotonlybringsdownourenergylevels，butalsomakesuslessproductiveandlessmotivated.Thereareconcretestepsyoucantakerightnowtorenewyourenergy.

Awarenesscomesfirstbecauseyouhavetounderstandwhat’sgoingonbeforeyoucandoanythingtochangeit.Mostofusaretoobusytonoticehowfatigue(疲劳) reallyaffectsourbodiesandminds.Whatsignsoftroubledoyouregularlydisplay？Thepatternsofyoursignsoftroublecangiveyoucluesaboutthenegativeeffectsofyourfatigue.Inaddition，it’swisetostartthinkingaboutwhoevercanfeeltheeffectsofyourfatigue.

Reflectingonthechoicesyou’vemadecanprovideclarity，whichwillhelpyoufigureoutwhatneedstobechanged.Duringthisreflection，youwillbeabletounderstandmoreaboutyourselfandwhyyoudothethingsyoudo.Youmaydecidetoforgiveyourselfforthemistakesyou’vemade.Thinkingaboutthepositiveaspectsofyourlifewillmakeyoufeelrefreshedandreadytomoveforward.

Conversingwithothersnotonlyprovidessupport，butalsoleadstonewperspectivesandfeedbackthatcanhelpwithtreatmentandwhatyouneedtoheal.Tostartwith，haveanopenmindandanopenheart.Limitcomplaining.Complaintsmayneedtobeairedinordertorelievepressure，butiftheydominate(占上风)，angerwillwin.Tellthetruth.Youdonotneedtotellpeopleeverything，butyoudoneedtobehonest.Listencarefullybecauseitshowsrespect.

Thefourthstepisaboutrenewal—gettingridofwhatisbringingyoudownandmakingafreshstart.It’shelpfultobreaktheprocessdown.Itiseasiertomakesmalladjustmentsthanbigones.Onoccasion，thesmallstepsalonecanremovefatigue.Forinstance，youmaynotneedtochangeyourcareerbutchangeemphasis.Ifyoufeelhopelesslydraggeddownbyfatigue，self-caremaybethebestprescription.

11.答案　Awareness

解析　原文词汇题。根据第二段首句“Awarenesscomesfirstbecauseyouhavetounderstandwhat’sgoingonbeforeyoucandoanythingtochangeit.”可知，这一部分主要讲了意识，所以填Awareness。

12.答案　trouble

解析　原文词汇题。根据第二段的第三句“Whatsignsoftroubledoyouregularlydisplay？”可知，这里填trouble。

13.答案　changing

解析　转换词汇题。根据第三段的首句“Reflectingonthechoicesyou’vemadecanprovideclarity，whichwillhelpyoufigureoutwhatneedstobechanged.”可知，要找出需要改变的地方。needdoingsth.需要做某事，主动形式表示被动意义，所以填changing。

14.答案　positively

解析　转换词汇题。根据第三段的最后一句可知，思考生活中积极的方面会让你感到精神焕发，并做好准备继续前进。该空修饰动词Think，用副词形式，所以填positively。

15.答案　Conversation

解析　转换词汇题。根据第四段可知这一部分主要讲了谈话，并结合表格中内容的形式可知填Conversation。

16.答案　complain

解析　转换词汇题。根据第四段的第二、三句可知，这里意思是向他人敞开心扉，但不要抱怨太多。助动词don’t后接动词原形，所以填complain。

17.答案　honesty

解析　转换词汇题。根据第四段的倒数第二、三句可知，这里意思是没有必要把一切都告诉别人，但是你需要通过讲真话来表现出诚实。作动词show的宾语，用名词，所以填honesty。

18.答案　listening

解析　转换词汇题。根据第四段的最后一句“Listencarefullybecauseitshowsrespect.”可知，这里意思是认真倾听，尊重他人。介词by之后接v.-ing形式，所以填listening。

19.答案　Rid

解析　原文词汇题。根据最后一段的第一句可知，这里意思是摆脱让你沮丧的事情，重新开始。祈使句中用动词原形，所以填Rid。

20.答案　adjustments/changes

解析　原文词汇题。根据最后一段的第三句“Itiseasiertomakesmalladjustmentsthanbigones.”可知填adjustments/changes。

（江苏）2020版高考英语大二轮复习 任务型阅读 第二节 转换词汇类学案 牛津译林版