大学英语四六级翻译练习

屠皓民

(新浪微博：屠屠老师 / 公共微信：屠屠英语)

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一、段落翻译

（一）大纲要求及评分标准

1. 段落翻译题型描述

翻译部分测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间30分钟。翻译题型为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字，六级长度为180-200个汉字。

　 样卷试题

　　剪纸(paper cutting)是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。

Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.

2. 评分标准及评卷实例

第一步：翻译部分计分方式从原来的语法点给分变成总体评分(global scoring)，也就是阅卷者根据总体印象给出分数档。

　　 第二步：在确定分数档之后，阅卷员需要通过对考生翻译中的语法、用词以及拼写错误进行量化，然后扣分，最终决定考生的翻译分数。

3.评卷实例

许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既美味又健康。

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（二）翻译方法与策略——“拆分组合+结构优化”　

【翻译原文】

信息技术（Information Technology），正在飞速的发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。

第一步：拆分组合

1. 读懂句意、切分断句

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2. 抓住主干、再翻支干

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3. 注意时态、巧用语态

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4. 检查语法、确保通顺

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第二步：优化结构

1. 并列句

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2. 状语从句

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3. 定语从句

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4. 名词性从句

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5. 插入语及逻辑连接

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【 参考译文】

　　Nowadays, with the rapid development of information technology, Chinese Citizens are putting more emphasis on it. Some schools and universities even make Information Technology one of the compulsory courses. People hold different views on this phenomenon. Some people deem that it is unnecessary to make Information Technology a required course in schools. Students should learn traditional curriculum. However, other people think that it should be so, and they hold the attitude that China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology has drawn people’s attention.

（三）段落翻译话题演练

1. 基础练习

【练习一】

目前，人类的生存环境正在遭到破坏，美丽的大自然已经不那么美丽了。保护野生动物，也就是保护人类自己。我强烈呼吁：不要再捕杀黑猩猩，不要再捕杀野生动物了，让我们人类多一些地球上的朋友，多给我们下一代保留一些野生动物吧! 否则，地球将毁灭在人类手中，人类将毁灭在自己手中。

【参考译文】

At present, man’s living environment is being ruined, and beautiful nature is no longer so beautiful. Protection of wild life is protection of man himself. Therefore, I appeal strongly to stop killing the chimpanzee or any other wild animals. Only in this way can our human beings have more friends on the earth, and leave more wild life for future generations. Otherwise, the earth would be destroyed by man, and man by man himself.

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【练习二】

（4）预防或者减轻不良环境影响的对策和措施的合理性和有效性；到中国来旅游观光的人很少不会注意到中国人学习英语的劲头。公园里有专门的英语角，人们会定期聚在一起操练。马路上外国游客常常被学习英语的人围住交谈，从天气到政治，无所不谈。各种英语班如雨后春笋在到处出现。

【参考译文】

Few visitors to China will fail to notice the eagerness of the Chinese to learn English. In public parks there are special English corners where learners gather at regular time to practise their spoken English. Foreign visitors are often besieged on streets by English learners who want to talk with them in English about anything from weather to politics. English classes are mushrooming across the land.

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【练习三】

过去50年其实并不是发明创新的黄金时期。从1900年到1950年，改变人类生活的发明有汽车、飞机、电话、收音机、电视机——当然还有核武器和计算机。而近50年来，只有为数不多的发明。难道发明的源泉已经枯竭了吗？答案并非如此。事实上，发明的新时代刚刚开始。

1.筛选环境影响：环境影响被筛选为三大类，一类是被剔除、不再作任何评价分析的影响，如内部的、小的以及能被控抑的影响；另一类是需要作定性说明的影响，如那些大的但可能很不确定的影响；最后一类才是那些需要并且能够量化和货币化的影响。【参考译文】

1）按类型分。环境标准按类型分为环境质量标准、污染物排放标准（或控制标准）、环境基础标准、环境检测方法标准、环境标准样品标准。Actually the past fifty years was not the golden age of invention and innovation. From 1900 to 1950, human life was transformed by such invention as cars, airplanes, telephones, radios and television sets, not to mention nuclear weapons and the computer. However, during the recent 50 years only a few inventions have been made. Was the wellspring of invention drying up? Not likely. Indeed, a new age of invention is just beginning.

3）按行业分。国家污染物排放标准分为跨行业综合性排放标准和行业性排放标准。

规划审批机关在审批专项规划草案时，应当将环境影响报告书结论以及审查意见作为决策的重要依据。

大纲要求

【练习四】

（5）污染防止措施能否达到要求。有些人担心电脑技术的广泛使用会进一步恶化就业形势。但另一种观点认为尽管这对个人来说会丢掉饭碗，对整个社会来说由于提高了生产率，因而有利于经济的发展。不管对社会影响如何，有一点是肯定的：有技术的人变得越来越吃香，没技术的人工作越来越难找。

【参考译文】

1.建设项目环境影响评价机构的资质管理Some people are worrying that the wide use of computer technology will cause further unemployment. Another argument, however, holds that although some individuals will lose their jobs, society as a whole will benefit economically through increases in productivity. Whatever effects it will bring on the society, one thing is certain: the technically trained will become ever more valuable while the jobs for the blue-collar population will become less available.

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【练习五】

表一：项目基本情况；不管是在一个公司，还是在一个政府里，重大的决定总是个人作出的，而不是集体。我们需要集体的讨论，因为可以交流看法和经验。但是集体讨论不能代替个人的作用。理由很清楚，如要作出一个重大的决定，集体总是不能对迅速变化的事件作出同样迅速的反应。

【参考译文】

An important decision is always made by individuals not by committees whether it involves a company or a government. We need committees because that’s where people could share their opinions and experiences. But they could not replace individuals. The reason is obvious: a committee faced with a major decision can’t always move as quickly as the events it is trying to respond to.

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【练习六】

上大学给人们提供了在无边无际的知识海洋里遨游探索的机会。为了丰富多彩的人生，大学生应该充分利用目前读大学的大好时光。应该意识到上大学决不仅仅意味着得到一个学位，得到一个好的工作。他如果能多学习，不仅仅职位找一份工作，就会终生受益。

【参考译文】

College provides a chance to explore the vast areas of unlimited knowledge. To have a rich full life a college student should make the most of the opportunities at hand. He should realize that going to college means a lot more than earning a degree and securing a good job. If he can explore beyond his immediate career objectives he will enjoy the rest of his life.

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【练习七】

文化是不同国家的人们互相理解的最佳媒体。通过举办文化节，许多中国城市在世界上的知名度提高了。已经证明，对促进中国人民和世界其他地方人民之间的交流来说，这是最好的途径之一。这种交流不仅仅限于文化方面，还扩大到了经济和其他领域。

【参考译文】

Culture is the best medium for people of different countries to understand each other. Through culture festivals, many cities in China have raised their prestige in the world. As has been proven that, this is one of the best ways to promote the communication between Chinese people and the people from different parts of the world. This kind of communication is not only confined to culture, but extends to economy and other fields.

2. 强化练习

手机，是一项伟大的发明。但很显然，手机也刷新了人与人的关系。会议室门口通常贴着一条公告：请与会者关闭手机。可是，会议室里手机铃声仍然响成一片。我们都是普通人，并没有多少特别重要的事情。尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征着我们与这个世界的联系。显然，手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。(thirst for socialization)

The cell phone is a great invention. But obviously, it has altered the relationship among people. There is usually a notice on the door of the meeting room, which reads, “Please turn off your hand-set.” However, phones ring now and then when the meeting goes on. We are but ordinary people and have few urgencies to tackle with. Nevertheless, we will not switch off our phones easily. Phones-on symbolizes our connecting with this world. Obviously, cell phone has been reflecting our “thirst for socialization”.

在过去20年中，世界上没有任何一个国家的外贸发展速度像中国那么快。日本用了20多年时间才将其外贸总额翻了一番而中国却翻了两番。中国现在已是全球第三大电器生产国，并且正在成为全球电器市场上的主角。中国还是世界上劳动密集型(labor-intensive)产品的主要生产国。

Over the last two decades, no country in the world has expanded its foreign trade as fast as China. Japan took more than 20 years to double its foreign trade, while China, for the same length of time, has quadrupled its foreign trade. Already the world’s third largest producer of electric appliances, China is now playing a major role in the global market of the electric wares. China has also become a major producer of labor-intensive manufactured goods in the world.

长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that was created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going to Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.

中国是丝绸的故乡。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。

China is the home of silk. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well-known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture.

中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节，即农历最后一个月的最后一天只新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运，迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联，对联的主题为健康，发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮，探亲访友等。

Chinese New Year, China's most important traditional festival in China, is also known as the Spring Festival. New Year’s celebration starts on New Year’s Eve and continues up to the Lantern Festival, the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar on the 15th day of the first month of the New Year. Customs and traditions of New Year’s celebration vary widely, but usually every family reunites to eat dinner together on New Year’s Eve. To drive bad luck, and welcome good luck, every household will carry out general cleaning. People will have red couplets pasted on the door, and the themes are about health, wealth and good fortune. Other activities include firecrackers, and visiting friends and relatives, and so on.

在中国，茶具有非常悠久的历史，并已形成了中国茶文化。与此同时，茶有益于我们的健康，因此受到许多人的喜爱。中国茶文化博大精深，不但包括物质文化层面，还包含深厚的精神文明层次。谈到中国的茶叶，可以追溯到古时代，它是从唐代与宋代兴盛起来的。从此茶的精神神渗透到了宫廷和社会，深入到中国的诗词，绘画，书法，宗教，医学。几千年来，中国积累了大量关于茶叶种植、生产的物质文化，而且丰富了有关茶的精神文化。

In China, tea has a very long history, and Chinese tea culture has been formed. Meanwhile, the tea is good for our health, so loved by many people. Chinese tea culture is broad and profound, includes not only the material and cultural level, but also a deep spiritual level. China's tea can be traced back to the ancient times, and experienced prosperity in Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty. Tea spirit of God has infiltrated the Palace and the community, reaching out to Chinese poetry, painting, calligraphy, religion, medicine. For thousands of years, China has accumulated a lot of material culture about tea cultivation and production, and also enriches the spiritual culture of tea.

京剧是一种传统的中国戏剧形式。它结合了音乐，声乐演唱，哑剧（mime），舞蹈和杂技（acrobatics）等表现形式。京剧兴起于18世纪晚期，并在19世纪中期前得到充分发展与认可。这种艺术形式在清朝时的宫廷极度流行，并且逐渐被视为中国的文化瑰宝之一。这种艺术形式在台湾也得以保存，称作国剧。并且也流传到诸如美国和日本等其他国家。

Peking opera is a form of traditional Chinese drama. It combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance and acrobatics. It arose in the late 18th century and became fully developed and recognized by the mid-19th century. The form was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty court and has come to be regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China. The art form is also preserved in Taiwan, where it is known as Guoju. It has also spread to other countries such as the United States and Japan.

中国是风筝的故乡。放风筝有益于身体健康，所以，许多国家十分流行放风筝。中国人不仅把放风筝当作有趣的游戏和有益于身体健康的体育活动，也常常把风筝作为装饰挂在墙上。目前，中国的风筝已经远销到日本以及东南亚和欧美的许多国家，受到了世界各国人民的欢迎。近年来，山东潍坊每年都要举行国际风筝节。

China is the birthplace of kites. Because flying kites is beneficial to one’s health, it is gaining popularity in many countries. The Chinese not only regard it as an interesting game as well as a sport helping keep fit, but also hang kites on the wall for decoration. Chinese kites, which are popular all over the world, are now available for sale in Japan, Southeast Asia and many countries in Europe and America. In recent years, the annual International Kite Festival has been held in Weifang of Shandong Province.

“灯节”或者叫做“元宵节”是中国的传统佳节，在每年的农历正月十五这一天庆祝。元宵节的到来也标志着春节的结束。元宵节的传统可以追溯到西汉时期。根据传统，在这一天，人们吃元宵，猜字谜并观看焰火。元宵或者叫做汤圆是元宵节这一天必吃的食物。元宵这种食物实际上是甜馅“饺子”的一种，用粘糯米和甜的馅料制成。

The Lantern Festival, Yuanxiao Jie, is a traditional Chinese festival, which is on the 15th of the first month of the Chinese New Year. The festival marks the end of the celebrations of the Chinese New Year. Chinese started to celebrate the Lantern Festival from the Han Dynasty. According to the tradition, people eat Yuanxiao, guess lantern riddles and watch fireworks on this day. Yuanxiao which is also called Tangyuan is the special food for the Lantern Festival. It is a kind of sweet dumpling, which is made with sticky rice flour filled with sweet stuffing.

如果某人说“我喜欢中国菜”，这种说法似乎过于简单了。其实并不存在所谓的“中国菜”这一简单的概念。确切地说法应该是喜欢某一种菜系，或者喜欢某一地区的中国菜。像中国这样幅员辽阔、历史悠久而又复杂的国家，千百年来必然会形成具有鲜明地方烹饪特色的区域性菜系或帮菜。不可避免的差异是由地理位置、气候条件、交通状况、人口迁移、海外文化影响等因素所决定的。

If you hear someone say “I love Chinese food”, he is taking too much for granted. As a matter of fact, there is no such simple thing as the so-called “Chinese food”. A more accurate statement in this instance should be such that expresses one’s preference for a particular Chinese cuisine or a particular regional way of cooking. With a territory as large and history as long and complex as China’s, it is inevitable that distinct regional differences in cuisine have evolved over the course of centuries. Numerous factors are involved in this inevitable distinction: geography, climate, transportation, migration, influence from overseas cultures, etc.

作为一种世代相袭的传统，中国人就餐时围桌而坐，人人手里都有一碗主食（staple food），炒菜放在桌子中央，大家一起食用。这一古老的风俗习惯反映了食物在中华文明史上的重要地位；占据餐桌中心位置的是炒菜，而不是鲜花，晚餐的主要话题常常是食物。菜肴的各种色彩和材料搭配，给人以美的享受，共食一碗菜的习俗有助于家庭成员之间的团结和友谊。当然，在一些卫生意识比较强的地方，人们在共食放在餐桌中央的菜肴时，必须使用“公筷”或“公用”汤匙，以防疾病传染。

Traditionally, everyone at the Chinese dining table has his or her own bowl of staple food, while the dishes are placed in the middle of the dinner table to be shared by all. This age-old custom is one manifestation of the importance of food in Chinese civilization. It is the cooked dishes, rather than flowers, that serve as centerpieces on a Chinese table; food is frequently the main topic of dinner-time conversation. Variety in the color and texture of the dishes serves aesthetic ends, while the ritual of sharing the food from the same dish plates is conductive to family togetherness and friendship. In more health-conscious environments, however, only “public” chopsticks and spoons are used to remove food from the plates in the middle of the dinning-table, so as to prevent any possible spread of diseases.

筷子是中餐桌上最有特色的用餐工具。全国各地的筷子大小基本一样，而用材的种类则各有不同，选材包括竹子、木材、玉石、象牙、塑料、银、金等。中国人使用筷子的方法很有艺术性，各人有各人的方法，就好像签名一样，不尽一致。中国人一般都能随心所欲地用筷子夹起一粒米、一粒豌豆、一只滑溜溜的蘑菇或海参。对于那些用餐时只会使用刀叉的西方人来说，掌握用筷的方法和技巧开始时难度也许很大，也很有趣，需要很大的耐心，需要用心练习。

Chopsticks, or kuaizi, are the most distinctive eating tool at the Chinese dining table. Chopsticks, which are roughly uniform in size throughout China, can be made of a variety of materials, including bamboo, wood, jade, ivory, plastic, silver and gold. The way Chinese handle our chopsticks is quite artistic and varied from person to person like one's signature. An average Chinese can very easily pick up a single tiny grain of rice, or a tiny piece of peas, or a slippery mushroom or sea cucumber. For those Westerners who use only forks and knives for their meals, the mastery of the method and skills for using chopsticks may be quite challenging, and amusing, at the beginning. A lot of patience and concentrated practice is required. This is not only very necessary and but also very rewarding if they wish to enjoy a real Chinese dinner.

北京是座有三千年历史的古城。早在公元前十一世纪，北京就是燕国的国都，因此北京有燕京之称。在以后的几千年里，北京又成为金、元、明、清各朝的国都。北京是中国的六大古都之一，其他五个是西安、南京、洛阳、开封和杭州。北京是座既古老又年轻的城市，有许多名胜古迹。从故宫、天坛到颐和园，你们可以看到北京保留了许多昔日的风采。

Beijing is an ancient city with a history of 3,000 years. As early as the 11th century, B.C., it was the capital of the Kingdom of Yan; that's why Beijing is also known as Yanjing. In the few thousand years afterwards, Beijing again served as the capital for the Jin,Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Beijing is one of China's six ancient capitals; the other five are Xi’an，Nanjing, Luoyang, Kaifeng, and Hangzhou. Beijing is a city both old and young, with many places of historical interest and scenic beauty. From the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, and the Summer Palace, you can see that Beijing has retained a lot of color of old Chinese life.

现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。一想到白天什么事都没干，心里就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。

College students now bear heavy academic pressure. You will find them—except seniors who are beginning to look for a job—always too busy in studies to join campus organizations, too busy to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities, too busy to share the interests of their friends and too busy to pay attention to anything that is not connected with their studies. In short they have become nothing but a robot. They are under pressure to do too much work in too little time. If their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight while they go to a movie they will feel guilty. The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them uncomfortable and sleepless all night. They study so hard that they have hardly had time to savor life and to pursue other interests to grow as well-rounded people. The pursuit of college education costs them too much personal happiness and health.

有时候，在工作中重要的倒是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。人际关系就是一种善于听取别人的意见，体察别人的需要，虚心接受批评的能力。善于处理人际关系的人敢于承认错误，敢于承担自己的责任，这是对待错误的一种成熟和负责任的态度。这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员在大调整中保住了位置，而有才能的人反而下岗。因为他们很注意处理各方面的关系，所以八面玲珑，到处有缘。而人际关系差的人往往不能处理好批评。碰到错误，他们首先想到自己，拒不承认自己有错，或情绪低落或大发雷霆，成为有刺的人，难以相处。

Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career. Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener to be sensitive toward others’ needs to take criticism well. People with skill in social relations admit their mistakes and take their share of blame which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error. That’s why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off. Sensitive in their dealings with others they are well liked everywhere. People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism. When confronted with a mistake they let their ego get in the way. They deny responsibility and became moody or angry. They mark themselves as “prickly”.

越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。

An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage.

（整理）大学英语四六级翻译练习