Unit 4 Public transport

观察内容的选择，我本着先静后动，由近及远的原则，有目的、有计划的先安排与幼儿生活接近的，能理解的观察内容。随机观察也是不可少的，是相当有趣的，如蜻蜓、蚯蚓、毛毛虫等，孩子一边观察，一边提问，兴趣很浓。我提供的观察对象，注意形象逼真，色彩鲜明，大小适中，引导幼儿多角度多层面地进行观察，保证每个幼儿看得到，看得清。看得清才能说得正确。在观察过程中指导。我注意帮助幼儿学习正确的观察方法，即按顺序观察和抓住事物的不同特征重点观察，观察与说话相结合，在观察中积累词汇，理解词汇，如一次我抓住时机，引导幼儿观察雷雨，雷雨前天空急剧变化，乌云密布，我问幼儿乌云是什么样子的，有的孩子说：乌云像大海的波浪。有的孩子说“乌云跑得飞快。”我加以肯定说“这是乌云滚滚。”当幼儿看到闪电时，我告诉他“这叫电光闪闪。”接着幼儿听到雷声惊叫起来，我抓住时机说：“这就是雷声隆隆。”一会儿下起了大雨，我问：“雨下得怎样?”幼儿说大极了，我就舀一盆水往下一倒，作比较观察，让幼儿掌握“倾盆大雨”这个词。雨后，我又带幼儿观察晴朗的天空，朗诵自编的一首儿歌：“蓝天高，白云飘，鸟儿飞，树儿摇，太阳公公咪咪笑。”这样抓住特征见景生情，幼儿不仅印象深刻，对雷雨前后气象变化的词语学得快，记得牢，而且会应用。我还在观察的基础上，引导幼儿联想，让他们与以往学的词语、生活经验联系起来，在发展想象力中发展语言。如啄木鸟的嘴是长长的，尖尖的，硬硬的，像医生用的手术刀―样，给大树开刀治病。通过联想，幼儿能够生动形象地描述观察对象。 话题语言应用——公共交通

“教书先生”恐怕是市井百姓最为熟悉的一种称呼，从最初的门馆、私塾到晚清的学堂，“教书先生”那一行当怎么说也算是让国人景仰甚或敬畏的一种社会职业。只是更早的“先生”概念并非源于教书，最初出现的“先生”一词也并非有传授知识那般的含义。《孟子》中的“先生何为出此言也？”；《论语》中的“有酒食，先生馔”；《国策》中的“先生坐，何至于此？”等等，均指“先生”为父兄或有学问、有德行的长辈。其实《国策》中本身就有“先生长者，有德之称”的说法。可见“先生”之原意非真正的“教师”之意，倒是与当今“先生”的称呼更接近。看来，“先生”之本源含义在于礼貌和尊称，并非具学问者的专称。称“老师”为“先生”的记载，首见于《礼记?曲礼》，有“从于先生，不越礼而与人言”，其中之“先生”意为“年长、资深之传授知识者”，与教师、老师之意基本一致。语言积累

课本、报刊杂志中的成语、名言警句等俯首皆是,但学生写作文运用到文章中的甚少,即使运用也很难做到恰如其分。为什么?还是没有彻底“记死”的缘故。要解决这个问题,方法很简单,每天花3-5分钟左右的时间记一条成语、一则名言警句即可。可以写在后黑板的“积累专栏”上每日一换,可以在每天课前的3分钟让学生轮流讲解,也可让学生个人搜集,每天往笔记本上抄写,教师定期检查等等。这样,一年就可记300多条成语、300多则名言警句,日积月累,终究会成为一笔不小的财富。这些成语典故“贮藏”在学生脑中,自然会出口成章,写作时便会随心所欲地“提取”出来,使文章增色添辉。 交际用语

要练说，得练看。看与说是统一的，看不准就难以说得好。练看，就是训练幼儿的观察能力，扩大幼儿的认知范围，让幼儿在观察事物、观察生活、观察自然的活动中，积累词汇、理解词义、发展语言。在运用观察法组织活动时，我着眼观察于观察对象的选择，着力于观察过程的指导，着重于幼儿观察能力和语言表达能力的提高。 弄清不同的信息（Finding out different information）

要练说，先练胆。说话胆小是幼儿语言发展的障碍。不少幼儿当众说话时显得胆怯：有的结巴重复，面红耳赤；有的声音极低，自讲自听；有的低头不语，扯衣服，扭身子。总之，说话时外部表现不自然。我抓住练胆这个关键，面向全体，偏向差生。一是和幼儿建立和谐的语言交流关系。每当和幼儿讲话时，我总是笑脸相迎，声音亲切，动作亲昵，消除幼儿畏惧心理，让他能主动的、无拘无束地和我交谈。二是注重培养幼儿敢于当众说话的习惯。或在课堂教学中，改变过去老师讲学生听的传统的教学模式，取消了先举手后发言的约束，多采取自由讨论和谈话的形式，给每个幼儿较多的当众说话的机会，培养幼儿爱说话敢说话的兴趣，对一些说话有困难的幼儿，我总是认真地耐心地听，热情地帮助和鼓励他把话说完、说好，增强其说话的勇气和把话说好的信心。三是要提明确的说话要求，在说话训练中不断提高，我要求每个幼儿在说话时要仪态大方，口齿清楚，声音响亮，学会用眼神。对说得好的幼儿，即使是某一方面，我都抓住教育，提出表扬，并要其他幼儿模仿。长期坚持，不断训练，幼儿说话胆量也在不断提高。 Could you please tell me how I can get to...? 您能告诉我怎样能到达……？

Which is the fastest train? 哪一列火车最快？

Could you please tell me what time the train to ... leaves/ arrives?

您能告诉我去……的火车什么时候离开/到达?

How long does it take to get to ... on that train? 乘那列火车去……要花多长时间？

How much does it cost to buy a hard sleeper ticket? 一张硬卧票要花多少钱？

How many times do I need to change trains? 我需要换乘几次呢？

话题语句（1）

The different means of transport (不同的交通工具)

bus/minibus 公共汽车/小型公共汽车 coach 长途客运汽车 maglev train 磁悬浮列车

underground/ subway/ metro 地铁 light railway 轻轨铁路 high-speed train 高速列车

taxi 出租车 motorbike 摩托车 bicycle 自行车

car 轿车 lorry 运货汽车，卡车 aeroplane 飞机

helicopter 直升机 ship 轮船 ferry 轮渡

motorboat 摩托艇 automobile 汽车

People and things on the road (路上的人和事物)

pedestrian 行人 cyclist 骑自行车的人 vehicle 交通工具，车辆

traffic jam 交通堵塞 traffic lights 交通灯 pavement 人行道

violate the law 违反法律 consume alcoholic drink 喝酒 be fined 罚款

About different means of transport (有关不同的交通工具)

✧ In the 19th century, steam trains helped transport people all over the world.

✧ Buses have routes. They pick up and drop off people at different places on the route. It is a popular means of transport within a city.

✧ Ships were a popular way to travel from place to place in the 20th century.

✧ Coaches are buses that carry people over long distances.

✧ In the 19th century, roads became crowded in cities and so underground trains became popular.

✧ Aeroplanes are used to travel quickly over long distances.

✧ The maglev train is a new form of transport. It is powered by magnets.

话题语句（2）

1. What is the difference between a bus and a coach?

The main difference between the two is that a bus often travels on a fixed route while a coach is the means of transport for people who travel to a relatively faraway place. Both of them look very similar, but in most cases a coach is designed for long-distance travellers, so you won’t be surprised to find a coach equipped with air conditioning, seats with cushions and DVD players. In contrast, a bus appears very plain.

2. Why do you think people would choose to travel by aeroplane rather than by ship?

There are two reasons. First, air travel is quicker. Businessmen who value time regularly travel by aeroplane because of its speed. Second, travelling by plane is more comfortable than by ship. With the improvement of technology, many airline companies offer excellent services at a reasonable price.

3. Why do you think we need all these different types of transport?

Different types of transport can meet different customers’ needs. Each type of transport has its own strengths and limitations.

4. What do you have to consider before you decide which means of transport you will use?

distance 距离 speed 速度 cost 花费 comfort 舒适

safety 安全 time 时间 convenience 便利 weather 天气

5. Transport and Weather

✧ Weather conditions have a strong influence on transport. It is very important that drivers are aware of weather conditions such as wind, rain or a typhoon.

✧ Ship captains need to know about wave conditions.

✧ Airplane pilots want to know about the condition of the atmosphere.

✧ Automobile drivers and railroad engineers have to know if rain or snow is going to fall.

✧ Without correct, timely weather information, transportation equipment cannot be safely operated. That’s why operators of such equipment and passengers may pay very close attention to weather reports.

Advantages and disadvantages of the popular means of transport

Buses or coaches:

Advantages: cheap and convenient

Disadvantages:

Easily trapped in traffic jams; causing pollution

Not so comfortable during peak hours because they are usually very crowded

Underground train

Advantages: extremely fast and convenient; comfortable; fewer traffic accidents

Disadvantages: expensive to build

The maglev train

Advantages: extremely fast and convenient

Disadvantages: very expensive to build

Ships

Advantages: comfortable

Disadvantages: not comfortable for those who are seasick; relatively slow

The safety of the trip would be affected by storms.

Aeroplanes

Advantages: fast/convenient; relatively the safest way of travel

Disadvantages: relatively expensive

话题语句（3）

交通事故与道路安全（Traffic Accident and Road Safety）

1. 现状

Traffic accidents cause many deaths and injuries every year, so we must learn how to protect ourselves from danger on the roads.

2. 交通事故的导因

✧ What might cause the accidents?

The drivers don’t pay attention.

The drivers have consumed alcoholic drinks.

The pedestrians ignore the traffic lights

The pedestrians cross the road in the wrong way

✧ Chief causes of road accidents related to cyclists

Cyclists not paying attention

Riding bicycles on the pavement

Cyclists carrying a passenger

Bicycles without lights

Bicycles in need of repair

✧ We should increase people’s awareness of the problem because it has become quite extreme.

✧ All the people should be aware of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them.

✧ The major (主要的) causes of road accidents involving vehicles such as cars and lorries and what drivers should do.

✧ The chief (最重要的) causes of road accidents involving cyclists and pedestrians and what they should do.

3. 防止交通事故

✧ All road users have responsibilities to avoid accidents by paying attention to road safety.

✧ Drivers must be forbidden to use the mobile phones while driving, because the drivers who are speaking on the phones are often not concentrating.

✧ In order to prevent accidents, drivers should—

pay attention to the surrounding traffic

be patient in a traffic jam

not speak on a mobile phone

not drink alcohol

not drive too fast

4. 其它

✧ In Hong Kong, vehicles should keep to the left.

Right: China, America, Canada, etc.

Left: England, Japan, Australia, etc.

✧ After arriving, we should get off a taxi from the right door in China.

话题语句（4）

有用的句子-----试试你会了吗？

1. 这使得(地铁)系统对乘客来说更加方便使用。

This helped make the system __________.

2. 最后一条新建的路线叫朱比利线，是于1979年为纪念伊丽莎白女王登基25周年而修建的。

The last line added was the Jubilee Line, which was opened _________ the twenty-fifth _______ of Elizabeth II ________ the queen.

3. 请光临我们的售票处，选择购买一张允许你乘坐伦敦地铁系统所有地铁线的乘车卡。

Visit our ticket office and buy one of the travel cards that ______ _______ the underground system.

4. 另一个问题是有十几条线路，这些线路都没有连接在一起。

Another problem was that there were _______ different lines, _________.

5. 他们这样做希望人们注意到汽车所产生的有毒烟雾和气体所带来的问题。

They have done so _________ people will _________ the problems caused by poisonous smoke and gas from cars.

6. 我认为我可以过一个轻松的周末来弥补我所付出的努力了，……

Then I thought I could have a relaxing weekend to _________ all my hard work，....

7. 除了有驶往威海和烟台港口定时的快速渡轮外，还有驶往上海……的慢速渡轮。

_________ the frequent fast ferries to ports in Weihai and Yantai，there are slower ferries to Shanghai…

8. 但是你需要提前预订。

…but you need _________ _________.

9. 这些都非常危险因为它们会导致撞车。

These are both very dangerous because they can ________ ________.

10. 在同一时间不可能让很多学生参观。

It’s not possible for more than ________ students to visit ________.

参考答案：

1. more user-friendly (用户友好的，方便使用的)

2. in honour of; anniversary; becoming (介词of后的宾语，用动词-ing形式，Elizabeth II是动词-ing形式的逻辑主语，也可以用所有格形式)

3. permit you to travel；all over

4. a dozen; which were not linked

5. in the hope that; take notice of

6. make up for

7. In addition to

8. to make reservations（预订）; in advance（提前）

9. result in; crashes (碰撞)

10. a handful of (一小把，少量的)；at the same time

写作运用

议论文

议论文是一种通过议论来表达自己的观点、立场和看法的文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。议论文的结构一般包括以下三部分：

1．开头提出议题，即提出论点。议题的提出要开门见山，不要拖泥带水，并且开头句多是主题句。

2．议论时要有充分的论据，作者可以列举事实、展示数据、提供事例、借助常识或利用亲身经历来论证议题。正文部分是写作的重点，论证方法可用归纳法、推理法、比较法等。

3．在结论部分发表作者自己的观点。

写作时应注意：

1．议论文的一般结构方式是：提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。

2．英语议论文时态较为统一，多用现在时；强调语言表达的客观性；尽可能指明信息来源等。

3．常用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和情态动词can, could, may, might, would, should等。

4．常用although, though, in spite of (尽管), despite (尽管), however, on the other hand, also, moreover (再者), finally等过渡词。

常用句型

1．表示顺序：First/Firstly, Second/Secondly, Then, Next, After that, Afterwards, Last / Lastly/ Finally ...

2．Some people believe/argue/recognize/think that ...

3．Everyone knows that ...

4．It seems obvious to me that ...

5．People hold different views/ideas about ...

6．As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea ...

7．给出结论：In my opinion/view, as far as I know, in conclusion, in short, at last, in other words ...

写作范文

Example 1

假如你是李华，近期你们全家准备乘火车由上海去大连看望你的叔叔。请根据以下提示

写一封电子邮件告诉你叔叔乘坐火车的理由。

1．短文应包括所提供的所有内容，也可以适当发挥，同时做到表达正确流畅。

2．词数：150词左右。

参考范文：

Dear Uncle,

We’ve decided to go to Dalian by train after comparing different means of transport. Dalian is a port city and it is convenient to get there by ship, but the problem is that during the peak travel season the slow ships are not very punctual, and my father does not like ships. If we go there by air, it is fast and comfortable, but the airport is far away from the city center, so it is not easy to get to, and the air tickets would be very expensive. Besides, Mum is afraid of flying.

We cannot go by coach either, though we can enjoy beautiful scenery through the windows. The long journey will make us very tired. Trains can be crowded and sometimes late during the peak travel season, but there are several to choose from leaving at different times, and the speeding-up trains will make our journey fast and comfortable. Concerning the matters above, we have decided to take trains.

Please meet us at the station.

Best wishes.

Li Hua

Example 2

假如你叫李华，你从网络上了解到最近交通事故频频发生，造成事故的主要原因为酒后驾车。请你写一篇短文，发帖到网上，奉劝司机朋友要珍爱生命、切莫酒后驾车。词数110左右。

参考词汇：drunk driving 酒后驾车，for the sake of 为了

参考范文：

Recently I have learned from the Internet that traffic accidents happened frequently, which mainly resulted from drunk driving.

Many drivers think they have the luck to avoid accidents. As a matter of fact, no one can afford to risk their lives driving after drinking. Drunk driving will not only threaten the lives of the drivers as well as other people, but also make their family suffer from anxiety caused by it. In addition, drunk driving is against the law and more and more people are punished for it.

In a word, for the sake of the safety of all people and the happiness of your family, please don’t drive after drinking.

Example 3

某英文报社正在进行题为“居住在城市的利与弊”的有关征文。请根据下面提示，给该报社写一篇征文。词数为100左右。

参考范文：

Advantages and Disadvantages of Living in a City

Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages. For example, there are much more job opportunities, and with many choices of public transport available, it’s more convenient to travel. Besides, there are a lot of places for entertainment. You can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, watch movies and go to parks whenever you want to relax.

However, living in a city is often very expensive. You must find a well­paid job, or you will not be able to afford the expenses. What’s more, the city is always crowded, noisy and dirty. It is very difficult to find a good place where people can enjoy peace and fresh air as in the countryside.

话题作文范文

下面的表格提供了一次交通事故的情况，请以A Traffic Accident为标题写一篇报道。词数不少于150。

参考词汇：救护车ambulance；急救中心 First Aid Centre

参考范文：

A Traffic Accident

Last Sunday, an unexpected traffic accident happened to an old lady. It was 9：30 a．m. An old lady was knocked down by a young man riding a bike when she was walking across the street on the second crossing of Xinhua Street.

The lady was badly hurt and unconscious. The police was called and the lady was sent to hospital by an ambulance. After inquiry, the police proved that it was the young man’s fault because he didn’t stop his bike when the traffic lights were red.

From the accident, I realize that the traffic safety is worthy of enough attention. We can’t be too careful when using the roads.

Unit 4 Public transport 话题语言应用 - 公共交通（知识梳理）-精选文档