物主代词用法归纳

发布时间:2011-12-09 08:48:31

物主代词用法归纳

 

一、物主代词的用法

物主代词分形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)和名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)。形容词性物主代词在句只用作定语;名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语。如:

His son is taller than hers. 他的儿子比她的儿子高。

Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。

Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家

This is my desk and that’s hers. 这是我的书桌,那是她的书桌。

She clasped Helen’s hand in both hers. 她用双手握住海伦自手。

My view is the very opposite of his. 我的看法和他的看法恰恰相反。

He lives in the house which is opposite ours. 他住在我们家对面的房子里。

Our school beat theirs at baseball. 棒球赛我们学校打赢了他们的学校。

This is your pen. Mine is in the box. 这是你的铅笔,我的在铅笔盒里。

【说明】可以说 a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs),但是不能说 a friend of me (us, you, her, him, theirs),但是名词+of it”有时可用来代替“its+名词,如 its price 也可说成 the price of it

 

二、物主代词与own 连用

为了强调,有时可在物主代词后加上own一词。如:

Mind your own business. 别管闲事。

I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼看到的。

She had made her own tragedy. 她造成了自己的悲剧。

Her private morality is her own business. 她的个人品德是她自己的事。

I’m a human being. I can stand on my own feet. 我是人,我可以自立。

He referred his wealth to his own hard work. 他把他的致富归功于他辛勤的工作。

I feel that I knew about the value of my own work. 我感觉我了解我自己工作的价值。

【说明】有可用 of one’s own 置于名词后作定语。如:

We have no children of our own. 我们没有自己的孩子。

I wish I had a little lab of my own. 但愿我有自己的一间小实验室。

We would be glad to have money of our own. 我们愿意有自己的钱。

These professors had opinions of their own. 这些教授们有合己的看法。

I hope to have a room of my own. / I hope to have my own house. 我希望有自己的房子

反身代词用法归纳

 

一、反身代词的基本形式

反身代词是 oneself根据所指词的人称、性别、单复数等的变化可以有 myself, himself, herself, yourself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 等形式。

 

二、oneselfhimself

one指人时,其相应的反身代词通常用oneself, 在美国英语中也可用himself

One should not praise oneself [himself]. 一个人不应该自吹自擂。

 

三、反身代词的句法功能:

1. 用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气,紧放在被修饰名词后, 或句末)

The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。

Martin himself attended the sick man. 马丁亲自照顾病人。

Don’t trouble to come over yourself. 你不必费神亲自来了。

You yourself said so. / You said so yourself. 你自己是这样说的。

Never leave to others what you ought to do yourself. 不要把自己该做的事留给别人做。

2. 用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)

Take good care of yourself. 照顾好自己。

He has a right to decide for himself. 他有权为自己做出决定。

He made no complaint for himself. 他没为自己抱怨什么。

She finally gained control of herself. 最后她控制住了自己。

She could not make herself understood. 她不能使别人听懂她的话。

Everybody here has the influenza including myself. 包括我在内所有人都患上流感。

The child cried himself to sleep. 孩子哭着哭着睡着了。

She convinced herself that it was so. 她说服自己情况是这样的。

He had a couple of revolvers with which to defend himself. 他只有一两把手枪用来自卫。

3. 用作表语

The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。

The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我们自己。

【说明】有时用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神处于正常状态:

I’m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。

I’ll be myself again in no time. 我过一会儿就会好的。

4. 用作主语。在现代英语中,反身代词一般不能独立用作主语,但是它却可以借助 and, or, nor 等连词与其他名词一起构成并列主语(且位于并列主语的后部),以及用于某些特殊结构(as...as)

My brother and myself went there yesterday. 昨天我兄弟和我一起去了那儿。

Jim’s sister and himself get up at six every day. 吉姆的妹妹和他每天6点起床。

He was as anxious as myself. 他和我一样担心。

选用关系代词的小技巧

一、掌握关系代词的基本用法

关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要的有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等,其中whowhom 只用于指人,whichas 只用于指事物,whose that既可于指人也可用于指物,它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语。如:

A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞行的机器。(that指物,在从句中用作主语)

I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。(that指物,在从句中句作宾语)

The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。(who指人,在从句中作主语)

The house whose windows are broken is empty. 破了窗户的那座房子是空的。(whose指物,在从句中作定语)

There are some students whose questions I can’t answer. 有些学生提出的问题我回答不了。(whose指人,在从句中作定语)

He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。(as指人,在从句作表语)

二、选用关系代词学会四看

一看先行词的意义:即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用whowhom,指人时通常不用which)

二看关系词的句功功能:即分清关系是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when, where, why)

三看定语从句的种类:即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(thatwhy通常不引导非限制性定语从句)

四看文体是非正式:即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体。

相互代词的用法归纳

 

一、相互代词的形式与用法

英语的相互代词只有each otherone another,它们在句中通常只用作宾语:

each other

We don’t see much of each other. 我们不常见面。

We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。

We may never see each other again. 我们可能永远不会再见。

They soon fell in love with each other. 他们不久就互相爱上了。

The sea and the sky seem to melt into each other. 大海和蓝天似乎融为一体。

one another

They respect one another. 他们互相尊重(对方)

You look as though you know one another. 你们看起来像是互相认识。

They were very pleased with one another. 他们相互很喜欢。

二、使用相互代词注意点

1. 相互代词在句中通常只用作宾语,不可用作主语,所以以相互代词为宾语的句子不能变为被动语态。

2. 不要将相互代词误认为是副词,将其用作状语,如可说 talk to each other,但不能说 talk each other

3. 相互代词可以有所有格形式:

The students borrowed each other’s notes. 学生们互相借笔记。

They often stay in one another’s houses. 他们常常在彼此家里住。

I hope that you all enjoy each other’s company. 我希望你们在一起过得愉快。

I hope that you all enjoy each other’s company. 我希望你们在一起过得愉快。

They looked into each other’s eyes for a silent moment. 他们默默地对视了一会儿。

They’ll sit h hours looking into each other’s (one another’s) eyes. 他们有时对坐几小时望着彼此的眼睛。

4. 有时可分开用:

We each know what the other thinks. 我们都知道对方的想法。

Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home. 每个人都设法想说服对方留在家里。

5. 有人认为,each other用于两者,one another用于三者,但在现代英语中两者常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者)

指示代词的用法归纳

 

一、指示代词的基本用法

指示代词(this, that, these, those)在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语:

This is yours and that is mine. 这是你的,那是我的。

I want this book, not that book. 我要这本书,不是那本书。

I like these and he likes those. 我喜欢这些,他喜欢那些。

These computers are cheap. 这些电脑便宜些。

What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这点。

【说明】指示代词用作主语和定语时,可指人或物;用作宾语和表语时,只指物。如This is my father. this 在句中作作主语,可以指人,但是在Do you know this? 中,this作宾语,此句只能理解为你知道这个情况吗?不能理解为你认识这个人吗?

 

二、表替代的that those

有时为了避免重复,可用 that those 代替前面提到的名词:

The population of China is much larger that that of Japan. 中国人口比日本人口多得多。(that = the population)

His views are close to those of the Socialist Party. 他的观点接近社会党的观点。(those = the views)

 

三、this that用法比较

1. 用来回指上文提到的事情时,可用this that,但是若要指下文叙述的事情,通常要用 this

She married Jim, and this [that] surprised me. 她嫁给了吉姆,这使我感到很吃惊。

I want to know this: Is he healthy? 我想知道这一点:他是否很健康。

【说明】回指上文的 that 在译成汉语时,通常却译为

That’s where you are wrong. 这就是你不对的地方。

2. 在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用 that 指对方:

Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? ,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?

但在美国英语中指对方时也可用 this

3. 除用作代词外,this that 都可用作副词,与形容词或副词连用,其义为这么那么”(=so)

It’s about this (that) high. 大约这()么高。

Is it this hot every day? 每天都有这么热吗?

 

四、this 的特殊用法

注意以下各句中this 的用法:

He will be in Paris this day next week. 下个星期的今天他将在巴黎了。

He will come here this day next month. 他将在下个月的今天来这儿。

比较:He got married ten years ago today. 他是10年前的今天结婚的。

疑问代词的用法归纳

 

一、疑问代词的用法

疑问代词(who, whom, whose, which, what)在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等:

Who is your English teacher? 你们的英语老师是谁?

Whose is this umbrella? 这伞是谁的?

Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的伞?

What question did he ask? 他问了什么问题?

Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡,你喜欢那样?

【说明】who whom 只用作主语、宾语和表语,不用作定语,what, which, whose 则既可用作主语、宾语和表语,也可用作定语。

 

二、两组疑问代词的用法比较

1. who whom:前者为主格,用作主语,后者为宾格,用作宾格:

Who spoke at the meeting? 谁在会上发言了?

Whom are you talking about? 你们在谈论谁?

但是,当用作宾语的 whom 位于句首时,通常可用who 代之:

Who(m) is the letter from? 这信是谁寄来的?

若是紧跟在介词之后用作宾语,则只能用 whom

2. what, which who

若后接名词(即用作限定词),只用whichwhat,不能用who

Which / What train did you come on? 你是坐哪次火车来的?

What which 的区别是:当选择的范围较小或比较明确时,多用 which;当选择的范围较较大或不明确时,多用 what

Which color do you like, red, black or white? 红色、黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?

What color is your car? 你的汽车是什么颜色的?

但是,若指人,即使选择的范围不明确,也多用 which

Which [What] writers do you like? 你喜欢哪些作家?

若其后不接名词(即用作代词),三者均可用,whichwhat的用法区别可参见上面的分析。至于who,它一般只用来指人(用作代词的 which 不用于指人),不管选择范围大还是小、明确还是不明确均可用:

Who won –– Tom or Mike? 谁赢了,是汤姆还是迈克?

Who is your favorite poet? 你最喜欢的诗人是谁?

当选择范围比较明确且用作宾语时,who也可用whichwhich one代之:

Who [Which /Which one] do you like better, your father or your mother? 你更喜欢谁,父亲还是母亲?

由于whatwho的选择范围可以很大或不明确,所以其后可以跟 else,表示其他的人(或事物),但却通常不跟表示特定范围的of 短语;而 which 的选择范围相对比较小或明确,所以其后一般不接 else,却常与表特定范围的of短语连用:

Who (What) else did you see there? 你在那儿还看到了别人的什么人(什么东西)?

Which of the three girls is the oldest? 这三个女孩中哪个年纪最大?

另外,比较以下两句:

"Who is he?" 他是谁?(who 指姓名、关系等)

What is he? 他是干什么的?(what 指职业、地位等)

三、两类易混句型的区别

请先看以下两句:

What do you think he wants? 你认为他想要什么?

Do you know what he wants? 你知道他想要什么吗?

上面第一句为特殊疑问句,第二句为一般疑问句,它们不能倒过来说成Do you think what he wants? What do you know he wants? 其原则区别是:可以用 yes no 回答者,用一般疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句中,即主句之后),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 know, hear, ask, tell 等;不能用 yes no 回答者,用特殊疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句首),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 think, believe, suppose, guess 等:

Where do you suppose he has gone? 你认为他去什么地方了?

Did you ask why he had left so soon? 你问过他为什么那么快就离开了吗?

 

四、两个疑问代词同用的情况

请看以下实例:

Where and when were you born? 你出生在何时何地?

When and how did he go there? 他是什么时候、怎么去那儿的?

"Where is it?" "Where is what?" “它在哪儿?”“什么在哪儿?”

 

连接代词的用法归纳

 

一、连接代词的用法

连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,可以引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句:

I don’t know who he is. 我不知道他是谁。

What he says sounds reasonable. 他说的话听起来很有道理。

The question is who(m) we should trust. 问题是我们该信任谁。

I’ll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。

Take whichever seat you like? 你喜欢坐哪个座位就坐哪个?

I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。

【说明】who, whom, whoever 等不用于名词前作定语。

 

二、what 的两种用法

请看以下两个句子:

I didn’t know what he wanted. 我不知道他想要什么。

I gave her what she wanted. 我给了她想要的一切。

上面第一句中的 what 表示什么,带有疑问的意味;第二句中的 what 表示的一切事或东西,其意义上大致相当于 that (those) which, the thing (things) that, anything that, all that, as much as等,又如:

What [=That which] you say is quite true. 你说的完全是事实。

He saves what [= all that] he earns. 他赚多少,积蓄多少。

Call it what [= anything that]you please. 你喜欢叫它什么就叫它什么。

这样用的 what 有时还可后接一个名词:

He gave me what money [= all the money that] he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。

What friends [=All the friends that] he has are out of the country. 他所有的朋友都在国外。

 

三、whatever, whoever, whichever用法说明

主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句:

He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么,他就做什么。

Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。

I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 请想要这票,我就把它给谁。

Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多,哪个队就赢。

【说明】其中的 ever 主要用于加强语气,含有一切任何无论之义。使用这类词时,注意不要按汉语习惯用错句子结构:

任何人()先来都可以得到一张票。

误:Anyone comes first can get a ticket. / Who comes first can get a ticket.

正:Anyone who comes first can get a ticket./ Whoever comes first can get a ticket.

不定代词用法归纳

 

一、不定代词概说

英语的不定代词有 all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, (a) few, (a) little, both, enough, every 等,以及由 some, any, no every 构成的合成代词(somebody, anyone, nothing )。在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词 none 以及由 some, any, no every 构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而 no every 则只用作定语。

 

二、指两者和三者的不定代词

有些不定代词用于指两者(both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混:

Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。

All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。

There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。

He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子,都不富有。

He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子,都不富有。

【说明】each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而 every 只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用 each,不能用 every。如不能说 There are trees on every side of the road.

 

三、复合不定代词的用法特点

复合不定代词包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句(参见 any & some)。具体使用时应注意以下几点:

1. 复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面:

There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。

Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?

2. 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their

Everyone knows this, doesn’t he [don’t they]? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗?

If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。

3. 指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用 it,而不用 they

Everything is ready, isn’t it? 一切都准备好了,是吗?

4. anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one, every one (分开写)

any one of the boys (books) 孩子们()当中的任何一个()

every one of the students (schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)

四、是any not 还是 not any

按英语习惯,any 以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时,它只能出现在否定词之后,而不能在否定词之前:

误:Any one doesn’t know how to do it.

正:No one knows how to do it. 任何人都不知道如何做它。

误:Anybody [Anyone] cannot do it.

正:Nobody [No one] can do it. 这事谁也干不了。

误:Anything cannot prevent me from going.

正:Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去。

 

五、不定代词与部分否定

不定代词all, both, every 等与 not 连用时构成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,则需换用 none, neither, no one等。比较:

All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。

Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。

All of the students don’t like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。

None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。

 

六、all, both, each 等用作同位语

若用作主语同位语,主语可以是名词或代词;若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语,则宾语等成分必须是人称代词,而不能是名词:

We have all read it. 我们都读过他。(all 修饰的主语是代词)

The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了。(all 修饰的主语是名词)

They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等。(all 修饰的宾语是代词)

但不能说:They told the men all to wait there. (all 修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)

 

七、so little such little的区别

so little还是such little取决于little的意思:若表示数量方面的,则用so little;若表示形状体积的,则用such little

He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。

I’ve never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。

 

八、some any的用法区别

一般说来,some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用 some 而不用any

Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗?

Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢?

Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗?

【说明】any 有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示任何

Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。

Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。

九、many much的用法区别

两者都表示许多,但 many 修饰或代替可数名词(复数),与 few(少数)相对;而 much 用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数),与little(少量)相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中:

Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗?

We don’t have much time. 我们没有许多时间。

在肯定句中,一般用 a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中;另外,若用作主语或主语的定语,或其前有 how, too, as, so, a good, a great 等修饰,也可用于肯定句中:

Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。

Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。

You’ve given me too much. 你已给我太多了。

Take as many (much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。

I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。

 

十、few, a few little, a little的用法区别

1. fewa few 后接可数名词的复数形式。few 表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调,含有否定意义;a few 表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调,含有肯定意义:

It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难,没有几个人能懂。

It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难,但是有些人懂。

2. little a little 之后接不可数名词,其区别跟 few a few 之间的区别相似:

Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上没带什么钱。

Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。

物主代词用法归纳

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