情态动词有can

发布时间:2012-08-10 23:23:06

情态动词有can(),may(可以),must(必须),have to(不得不),ought to(应该),dare(),used to(过去经常),had better(最好),would rather(宁愿)。在肯定句中它们后边都要接 动词原形 。在否定句中,can,may,mustdare后边加nothave toought to分别在haveought后加notused to的否定式可用used not to,也可用didn't use to,但后者用得较多;had betterwould rather的否定式分别是had better notwould rather not。这些情态动词与现在完成时连用在某种意义上有一定的虚拟性。

  I 肯定句和否定句中的情态动词

  一、情态动词的现在式在肯定句中的比较

  1. can表示体力或脑力方面的能力技能或根据客观条件能做某种动作的可能性

  1) Mild forms of execrise can some of the loss of flexibility that accompanies aging.

  [A stop

  [B to stop

  [C stopping

  [D be stopped

  但表示人体力或智力的具体动作时须用 be able to

  He was able to do that without any help.他不需要任何帮助就能完成这项工作。

  2. may表示允许,可以,相当于be allowed to

  2) If there is social or political change in a region A where a standard language B is spoken, local varieties C of the language may developing D .

  maymight可和as well连用,表示建议,译为还是……的为好

  You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man. 你们还是离那疯子远点为好。

  You might as well go home now.你还是现在回家为好。

  3. must表示必须应当一定

  3) The formation of snow must be occurring A slowly B in calm air and at a temperature near C the freezing point D .

  4. have to 加动词原形,表示不得不必须,它比must更强调客观

  Tom had to work into the deep night everyday to earn a living. 汤姆为了生计每天都得工作到深夜。

  5. should 表示劝告建议义务时,译作应当,或表示预测可能

  He should take care of his parents as they are old enough not to live on themselves. 由于父母亲老了,不能自理,他应当照顾他们。

  He should be there now. 他可能到了。

  should have done在虚拟语气中表示责备或后悔[参见第三章第一节、二、2.]。

  6. ought ,只有一种形式,即ought后必须加to,然后跟接动词原形表示有义务必要做某事,译为应当,应该

  4) The traditional goal of science is to discover how things are,not how they ought .

  [A to

  [B to be

  [C be

  [D have been

  5) You are quite right;I am inferring in my comments A that McGraw had not ought to B have broken C in the room without his permission D .

  7. dare 可以用作情态动词,后面跟不带to的动词不定式,这主要用于否定句中,它本身可有现在时第三人称单数,词尾加s,它还可以有ING分词形式(daring)和过去式及ED分词形式(dared)

  6) Although Oriental ideas of woman’s subordination to man prevailed in those days,she meet with men on an equal basis.

  [A did not dared

  [B dared not

  [C dared not to

  [D did dare not to

  二、情态动词在一般时否定句中的用法

  can't(can not, cannot) 表示不可能 may not 表示不可以 mustn't(must not) 表示一定不要不许可needn't (need not) 表示不必dare not +动词原形 表示不敢

  He can't finish his essay by this time. 现在他不可能写完论文。

  He may not sleep now. 他或许现在没在睡觉。

  You mustn't criticize her in that way. 你不应那样批评她。

  You needn't come tomorrow. 你明天没必要来了。

  He dared not meet his fiancée. 他不敢见女朋友。

  三、例题解析

  1) 正确答案为A。由于情态动词can要求跟动词原形,所以BC都不对,can后虽然有被动形式,但在意义上和语法上与横线后部分都无法衔接,所以D也错。

  2) D错。改为developmay后要求跟动词原形,而developing是现在分词,显然不符合要求,所以应改为develop

  3) A错。改用 must occur,此处叙说的是客观现象,而非强调正在发生的事,故用一般现在时。

  4) B为正确答案。

  5) B错。改为ought not to

  6) B为正确答案。

  II 情态动词与完成时的使用

  一、must+have+ED分词:用于肯定句,表示对过去情况的一种肯定推测,表示肯定,一定

  1) It around nine o’clock when I drove back home because it was already dark.

  [A had to be

  [B must have been

  [C was to be

  [D must be

  2) John’s score on the test is the highest in the class;

  [A he should study last night

  [B he should have studied last night

  [C he must have studied last night

  [D he must had to study last night

  3) After searching A for evidence in the house,the police concluded B that the thief must have come in C through the window and stole D the silver while the family was asleep.

  二、may (might)+have+ED分词:用于肯定句和否定句,表示对已发生事情的不肯定的推测,相当于可能,大概,其中mightmay 语气更弱,把握更小

She might have gone to see her doctor last week, but I am not sure.上星期或许她去看医生了,但我不敢肯定。

  Don’t worry your husband may not have been hurt seriously. 别急,你丈夫也许伤得不厉害。

  三、should(ought to)+have+ED分词:肯定句表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生;否定句表示已发生了本不该发生的事。前者可译为本应,后者为本不该

  You should have apologized to her for not soon replying to the letter. 你本应向她道歉,说明为什么没能及时回信。(可你没这么做)

  4) You yesterday if you were really serious about your work.

  [A ought to come

  [B ought to be coming

  [C ought to have come

  [D ought have come

  四、can(not) +have+ED分词

  He is an hour late —— He can have been delayed by fog. Of course,that’s a possibility.他迟到了1小时,可能因为大雾而耽搁了。当然这只是可能性问题。

  The poem can not have been written by her since she was only five years old then.这诗不可能是她写的,因为她那时才5岁。

  五、“could+have+ED分词有时用于表示过去的时间,说明某事可能或不可能已发生;有时可表示过去本来可以做某事,但却未做

  I simply can’t understand how he could have made such a mistake. 我简直不明白他怎么会犯那样的错误。

  He walked there,but he could have taken a taxi. 他走着去了,可当时完全可以坐出租。

  “couldn’t+have+ED分词还表示无论如何也不可能或没有做到

  I couldn’t have called you. I wasn’t near a telephone. 反正我也不可能给你打电话,我附近没有电话。

  5) “We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.”“He it.”

  [A mustn’t attended

  [B couldn't have attended

  [C would have not attended

  [D needn’t have attended

  六、needn’t+have+ED分词:表示对过去不必做的事情却做了,可译为其实不必

  6) You all these parcels yourself.The shop would have delivered them if you had asked a shop assistant.

  [A didn’t need to carry

  [B needn’t have carried

  [C needn’t carry

  [D didn’t need carry

  七、used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在否定陈述句中,一般用didn't use to,也可用used not to;在疑问句中用“Did…use to”used to还可与never,often,always等连用。注意used tobe used to的不同,后者表示be accustomed to “习惯于某种状态,而且跟接名词或ING形式,而used to后接动词原形,试比较

  He used to drink. 表示他过去经常喝酒而现在不喝了。

  He is used to wine (He is used to drinking wine) at each meal. 表示他现在已养成习惯,每顿饭喝点葡萄酒。

  八、had better表示最好……”,后接动词原形,其否定式为had better not+动词原形

  You had better not follow his behavior. 你最好不要学他。

  九、would rather 意思是宁愿,表示选择。它有两种用法,

  一是在肯定句中后边直接跟动词原形,其否定句是在would rather 后加not, would rather not+动词原形;

  二是它后边可以跟接从句,该从句的谓语动词用一般过去式表示虚拟语气。由于would rather表示选择,它后边可跟接than

  She would rather sleep than talk rubbish. 她宁愿睡不愿闲聊。

  7) “Did you criticize him for his mistakes?”——“Yes,but it.”

  [A I’d rather not do

  [B I’d rather not doing

  [C I’d rather not have done

  [D I’d rather not did

  [注] would ratherhad rather都表示宁愿,在用法上也没有区别。但如果说would ratherhad rather完全一样(Longman Dictionary of Comtemporary English 如是说),这一说法有争议。其实had rather在现代标准英语中几乎已经不用了。这对我们考试来说是比较重要的,因为一般考题作为标准英语是不用had rather的。

  十、例题解析

  1) B为正确答案。

  2) C为正确答案。

  3) D错。改为stolen。这里C处和D处是并列的谓语,D处相当于must have stolen

  4) C为正确答案。

  5) B为正确答案。

  6) B为正确答案。

  7) C为正确答案。

初中英语基础语法8 形容词/副词比较与最高级

一、考纲搜索:

  熟练掌握形容词、副词比较等级的构成和good, well, many, much 等不规则变化。

  熟练运用所学句型表示两者和三者或三者以上人或事物的比较

  初步掌握用much, a little等副词修饰比较等级的用法

  二、真题再现

  1. -Which is ____ season in Beijing?(2003)

  -I think it's autumn.

  A.good B.better C.best D.the best

  解析:正确答案为D。该题的核心词为season。根据比较级与最高级的知识,两者之间用比较级,而三者或三者以上用最高级,北京有四季,因此本题应选择最高级。又因为形容词最高级前要加定冠词the,因此答案为D

  2. - Which is__________ , the sun, the moon or the earth?(2004)

  -- Of course, the moon is.

  A.small B.smaller C.smallest D.the smallest

  解析:正确答案为D。该题的核心词在第一句句尾,"the sun, the moon or the earth",提问的对象为三者,应该选择最高级。

  3. The air in Beijing is getting much _____ now than a few years ago.(2005)

  A. clean B. cleaner C. cleanest D. the cleanest

  解析:正确答案为B。该题的核心词为thanthan一词是比较级的标志。

  4. Mobile phones are very popular now and they are _____ than before.(2005)

  A. cheap B. cheaper C. cheapest D. the cheapest

  解析:正确答案为B。该题与第三题相似,核心词为than

三、命题揭密

  2006年中考对形容词与副词比较级、最高级的考查依然是重点内容。同学们除了要熟练掌握比较级与最高级最基本的形式之外,其特殊用法更是出题的热点,要重点掌握。

  四、重点提示

  除了最基本的形式之外,形容词的原级,比较级与最高级还以其它一些特别形式存在,这往往就是容易设题的地方,同学们一定要重点掌握:

  1)原级有相同也有倍数

  1>当比较的对象A B情况对比相同时,要使用以下结构:

  主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词/ 副词原形+as+从句。

  I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

  2>原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为"….若干倍",当与有表示倍

  数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more… than…:

  This river is twice as long as that one. 这条河的长度是那条河的两倍。

  Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year seven times more than automobile accidents.

吸烟对人体健康危害如此之大以致于由它所导致的人口死亡是其他事故的7倍之多。

  2) 常见比较级五句型

  1> Who / Which + be +比较级 , A or B ?

  Who is taller, Tom or John?

  Which is more expensive, a bicycle or a computer?

  2> ~ + be + the 比较级 + of the two. (两个之中比较的那一个,~包含在两个之中)

  Tom is the taller of the two. = Tom is taller than the other boy.

  3> much / a lot / even / far + 比较级

  A compute is much more expensive than a bicycle. 计算机比自行车贵多了。

  4> "The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级...", 表示 " ... 就越..."

  The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。

  5> " 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "

  The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。

 3) 最高级不一定就是第一

  1> Who / Which + be +最高级, A, B, or C ?

  Who is the tallest, Tom, Jack, or David? Tom, JackDavid三个人中谁最高?

  Which is the most expensive, a bicycle, a motorcycle, or a car? 自行车,摩托车和汽车,哪一个最贵?

  2> ~ + be + one of the +最高级 +复数名词, 表示"…………之一"

  The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China. 黄河是中国最长的河流之一。

  3> "…+ be +the + 序数词 +最高级 +单数名词 + 范围", 表示"………….的第几……"

  She is the second tallest student in our class. 她是我们班第二高的学生。

  4> ~ + be + the 最高级 ~ that 某人 have/ has ever + 过去分词.

  This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.这是我看过的最有趣的书。

一、连词

  1.考查要点:对连词的考查主要是对并列连词和从属连词基本用法的考查。

  2.考纲要求:掌握并列连词(如:andbutor)和从属连词(如:whenifthat)的基本用法。

  3.复习提示:

  首先是对自己掌握不好的连词适当练习,尤其需要注意的是,一定要认真审题,分析四个选项,确定选项后再将其代入题干中看句意是否正确。并且除了选择题,在其他题型中例如:完形、完成句子、书面表达等也会涉及连词的用法。

  其次,注意一些成对使用的连词。如:neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, so…that, not…until等。但是在not…until中,需要注意:如果用在until前的动词是可延续性动词,则不加not。另外,需要注意,一些在汉语中成对使用的连词如:因为所以,虽然但是,在英语中是不可以成对出现的,即ecauseso不连用,althoughbut不连用。

  4.易错分析:

  关于not…until

  He stayed there until it was very late.

  句中,stay是可延续性动词,所以不用not

  He didn't leave until it was very late.

  句中,leave是不可延续性动词,所以用not

  ②because, soalthough, but

  上面已经提到,becausesoalthoughbut不连用。

  例如:

  Because he was late, he didn't catch the first bus.

  一定不可以说

  Because he was late, so he didn't catch the first bus.

  ③or还是and

  祈使句+or+陈述句前后是对立的

  祈使句+and+陈述句前后是统一的

  (orand后的陈述句,常用一般将来时)

  Study hard, or you won't pass the exam.

  Study hard, and you will pass the exam.

  两句都可以转换成“If条件句+主句形式,注意:要去掉orand

  If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam.

  If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

  ④because, since, as, for表示原因时的区别

  尽管because, for, since, as都表示原因,但是用法上有不同.

  because通常表示说话人认为这种理由或者原因是听话人所不知道的.

  如:

  He didn't attend the meeting because he had too much work to do.

  since表示的原因是人们已知的事实,常译作既然

  如:

  Since he can't answer this question, you'd better ask someone else.

  as表示原因与since差别不大,只是语气更弱,多译为由于

  如:

  As I haven't seen the film, I can't tell you what I think of it.

  for表示因果关系时,只能放在主句之后,不能放在句首。而且经常是对主句补充说明理由或推断原因。

  如:

  It rained last night, for the ground is wet.

  ⑤ as, when, while

  when意思是……时刻或时期,它可以兼指时间点时间段,从句的动词既可以是可延续性动词也可以是不可延续性动词。

  如:

  When I got home, he was having supper.

  When I was young, I liked dancing.

  as意思是…………”……同时,重在表示动作同时发生伴随进行。

  如:

  They talked as they walked.

  while只指时间段,不指时间点,从句的动词只限于延续性动词。

  如:

  While I slept a thief broke in.

  二、被动语态

  1.考查要点:一般现在时,一般过去时以及一般现在时带有情态动词的被动语态的用法。

  2.考纲要求:掌握被动语态的构成和一般现在时,一般过去时以及一般现在时带有情态动词的被动语态的用法。

  3.答题要点:被动语态的句子是由助动词be+动词的过去分词这一形式构成的。过去分词永远不变,所有的变化即人称,数,时态的变化,都体现在助动词be的变化上。如果助动词be的变化掌握得好,被动语态就很容易掌握。

  4.注意事项:

  在没有必要指出动作的执行者时,“by+动词执行者可以省略。

  We grow tea in South China.

  Tea is grown (by us) in South China.

  不知道动作的执行者是谁,使用被动语态比较适宜。

  A child was kidnapped last night.昨天晚上一个小孩被诱拐了。

  The letters have been taken away.信已经被人那走了。

  用于被动语态的短语动词不可丢掉动词后面的介词或副词。

  带双宾语的动词变为被动语态时,常有两种方法:

  把主动语态的直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for

  把主动语态的间接宾语变为被动语态的主语,直接宾语不变。

  例如:Mr Li gave me an interesting book yesterday.李老师昨天给了我一本有趣的书。

  →An interesting book was given to me (by Mr Li) yesterday.

  →I was given an interesting book (by Mr Li) yesterday.

  用于被动结构的短语动词不可丢掉动词后面的介词或副词。

  例如:My sister looks after me at home every day.

  →I am looked after by my sister at home every day.

  带有复合宾语的动词变被动语态时,只需把宾语变为被动结构的主语,原来的宾语补足语留在原处不动。

  例如:My little sister asked me to read this story for her.

  →I was asked to read this story(by my little sister).

七、介词

  (一)表示时间的介词

  (1at

  接具体时间:eg.at six,at half past two,at ten to twelve

  表示时刻eg at noon,at midnight

  (2in

  表示在(某段时间段)之间

  eg.in January,in a month,in spring,in 2005

  在将来时中,表示在某段时间之后

  eg.In ten years,I think I’ll be a reporter.

  (3on

  表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。

  eg. On Monday,On Tuesday afternoon,On May4th,On the morning of July 6th

  (二)固定搭配的介词

  (1)动词+介词:look after,look at,look for,laugh at,listen to,hear from,turn On,turn off, wait for,worry about,think of,spend……On

  (2)介词十名词:by train,on foot,at the end of ,at last,in the end,in trouble,at table,at breakfast,

  in hospital,in time,On time, On one’s way to,with pleasure

  (3be+形容词+介词:be afraid of ,be good at,be goodbad for, be late for,be interested in,be angry, with,be full of,be sorry for

  连词

  八、连词(conj.用来连接词与词或句与句

  (1)并列连词(用来连接平行的词、词组或分句)

  表并列关系:not only……but also,neither……nor,and

  表选择关系:or,either……or

  表转折关系:but,while

  表因果关系:for,so

  (2)从属连词(用来引导从句)

  引导时间状语从句: after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,as soon as

  引导原因状语从句:because,as,since

  引导目的状语从句:so that,in order that

  引导结果状语从句:so that,so…that,such……that

  引导比较状语从句:than,as…as

  引导宾语从句:that,if, whether

  动词

  九、动词(verb.)动词表示主语的动作或状态

  (一)动词的种类。

  (1)及物动词vt,其后接宾语。

  eg.She wears a uniform.

  (2)不及物动词vi,不接宾语。

  eg She can dance.

  (3)连系动词like-v.接表语。

  eg.They are nurses.

  That sounds interesting.

  His mother looks young.

  If you keep milk for too long, it goes bad.

  (4)助动词aux——V.接动词原形或分词(它无实在意思,只起语法作用)。

  eg, DO you like pandas

  He has gone to Australia.

  She is looking at the cat.

  (5)情态动词mod-v.接动词原形(它不能单独作谓语,有自己的意思,无人称和数的变化)。

  Eg. He must go now.

  You should clean the classroom after class.

  (6)有些动词既可作及物动词,也可作助动词或不及物动词,be也可作助动词。

  eg.I do my homework after class.Vt.

  Do as you like.Vi.

  She is a little bit quiet.mod-v.

  She is swimming now.aux-v.

  (二)情态动词的用法

  [1]can,could,may的用法

  l .cancould

  (1)表示具有某种能力,意为能、能够、会could表过去)。

  eg.I can sing English songs.

  Lisa can’t speak Japanese.

  She could swim when she was four years old.

  (2)表示许:可、允许,意为可以

  eg.Can we watch TV now

  You can’t play computer games in the morning.

  (3)表示请求某人做某事,意为,能够(用could使晤气更委婉)。

  eg.CanCould you help me,please

  (4)表示推测可能,多用于否定句和疑问句中。(表肯定推测可用must,might,could等)

  cg.it can’t be true.这不可能是真的。

  Where can he have gone?他可能会去哪儿呢?

  2.maymight

  (1)表示许可、允许,意为可以,比can更正式。

  eg. May l use your pen?我可以用你的钢笔吗?

  May l ask you a question?我可以问你个问题吗?

  (2)表示推测可能”,用于肯定句和否定句,不能用于疑问句。

  eg.He may be at home now.他可能现在在家。

  She may not be there today.今天她可能不在那儿。

  [2]canbe able to的区别

  1.两者都可以用来表示能力。

  eg.I canam able to mend the bike.

  2.can只有现在时(Can)和过去时(could),而be able to可用于多种时态。

  eg. I will be able to come back in another few months.

  He hasn’t been able to get there before dark.

  3.can可以表示推测,但be able to不能。

  eg.That Can’t be Gina’s dictionary.

  4.canbe able to;不能重复使用

  eg.他能做好这件事。

  He can be able to do is well.X

  He can do it well.

  He is able to do it well.

  (三)musthave to的区别

  1.主客观方面不同。

  must义务强制,表示主观的必要;在肯定句中must还可表推测,语气要比may肯定多。have to必须不得不,表示客观的必要。

  eg.We must clean the room.(表示我们认为房间太脏了。)

  We have to clean the room.(表示没有人替我们打扫房间等客观原因。)

  He must beat home before supper.(他晚饭前一定在家。)

  2.人称和时态不同。

  must无人称和时态的变化,一律用must十动词原形。have to后接动词原形,有人称、数和时态的变化,一般现在时的第三人称单数要用has to,过去时中要用had to,将来时中要用will have to.另外,have to还可与,情态动词和助动词连用。

eg Tom must practice his guitar every day.

  The train has left.We’ll have to wait for the next train.

  3.否定式及意义不同。

  must not=mustn’t“决不可/千万不可/务必不要 don’tdoesn'tdidn’twon’t+have to“不必

  eg.We mustn’t tell jokes on him.我们千万不可与他开玩笑。

  We don’t have to tell jokes on him.我们不必和他开玩笑。

  在对May I… 作否定回答时用No, you mustn’tcan’t.

  eg. May l go to the movies NO,You mustn’t

  4.疑问式及回答不同。

  Must+主语+动词原形+… Yes,主语+ must.NO,主语+needn’t.

  助动词+主语+have to+动词原形+…

  Yes,主语+助动词。/No,主语+助动词+not.

  eg.Must l go now Yes,you must.NO,you needn’t

  Does she have to go to the doctor Yes,she does.NO,she doesn’t.

六、数词

  (一)基数词 在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。

  1.基数词的构成

  (11-20

  one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,

  sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty

  (221-99 先说几十,再说,中间加连字符。

  23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one

  (3101—999先说几百,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;

  586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three

  (4l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为

  million,第三个“,”前为billion(美式)或thousand ,million(英式),然后一节一节地表示。

  1,001→one thousand and one

  9,785→nine thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five

  18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three

  6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine

  750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty, billion(美式) seven hundred and fifty thousand million(英式)

  2.基数词的用法

  (1)作主语

  eg.Four Of them come from Paris.

  (2)作宾语

  eg. How many books would you like

  一I would like two.

  (3)作表语

  eg.Seven minus two is five.

  (4)作定语

  eg.There are three people in my family·

  (5)作同位语

  eg. You two will go swimming with us.

  (6)表具体数字时,hundred,thousand,million用单数。

  eg. There are six hundred students in our grade.

  (7)表不确定的数字时,数词用复数。若带名词,再加of hundreds of(数百,成百上千的),thousands of(数干,成千上万的),millions of(数百万)

  eg,They arrived in two sand threes.他们三三两两地来了。

  (8)表示“…的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。

  eg. He is in his early thirties.他有三十来岁(31—34岁):

  This took place in the 1930s.这事发生在二十世纪三十年代;

  (9)表示时刻

  eg.I watch CCTV News at seven o’clock every evening.

  (二)序数词 在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。

  1.序数词的构成

  (1)一般在基数词后加th

  eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth

  (2)不规则变化

  one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve——~twelfih

  (3)以y结尾的十位整数,变yie再加th

  twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth

  (4)从二十一后的几十几直至几百几十几几千几百几十几只将个位的基数词变为序数词。

  twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth

  2.序数词的用法

  (1)序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。

  eg.Tom is their second son.

  He is the first one to come here.

  (2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上—”,“再一

  eg He tried a second time.他又试了次。

  Shall l ask him a third time?还要我再问他次吗?我已问了他两次)

  (3)序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。

  1st 2nd,3rd,4th,20th,21st,22nd,23rd

  (4表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词。

  2005815日:(英)15,8,2005=15th,August,2005;(美)8,15,2005=August 15th,2005

  (三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。

  No.11号),No.3bus3路公共汽车),Room 103,103号旁间)

  The first lesson=Lesson Two(第二课)

  (四)分数词的表达

  分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母加s

  eg.13-one third25-two fifths

  (五)数学运算的表达

  eg.3+5=8 Three plusand five is eight.

  9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven.

  6x5=30 Five times six is thirty six unutilized five is thirty.

  8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four.

 五、冠词(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明其意义

  冠词分为不定冠词aan和定冠词the,放在名词前、a3n用在单数可数名词前(a用于辅音音素开头的词前,an用于元音音素开头的词前)。

  1.不定冠词

  (1)不定冠词的用法

  泛指类人或物。

  eg.This is a pencil case.

  She’S a doctor.

  指不具体的某个人或物。

  eg.I met an old man On my way home.

  用在序数词前,相当于another.

  eg.There’s a third boy near the shop.

  表示(个)”,相当于every.

  eg.They have music lessons twice a week.

  固定搭配。

  a lot Of,a lot,a little,a few,a glass Of,such aan, have a word with,have a look,have a try,have a swim,a quarter,half an hour, three times a day,have a talk,give a talk,ten Yuan a kilo

  (2)不定冠词的位置

  不定冠词般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。

  eg,a bike,an egg

  当名词被such,what,many修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后。

  eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.

  He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.

  What a dangerous job it is

  Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.

  当名词前的形容词前有so,how,too等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。

  Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.

  How nice a film this is

  当名词前面有形容词和quite,rather,very时,不定冠词放在quite,rather之后,very之前。

  eg.It is quite a good book.

  That is rather a useful too1.

  This is a very interesting story

  2.定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。

  egl have two children,a boy and a girl.The boy’s name is Mark.The girl’s name is Penny.

  (2)特指某(些)人或物。

  eg The girl in a red dress comes from America.

  (3)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。

  eg My shoes are under the bed.

  (4)用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。

  eg Tom is the taller of the two boys.

  (5)用在序数词前。

  eg Monday is the second day of a week.

  (6yo用在世界上独一无二的事物前(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。

  cg The moon moves round the earth.

  (7)用在某些形容词前,表示类人或物。

  the rich(富人),the poor(穷人),the deaf(聋人),the blind(盲人),the dead(死者),the wounded(伤员)

  (8)用在姓氏复数前,表示某某家人某某夫妇

  eg.The Greens are having dinner at home.

  (9)用在乐器前。

  eg.play the pianoguitarviolindrums.

  (10)用于逢的复数数词前,指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。

  eg. In the 1970s,a highway was built to linkup the city with my hometown.

  I think he is in the thirties.

  (11)用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。

  the United Nations,the Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Palace Museum,in the end,in the day,in the middle Of,all the time,in the east,by the way,On the way tO,themore……

  themore…“…”

  3.不用冠词的情况

  (1)名词前有指示代词this,that,these,those时不用冠词。

  eg.That girl is my friend.

  (2)名词前有物主代词my,your,his her,their等时不用冠词。

  eg.Lucy is her sister.

  (3)名词前有whose,which,SO[1ie,any,each,every等代词时不用冠词。

  eg.Which man is Mr Green

  Each student has a beautiful picture.

  (4)复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。

  eg.Those young men are teachers,not students.

  (5)物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。

  eg.Snow is white.

  (6)抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。

  eg.Does she like music

  (7)在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。

  eg.play basketballsoccerchess

  (8)在三餐前不用冠词。

  eg.have breakfastlunchsupperdinner

  (9)在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。

  eg. Tina,China,Tiananmen Square,Beijing,University,New Year’s Day,Tuesday,January

  (10)在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。

  eg.My favorite is English.

  (11)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。

  eg.at noon, at work,at home,by bus, by air,On foot,from morning till night,at night,gO tO school,go to bed,at last

  4.在有些词组中,用冠词和不用冠词意思有较大区别。

  in hospital(在住院);in the hospital(在医院)

  in prison(在坐牢);in the prison(在监狱里)

  at table(吃饭,用餐);at the table(在桌旁)

  in front of(在某个范围之外的前面);in the front of(在某个范围之外的前面)

  go to college(上大学);go to the college(去那所大学)

  take place(发生);take the place(代替)

三、形容词(adj. 表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用

  四、副词(adv.)表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子

  (一)形容词的用法及位置

  1.形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前。

  Eg. She has short hair.(作定语)

  Paul is tall.(作表语)

  We must keep our room clean.(作宾补)

  2.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。

  eg.She has something important to tell us.

  There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.

  (二)副词的种类、用法及位置

  1.副词的种类

  (1)时间副词

  表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far

  表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never

  其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally

  (2)地点副词

  表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,

  nowhere,somewhere.

  表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):

  above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,

  away,near,off,past

  (3)方式副词表示谓语动词怎样地,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成):

  badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,

  politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,

  wrongly,suddenly.

  (4)程度副词 多数用来修饰形容词或副词:much,alittle,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly

  (5)疑问副词 构成特殊疑问句:how,when, where,why

  (6)连接副词 连接主语、宾语或表语从句:how,when,where,why

  (7)关系副词 引导定语从句:when,where,why

  (8)其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开:

  frankly(坦率地说,说真的),generally(一般说来),luckily(幸运地是),first of all(首先)等。

  2.副词的用法及位置

  (1)修饰动词作状语

  多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。

  eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.

  She speaks English well.

  The nurse looks after the babies carefully.

  频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后。

  eg.He always goes to school On foot.

  She was often late for school.

  I have never been to Beijing·

  (2)修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前。

  eg.He has a very nice watch.

  The box is too heavy.

  (3)修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前。

  eg.She paints quite well.

  You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.

  (4)作表语,放在系动词后。

  eg.Is anybody in

  (5)作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后。

  eg.I saw him out just now.

  (6)作定语,放在名词之后。

  eg.There is a manhere On vacation.

  (7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副词,一般放在句首。

  eg.Finally,I finished the work.

  Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.

  (8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。

  eg. He is old enough to go to school.

  (三)形容词和副词的比较等级

  1.比较级、最高级的构成

  (1)单音节和少数双音节词

  一般在词尾加erest

  great——greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest

  e结尾的只加rst

  nice——nicer——nicest,large——larger—largest.

  以辅音字母加y结尾的,先变yi,再加erest

  heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest,

  busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——+funniest,

  early——earlier→earliest

  以重读闭音节结尾的词,先双写最末的一个辅音字母,再加erest

  big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—fatter→fattest,

  fitt—fitter→fittest

  (2)多音节和部分双音节词,前加more为比较级,加(themost为最高级

  careful→more careful——most careful

  useful——more useful——most useful

  popular→more popular→most popular

  carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly

  (3)不规则变化的词

  goodwell→better→best

  badillbadly→worse→worst

  manymuch→more→most

  little→less→least

  old→olderelder→oldest(指年龄大小)/eldest(指长幼顺序)

  far→fartherfurther→farthest(指距离)/furthest(指程度)

  2.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法

  (1)形容词和副词比较级的用法

  用于两者比较,表示…”

  “A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B,

  eg.I am two years older than my little sister.

  “A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+B

  eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.

  用于两者之间的同级比较,表示“…一样

  “A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B,

  eg.Bill is as funny as his father.

英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词(conjunctions)和感叹词(interjection)。

“A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”

  eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.

  表示甲在某方面不如乙:

  “A+系动词+notasso+形容i司原级+asB”

  eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.

  “A+助动词/情态动词+not+谓语动词+aSSO+B”

  eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.

  表示某个范围内的两者相比:

  “A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。

  表示越来越…”比较级+and+比较级

  eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天,白天变得越来越长。

  表示…”“the+比较级…the+比较级

  eg.The mortyou practice using English,the better you’ll learn it 你英语练得越多,就会学得越好。

  可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用very修饰。

  eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.TomMike稍高一点;

  it is even colder today than yesterday. 今天甚至比昨天更冷

  在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用thatthose代替前面提到过的事情。

  eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown.这儿比我的老家热得多。

  The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。

  (3)形容词和副词最高级的用法

  对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,副词最高级前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可带ofin短浯来说明比较范围:

  主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语/in短语

  eg.She is the youngest Of all.

  “A+谓语动词+the+最高级+of短语/in短语

  eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.

  名词(n.

  一、名词(n. 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词

  (一)名词的分类

  名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。

  可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干

  个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。

  不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework

  专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States

  (二)名词的数

  1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:

  (1)一般情况下,在词尾加s.

  eg.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys

  以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s],以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。

  (2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.

  eg.beach——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxeses读音为〔iz

  (3)以辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变yi,再加es.

  eg.city——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries,

  strawberry——strawberriesies读音为[iz]

  (注:以元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days

  (4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:

  eg.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes

  结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.zoo—zoos,radio——radios

  某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano—pianos

  一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,

  eg.photophotograph——photos,kilokilogramkilos

  ⑤zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加 eg.zeroszeroes

  (5)以ffe结尾的名词变复数时,先把ffe变为v,再加es.

  eg.wife——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief——thievesres读音为[vz]

  (注意:roof的复数为roofs scarf的复数为scarfsscarves

  (6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加ses,而是变换其中的字母。

  eg.man——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth, child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen(公牛)

  (7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。

  eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish

  (8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。

  eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors

  另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。

  eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister

  但是,当manwoman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。

  eg.two men teachers,three women doctors

  可用量词+of+名词复数这一结构表示可数名词的数量。

  eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils

  2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的的表示方式如下。

  (1)表不定数量时,一般用much,alittle,a lot oflots of,some,any等词修饰。

  eg,much money,a little bread

  (2)表确定数量时,一般用数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:twothree…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。

  eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water

  3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。

  eg fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物——foods各种食品;fish——fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth——,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand——sands沙滩; tea——a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁——an orange橘子; glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper——a paper试卷、论文;wood木头——a wood小森林;room空间、余地——a room房间

  (三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)

  (1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。

  不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s.

  eg.Mike’s watchWomen’s Day

  s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加

  eg.teachers’office,students’rooms

  两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s.

  eg.Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)

  两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s.

  eg.Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)

  (2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构

  eg.a map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room

  (3)特殊形式

  可用’sof短语表示的名词所有格

  eg.the boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)

  the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)

  China’s population=the population Of China(中国的人口)

 China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)

  双重所有格

  eg.a fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友

  a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片

英语共有十六种时态,其表现形式如下(study为例)

    一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时

  现在 study be studying have studied have been studying

  过去 studied be studying had studied had been studying

  将来 will study wil be studying will have studied will have been studying

  过去将来would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying

  时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。

  1. 一般现在时

  英语时态分为16种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。

  用法:A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。

  B) 习惯用语。

  C) 经常性、习惯性动作。

  例:He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。)

  D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般现在时,则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。

  E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续等的动词)可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。

  例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.

  (下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。)

  How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟?)

  F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事 情。

  例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成这份报告的时候,我就已经等了将近3个小时了。)

  2. 现在进行时(be doing)

  用法:现在正在进行的动作。

  3. 现在完成时(have done)

  用法:A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。

  例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.

  A) didn't sell   B) sold   C) haven't sold   D) would sell

  答案是C) haven't sold

  B) 表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点,或for加一段时间,或by加一个现在时间。

  例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.

  A) are to challenge     C) have been challenged

  B) may be challenged    D) are challenging

  全句的意思是:虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天,所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challengedA) are to challengeD) are challenging都是主动语态,不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态,但意思与全句内容不合,所以不对。

  C) 表示发生在过去,但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。

  例:John has broken his left leg.(约翰摔断了左腿。)

  注意事项:A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于:现在完成时强调动作的动态,或受动态的影响,是动态的结果,对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。

  例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实,他现在已经不在那家医院了。)

  He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作,一直工作到现在,现在仍在那家医院工作。)

  B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时,有动态和延续性的特点,所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。

  例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(过去分词做表语表示状态,可以延续)

  My sister has married. Don't disturb her.(终端动词)

  C) "this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成时。

  例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。)

  D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。

  例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。)

  E) "no sooner than""hardly/ scarcely ……when""before""prior to"等句型中,主句要求完成时。

   例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我从未见过那位教授。)

4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)

  用法:表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间,延续或重复地出现至今,或将继续延续至将来。

  例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前为止,我们一直在处理那个项目,已经花了一个多月时间了。)

  注意事项:与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时更强调:在从过去到现在的时间里,动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。

  例:It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.

  A) had leaked     B) is leaking

  C) leaked      D) has been leaking

  从本题上下文看,这两个句子的意思是:看来,这个管道漏油已有一段时间了,我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前,并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此,空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时,因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time,表示谓语动作延续,谓语不能用现在进行时,必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leakedA) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时,所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。

  5. 一般过去时

  用法:A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。

  B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型,本身表示的 就是过去时。

  例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。)

  He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。)

  C) 有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。

  例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?)

  Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?)

  注意事项:A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。

  B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。

  Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或

  过去曾经",要求加动词原形;后者表示"习惯于",要求加名词或动名词。

  6. 过去完成时(had done)

  用法:表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的:表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"

  Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.

  A) didn't hear   C) hasn't heard   B) hasn't been hearing   D) hadn't heard

  全句的意思是:到那时为止,他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。由此可以看出,谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成,因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中:A) didn't hear,因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态,所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing,现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作,与题意不符。C) hasn't heard,现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻,不能表示现在时间。

  注意事项:过去的过去这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来,而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。

  例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(刚才有人在我们的房间里,因为我们打开前门进来时,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。)

  分析:虽然时间状语是just now,似乎应该使用一般过去时,但是在房间里这个状态是在"开门""注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的,所以应该用过去完成时。

  7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)

  用法:表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。

  例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。)

  注意事项:由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的,所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。

  8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)

  用法:A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。

  例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。)

  B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时,则另一个句子常用过去进行时。

  例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前门时我正在洗头发。)。

  注意事项:其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时

  9. 一般将来时

  用法:A) 基本结构是will / shall do

   例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品,作为给她的生日礼物。)

  B) 有些动词,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般进行时,并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用,可以表示将来时。

例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我妈妈下周将来看我,并会呆到5月。)

  C) 表示打算去……,要……”时,可用be going to do

  例:This is just what I am going to say.(这正是我想说的。)

  D) 表示即将、正要时,可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。

  例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(别担心,我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。)

  E) "be to do"5种用法:

  a) 表示按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事

  例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你准会在实验室见到她。)

  b) 该做或不该做的事情(语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一种命令、规劝性语气。

  例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子们,你们必须上床睡觉,不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。)

  c) 能或不能发生的事情(接近can, may

  例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢?)

  d) 不可避免将要发生的事情,后来将要发生的事情。

  例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.

  A. will be attended B. will be attended to

  C. is attended D. is attended to

  will be attended to关键的一点是:attend表示处理,解决时是不及物动词,必须与to连用。另外,从上下文看,事情显然尚未解决,所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B

  e) 用于条件从句如果……想,设想(接近if ……want to,if ……should

  例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.

  A) is to be   B) can be   C) will be   D) has been

  答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是:如果要避免食品短缺,就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。

  F) 同样可以表示正要、将要的意思的句型是be on the point of doing

  例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教练想要放弃这场比赛了,因为对方已经射进了7个球。)

  例:I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.

  A) in   B) to   C) at   D) on

  答案是D)on the point of doing 是固定词组,意思是正要、打算。全句的意思是:当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。

  注意事项:

  在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词(immediately, the moment, directly)等引导的状语从句,一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时,可用完成时。

  例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回来的时候,他的身体已经好多了。)

  10. 将来进行时(will be doing)

   用法:强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。

  例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(别担心,你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。)

  注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可参考"一般将来时""现在进行时"的有关注意事项。

  11. 将来完成时(will have done)

  用法:表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态,或是发生在某个将来时间,但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关,变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。

  例: The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.

  A) must have lasted       B) will have lasted

  C) would last         D) has lasted

  本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是:会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻,因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A),因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测,而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended,所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性,但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时,表示到现在为止已经完成的动作,不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以也不正确。

  注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可以参考一般将来时现在完成时的有关注意事项。

  12)将来完成进行时:shall have been doing will have been doing

  例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。)(被动语态)

  13)过去完成进行时:had been doing

  例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。)(此处强调拆卸组装这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。)(被动语态)

  14) 过去将来进行时:should be doing , would be doing

例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间,所以最好用将来进行时。)(此句为被动语态)

  15) 过去将来完成时:should have done , would have done

  例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.(我坚信到那年年底为止,那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。)(此句为被动语态)

  16) 过去将来完成进行时:should have been doing , would have been doing

  例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. (他们说到第二个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。)

插入语用法很多,在句子中的位置比较灵活,在学习中应当认真去体会。大体而言,插入语可以分为以下几类:

    1. 用简短的句子结构作插入语。这类短语有:I think, I hope, I guess, I believe, I suppose, I wonder, I tell you, I say, I'm afraid, I'm sure, you see, you know, as you know, that is, that is to say, what's more等等,它们可以置于句中或句尾。如:

    I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly.

    This diet, I think, will do good to your health.

    It won't be raining long, I hope.

    You will have to work harder, you know, if you want to succeed.

    2. 副词或副词短语用作插入语,这类插入语一般放在句首或句尾。如:

    Happily for him, his father's second wife was kind to him too.

    You'll be able to pass the coming exam, surely.

    Luckily for him, he didn't hurt in the accident.

    Honestly, I don't need it at the moment.

    3. 介词或介词短语作插入语,这类插入语一般放在句首,有时也可放在句中。如:

    Like most of my schoolmates, I have neither brothers nor sisters-in other words, I'm an only child.

    By the way, Bob sends his best wishes.

    On the other hand, I didn't know you were there.

    In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load.

    4. 分词短语作插入语。如:

    Judging from your accent, you must be from England.

    Generally speaking, he is the best student in our class.

    Compared with China, the USA is smaller.

    5. 不定式短语作插入语。如:

    To put it mildly, he was not up to the mark.

    To tell you the truth, I don't want to see her.

    To be sure, Jim is a faster skater, but he is not good at doing figures.

    To conclude, it was a great success.

一、介词to的常见用法

  1.动词+to

  a)动词+ to

  adjust to适应,  attend to处理;照料, agree to赞同, amount to加起来达belong to属于, come to达到, drink to干杯,get to到达, happen to发生在某人身上, hold to紧握, lead to通向, listen to, occur to想起, object to反对, point to指向, respond to回答, refer to参考;指的是;涉及, reply to回答, see to负责, stick to坚持, turn to求助, write to给某人写信。

  b)动词(+sth.)+to+sb.

  announce to通知某人, describe to向某人描述, explain to向某人解释, express to对某人表达, mention to提及, nod to向某人点头, report to报告, say to告知, shout to对某人大叫, suggest to对某人提建议,speak to与某人交谈, talk to跟某人谈话, whisper to和某人低声耳语。

  c)动词+sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb.

  add to增加, compare to比作, carry to运送至, devote to致力于,introduce to介绍给, invite to邀请参加, join to连接到, leave to委托给,reduce to下降至, sentence to判处, take to带到。

  2. be +形容词/过去分词+ to

  be alive to觉察;晓得, be attentive to注意;留心, be awake to知晓, be blind to缺乏眼光, be close to紧挨着, be common to对某人来说很普通, be contrary to违反;反对, be devoted to致力, be deaf to不愿意听, equal to的力量, be exposed to暴露;遭受, be fair to公平, be familiar to对某人来说熟悉, be grateful to对某人心存感激, be good to有好处, be harmful to有危害, be important to重要, be kind to友好对待, be known to周知于, be married to嫁给, be moved to转移到, be near to靠近, be necessary to有必要, be opposite to在对面, be opposed to反对, be pleasant to合某人之意, be proper to专属, be polite to礼貌待人, be rude to粗暴对待, be relative to有关, be strange to不习惯, be similar to类似, be suitable to适合, be true to忠实, be thankful to感激, be useful to有用, be used to习惯。

  3.to+名词构成的词组

  to a degree在某种程度上, to date到现在为止,to one’s feet跳起来,to one’s mind看来, to one’s surprise使吃惊,to one’s taste符合胃口, to oneself独自享用, to order定做,to the letter不折不扣地, to the point中肯地

二、at的常见用法 at构成的词组比较多,要细心区分。

  1.动词+ at

  arrive at抵达,call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at开火,glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤,knock at,laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at高兴,smile at向某人微笑, shoot at射击, stare at怒目而视,thrust at刺向, tear at, tremble at颤抖,wonder at吃惊,work at工作。

  2. be +形容词/过去分词+ at

  be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at保持警觉,be astonished at吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧,be delighted at高兴,be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at失望,be good at擅长, be impatient at不够耐心, be mad at狂热于,be pleased at感到高兴, be present at出席, be satisfied at满意,be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at非常震惊,be terrified at受到的恐吓,be quick at很机敏。

  3.at+名词构成的词组

  at a distance在一定距离,at a loss不知所措, at a time一次,at all一点也不,at any cost不惜一切代价,at best最好也只是,at first起初,at hand手头,at heart在内心里,at home在家;无拘束,at last最后,at least至少,at most最多,at once马上,at present目前。

三、介词on的常见用法

  on的用法比较重要,本文介绍它的一些常见用法:

  1.动词+on

  a)动词+ on要认真区分下面一些词组

  act on有作用, bring on促使;导致, call on拜访某人,count on依赖, carry on执行,depend on取决, feed on为生,figure on料想;推断, go on继续,have on穿着, insist on坚持,keep on继续, lean on依赖, live on为生, pull on迅速穿上,put on穿上, switch on接通(电源), take to喜欢;养成;轻易学会,turn on接通(电源), work on操作, wait on侍候。

  b)动词+sb.(sth.)+ on +sb.(sth.)

  base on为基础, congratulate on恭贺, fix on固定, have mercy on怜悯,have pity on怜惜, keep watch on监视, spend on把时间、精力花在某方面。

  2.be+形容词+on的词组

  be dependent on依赖, be hard on对某人苛刻,be impressed on印象深刻, be keen on渴望, be strict on严格。

  3.on+名词构成的词组

  on board乘(车,飞机),on call听候召唤, on duty值班, on earth到底, on fire着火, on foot步行,on guard在岗,on hire雇用,on holiday度假

  

四、介词in的常见用法

  1.动词+in

  a)动词+ in

  believe in信任, break in碎成,bring in引起;产生;带来, call in下令收回, fill in填充,get in收获, hand in上缴, involve in涉及, lie in在于, result in导致, share in共享,succeed in成功, take in卷起;订阅, turn in归还当局。

  b)动词+sb./time/money+ in

  help sb. in帮助某人做某事, spare time/money in匀出时间或钱做某事,spend time/money in花时间或钱做某事,waste time/money in浪费时间或钱做某事。

  2. be +形容词+ in

  be active in活跃于,be absorbed in专心致志, be busy in忙碌, be born in出生于,be concerned in牵涉, be clothed in穿着, be disappointed in失望,be diligent in勤于, be experienced in有经验, be employed in任职于,be engaged in忙碌, be expert in某方面的专家, be excellent in优秀,be interested in有兴趣, be lacking in缺乏, be rich in富有,be slow in迟缓, be successful in在某方面成功, be skilled in精于,be strict in严于, be weak in弱于。

3. in +名词

  in advance提前,in all总共,in balance总而言之,in bed卧床,in body亲自,in brief简明扼要,in case万一, in charge主管,in danger有危险, in debt负债, in despair失望,in force大量地;有效,in full全部地, in flower开花,in general一般说来,in itself本身, in love恋爱, in order井然有序, in person亲自,in public公开地, in progress有进展, in practice从实践上看, in rags穿着破衣,in research探索, in return作为报答,in ruins一片废墟,in short总之,in theory从理论上看, in trouble有麻烦, in tears眼泪汪汪,in time及时, in turn按顺序, in vain白白地,in view看得见。

五、介词from的常见用法

  from的用法可不能小瞧,你不一定知道下面这些词组意义。

  1.动词+from

  a)动词+ from

  come from来自,date from追溯, depart from违背, die from死于, escape from逃出,fall from跌落, hang from垂挂, hear from收到来信,learn from向某人学习, return from自某地返回,rise from冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受。

  b)动词+ sth./sb. +from + sth./ sb. /a place

  borrow from, choose from选自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做,prevent from不准做, protect from不受之害, receive from收到,remove from移动;除去, save from保全;拯救, separate from分离开来,stop from阻止。

  2. be +形容词+ from

  be absent from缺席,be different from与众不同, be far from更不用说, be hidden from躲避,be made from制成, be tired from而疲倦。

  3.from…to…

  from bad to worse每况愈下,from beginning to end自始至终,from cover to cover从头到尾,from China to Peru到处,from day to day一天一天地,from door to door挨家挨户,from end to end从头至尾,from first to last自始至终,from hand to mouth勉强糊家,from head to foot从头到脚,from mouth to mouth广泛流传,from sun to sun从日出到日落,from start to finish从头开始,from top to toe从头到脚,from time to time不时地,from top to bottom彻底地。

 一、作人称代词,可用来代替人、物或事。—Who is knockingat the door?—It's me谁在敲门?是我

  The ant is not gathering this food for itself alone. Ithas two stomachs in its body.蚂蚁不只 是为自己采食。 它的身体里有两个胃。

  When service is interrupted, as it was by last night'sstorm, John has to inform the pu blic what the company isdoing about the problem.每当供电中断时,就像昨夜因暴风雨而造成的那样 ,约翰就必须通知大家,公司为解决这个问题正在做些什么。

  二、作非人称代词,表示时间、天气、季节、距离、环境等。

  It is tea time. Mrs Tuner goes into the kitchen.到了喝茶的时间了,特纳夫人走进了厨房。

  It was winter. it was ten degree below zero.现在是冬天,气温是零下10度。

  It is only half an hour walk to the tall tower. 只有半小时的路程就可以到达高塔了。

  It will be lovely in the park today.今天公园里一定很好玩。

  三、作先行词。

  1.作形式主语。英语中不定式、动名词、主语从句在作主语时主语往往显得很长,使整 个句子看上去有点 头重脚轻,这样就借助“it”来作形式上的主语,而把真正的主语移到句 子后边去,使全句看上去平稳一些。 “it”没有实际的意义。

  It is fun for her to study, but it is difficult to studyand work at the same time.对于她来说学 习是有趣的,可是要边工作边学习对她来说是困难的。

  It is necessary for them to get an electrician to do thework for them.对他们来说请一位电工来为他们做这项工作是必要的。

  It will be no good learning without practice. 学习而不实践是不好的。

  It is no use talking to him about it.和他谈这事没用。

  It is possible that they're finished the bridge.他们完成这座桥是可能的。

  It is important that we should learn from each other andhelp each other.我们应当互相学习,互相帮助,这是很重要的。

  2.作形式宾语。这种情况通常只用于能带以名词或形容词作宾语补语的动词后面。

  In the 1870's, when Marx was already in his fifties, hefound it important to study the si tuation in Russia, so hebegan to learn Russian.19世纪70年代,马克思已经五十几岁了,他觉得研 究俄国的形势很重要,便开始学习俄语。

  This has made it necessary for agriculture and industryto develop very quickly.这就使得工 农业必须飞速发展。

  四、构成强调句型。为了强调句子的某一成分,把引导词“it”用在句首,这种强调句 的结构是“It is was )+所强调的成分(主语、宾语、状语)+that…”,表达的意思为 正是,就是…”“it ”在这种句型中本身没什么实际意义。

  My temperature! It's my back that hurts.我的体温!是我的背痛。

  It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. 决不只有盲人才犯这样愚蠢的错误。

  这里需要说明的是:如被强调的是人,则后面用whothat,如被强调的是物或其他 情况,则用that

  It was yesterday that I met Bob in your room. 我就是昨天在你的房间遇见鲍勃的。

  It was in your room that I met Bob yesterday. 我就是在你的房间昨天遇见鲍勃的。

  It was Bob that I met in your room yesterday. 昨天我在你房间遇见的就是鲍勃。

10种最需要注意的时态考点归纳

时间: 2008-05-13 14:47:39 作者: 来源:

根据试题统计,动词语法占语法考题中的50%左右,其内容主要包括动词的时态、语态、要掌握英语的时态和语态,必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。现将各考点分别归纳如下。

  1. 一般现在时

  主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点;表示经常或习惯性的动作,句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语;表示客观规律和永恒真理等。

  He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.

  She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun.

  Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

  考点一:表示永恒的真理,即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。如:

  I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.

  考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时,常用的引导词有:

  时间:when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment / minute / day / year

  条件:if, unless, provided If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

  考点三:在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter +宾语从句中,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

  So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.

  只要他努力工作,我不介意他什么时候做完试验。

  考点四:在the more… the more … (…) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。

  The harder you study, the better results you will get.

  2. 现在进行时

  表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动;与频率副词,如alwaysconstantlycontinuallyagain等连用,表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)

  We are having English class. The house is being built these days.

  The little boy is always making trouble.

  考点一:在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。

  Look out when you are crossing the street.

  Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.

  考点二: 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有表示将来的时间状语)

  Marry is leaving on Friday.

  3. 现在完成时

  表示动作发生在过去,完成在过去,但强调与现在情况仍有联系,其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语。

  考点一:for + 时间段;since + 时间点

  They have lived in Beijing for five years.

  They have lived in Beijing since 1995. I have learned English for ten years.

  考点二:常见的不确定的时间状语:lately, recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days

  Has it stopped raining yet?

  考点三:在表示最近几世纪//月以来……”时间状语中,谓语动词用现在完成时。

  in the past few years/months/weeks/days, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout history

  In the past 30 years China has made great advances in socialist construction.

  考点四:表示第几次做某事,或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词+that” 后面用现在完成时。

  This is my first time that I have visited China. That is the only book that he has written.

  This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.

  4.一般过去时

  表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作,或过去习惯性动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去。常与明确的过去时间状语连用,如:yesterday,

  last week, in 1945, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when

   考点一:used to + do 表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式符号,后接动词原形。

  比较:be / become / get used to + doing 表示习惯于

  He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early.

  考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中,代替过去将来时。

  He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise

  5. 过去进行时

  表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。

  The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.   

  He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.

  What were you doing at nine last night?

  The radio was being repaired when you called me.

  6. 过去完成时

  表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,即过去完成时的动作发生在过去的过去,句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语,这种时态从来不孤立使用。

  There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.

  By the end of last term we had finished the book.

  They finished earlier than we had expected.

  考点一:用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。

  I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.

  I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.

  No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. (注意倒装)

  考点二:表示第几次做某事,主句用过去时,从句用过去完成时。

  That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

  考点三:动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时,表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。

 I had hoped that I could do the job. I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

  7. 一般将来时

  表示在将来某个时间发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用,其表现形式多达5种。

  考点一:一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中。

  We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

  (主句用一般将来时,从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。)

  考点二:某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等,用现在进行时形式表示将来。

  I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

  考点三:祈使句 + and / or + 句子,这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。

  Use your head and you will find a way.

  考点四:“be going to + 动词原形,表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。

  “be about to + 动词原形表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。

  “be to + 动词原形表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。

  They are to be married in May.

  8. 将来进行时

  表示将来某个时间正在发生的动作,或按计划一定会发生的事情。

  I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。

  The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.

  9. 将来完成时

  表示在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情,时间状语非常明显。

  考点一:常用的时间状语一般用by + 将来时间 ,如:by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, beforewhen等引导的从句。

  By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.

  By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.

  By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

  考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中,将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。

  The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.

  10. 动词的语态

  一般用于强调受者,做题时谓语动词后通常不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考,而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考,需要注意以下考点。

  考点一:不能用于被动语态的动词和词组

  come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed

  It took place before liberation.

  考点二:下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用:lock, wash, sell, read, wear, blame, ride , write

  Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。

  The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。 The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。

  考点三:一些常用经典被动句型

  It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…It is expected…, It is estimated…,

  这些句子一般翻译为据说…”人们认为…”,而以前人们认为…”则应该说:It was believed…, It was thought…

英语常见的修辞格

时间: 2008-05-13 14:46:41 作者: 来源:

  Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.

  1) Simile(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.

  2) Metaphor(暗喻)It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.

  3) Analogy: (类比)It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.

  4) Personification: (拟人)It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.

  5) Hyperbole: (夸张) It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.

  6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述) It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.

  7) Euphemism: (委婉) It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".

  8) Metonymy (转喻) It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).

  9) Synecdoche (提喻) It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.

  10) Antonomasia (换喻)It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.

  11) Pun: (双关语) It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)

  12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙) It has two connotations.

   In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)

   In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)

  13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配) It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)

  14) Irony: (反语) It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.

  15) Innuendo: (暗讽) It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.

  16) Sarcasm: (讽刺) It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.

  17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语) It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.

 18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰) It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).

  19) Antithesis: (对照) It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.

  20) Epigram: (警句) It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.

  21) Climax: (渐进) It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.

  22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降)It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.

  23) Apostrophe (顿呼) In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!

  24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词) It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.

  25) Alliteration: (头韵) It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.

  26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声) It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement.

   Selected from Figures of Speech by Feng Cuihua

从英语的句子结构上说,除了修饰名词的定语和修饰动词的状语外,在千变万化的句子中可归纳为五个基本句式,一般地说,某些

  动词用在某一句式中,下面笔者把这些句型和常用的动词进行归类,供你参考。

  1.S(主) + Vi(不及物动词)(谓)

  Time flies.

  1) S + V + adverbial(状语)

  Birds sing beautifully.

  2) S + Vi+ prep Phrase(介词短语)

  He went on holiday.

  3) S + Vi+ Infinitive (不定式)

  We stopped to have a rest.

  4) S + Vi+ Participle (分词)

  I'll go swimming.

  2. S (主)+ Vt (及物动词)(谓)+ O(宾)

  We like English.

  1) S + VT + N/Pron

  I like music.

  I like her.

  2) S + VT + infinitive(不定式)

  I want to help him.

  常用于这句型的动词有:attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise,

  propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。

  3) S + VT + Wh-Word + Infinitive

  I don't know what to do.

  常用于这句型的动词有:ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn,

  observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。

  4) S + VT + Gerund

  I enjoy living here.

  常用于这句型的动词有:admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss,

  practise, risk, suggest, give up, can't help等。

  5) S + VT + That-clause

  I don't think (that) he is right.

  常用于这句型的动词有:Admit, believe, command, confess, declare, demand, deny, doubt, expect, explain, feel(觉得)

  , hear(听说), hope, imagine, intend, know, mean, mind(当心), notice, propose, request, report, say, see

  (看出),show, suggest, suppose, think, understand, wish, wonder(觉得奇怪)。

  3. S (主)+ V(谓)(lv)( 系动词)+ P(表)

  We are Chinese.

  除了be 系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,1)表感官的动词,feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。

  2) 表转变变化的动词,become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 3)表延续的动词 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等。

  4)表瞬时的动词 come, fall, set, cut, occur 5)其他动词 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue,

  hang等。

  1) S + Lv + N/Pron(名词/代词)

  He is a boy.

  This is mine.

  2) S + Lv + Adj(形容词)

  She is beautiful.

  3) S + Lv + Adv (副词)

  Class is over.

  4) S + Lv + Prep Phrase

  He is in good health.

  5) S + Lv + Participle(分词)

  He is excited.

  The film is interesting.

  4. S (主)+ VT (谓)+ In O(间接 宾) + D O(直接 宾)

  I give you help.

  1) S + VT + N/Pron + N

  I sent him a book.

  I bought May a book.

  2) S + VT + N/Pron + To/for-phrase

  He sent a book to me.

  He bought a coat for me.

  间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有:allow, bring, deny, do(带来), give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe,

  pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。

  间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有:bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏),

  save, sing, spare等。

  5. S (主)+ VT(谓)+ O(宾) + O C(宾补)

  I make you clear.

  1) S + VT + N/Pron + N

  We named our baby Tom.

  常用于这句型的动词有:appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名)。

  2) S + VT + N/Pron + Adj

  He painted the wall white.

  常用于这句型的动词有:beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn,

  want, wash, wipe, wish等。

  3) S + VT + N/Pron + Prep Phrase

  She always keeps everything in good order.

  4) S + VT + N/Pron + Infinitive

  I wish you to stay.

  I made him work

  常用于这句型的动词有:a)不定式带to的词:advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command, decide, encourage,

  expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, love, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remain, request,

  teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。b)不定式不带to的词:feel, have, hear, know, let, listen to, look at, make,

  notice, see, watch等。

  5) S + VT + N/Pron + Participle (分词)

  I heard my name called.

  I feel something moving.

  常用于这句型的动词有:catch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice,

  observe, perceive, see, set, smell, start, watch等。

  6) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive

  He show me how to do it.

  常用于这句型的动词有:advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell等。

7) S + VT + N/Pron + That-clause

  He told me that the film was great.

  常用于这句型的动词有:assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warm等。

   S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-Clause

  He asked me what he should do.

  常用于这句型的动词有:Advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell.

情态动词有can

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