否定词缀
发布时间:2018-07-01 19:49:54
发布时间:2018-07-01 19:49:54
构词法之派生词——否定词缀
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一、前缀"in-, im-, il-, ir-"可放在一些形容词前表否定
1. 作为否定词缀"in-"通常放在以"a, c, d, e, f, i, n, o, p, s, t, v"为首字母的形容词前,例如:
articulate →inarticulate(不善于表达的)
considerate →inconsiderate(不体谅别人的)
credible →incredible(难以置信的)
discreet →indiscreet(不慎重的)
exact →inexact(不准确的)
frequent →infrequent(不常发生的)
2. 作为否定词缀"im-"通常只放在以"m, p"为首字母的形容词前,例如:
mature →immature(不成熟的)
measurable →immeasurable(不可估量的)
partial →impartial(不偏不倚的)
patient →impatient(不耐烦的)
3. 作为否定词缀"il-"通常只放在以"l"为首字母的形容词前,例如:
legal →illegal(不合法的)
legible →illegible(无法辨识的)
4. 作为否定词缀"ir-"通常只放在以"r"为首字母的形容词前,例如:
relevant →irrelevant(不相关的)
reverent →irreverent(不恭的)
二、前缀"un-"也可放在一些形容词前表否定作为否定词缀"un-"通常放在以"k, l, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y"等为首字母的形容词前,例如:
wise →unwise(不明智的)
forgettable →unforgettable(难忘的)
"un-"也可放在一些动词前构成该动词的反义词,例如:
dress(穿衣服)→undress(脱衣服)
tie(系,捆,束)→untie(松开,解开)
三、前缀"dis-"可放在一些形容词和动词前构成与该词含义相反的新词
loyal →disloyal(不忠诚的)
pleased →displeased(不高兴的)
like →dislike(不喜欢)
appear →disappear(消失)
四、前缀"mis-"可放在一些动词前表示"错误地……,糟糕地……"
understand →misunderstand(误解)
use →misuse(滥用)
lead →mislead(误导)
五、后缀"-less"可放在一些动词和名词后构成形容词,表示"没有……,不能……"
pity →pitiless(无情的)
home →homeless(无家可归的)
tire →tireless(不知疲倦的)
reck→reckless(不计后果的)
提示:具体哪个单词用哪个否定词缀,正如本文所述,有一定规律可循,但这些又不是绝对的规律,很多单词都需要我们分别记忆。所以对否定词缀的掌握,多看、多练是十分必要的。
考考你
用下列句子前括号里单词的适当形式填空。
1. (fear) John gave the chairman his honest opinion, _____ of the result.
2. (end) I’m fed up with your ____ complaining.
3. (close) The lifting of the curtain ____ a beautiful winter scene.
4. (appoint) My parents were _____ with me because I failed the exam.
5. (spell) The book contains quite a few _____ words; the proof- reader really should have been more careful.
6. (understand) Don’t ____ his si-lence for lack of interest; actually he is very interested in the subject we are discussing now.
7. (load) The American ship arrived at the port yesterday, and workers are _____ its contents in the harbor now.
8. (certain) I had a long talk with him yesterday, but I’m still _____ about his intention.9. (regular) That young mother does not like _____ working hours.
10. (proper) Joking with other persons at this official celebration is _____ behavior for such a serious occasion.
一个词的前缀究竟是用 un-, in- or dis- 是没有固定规律可循的,只好留心一一记住了, 在英语中可以在单词的词首加上一个表示否定的前缀,变成该词的反义词。这类否定前缀主要有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-和un-,可译成汉语“非”、“无”、“不(是)”、“未”等。1. dis-常加在名词、形容词、动词之前。如:agreement (同意;一致) — disagreement (分歧;不一致)advantage (优势;有利条件;利益) — disadvantage (不利条件;缺点)honest (诚实的) — dishonest (不诚实的)like (喜欢) — dislike (不喜欢) appear (出现) — disappear (消失)2. im-常加在以字母m-, p-开头的形容词之前。如:moral (道德的) — immoral (不道德的) possible (可能的) — impossible (不可能的)polite (有礼貌的;客气的) — impolite (无礼的;粗鲁的)3. un-常加在名词、形容词、副词之前。如:happiness (幸福) — unhappiness (不幸福) usual (通常的) — unusual (不寻常的;罕见的)important (重要的) — unimportant (不重要的)friendly (友好的) — unfriendly (不友好的;不友善的) healthy (健康的) — unhealthy (不健康的;不益于健康的)crowded (拥挤的) — uncrowded (不拥挤的) able (能;会) — unable (无能的;不会的)fair (公平的;公正的) — unfair(不公平的;不公正的)familiar (熟悉的) — unfamiliar (不熟悉的;没有经验的) necessary (必要的) — unnecessary (不必要的) fortunately (幸运地) — unfortunately (不幸运地)4. in-常加在名词、形容词之前。如:ability(能力) — inability(无能;无力) correct(正确的) — incorrect(不正确的)5. ir-常加在以r-开头的形容词前。如:regular(规则的) — irregular(不规则的;不规律的)