否定词缀

发布时间:2018-07-01 19:49:54

构词法之派生词——否定词缀

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一、前缀"in-, im-, il-, ir-"可放在一些形容词前表否定

1. 作为否定词缀"in-"通常放在以"a, c, d, e, f, i, n, o, p, s, t, v"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

articulate inarticulate(不善于表达的)

considerate inconsiderate(不体谅别人的)

credible incredible(难以置信的)

discreet indiscreet(不慎重的)

exact inexact(不准确的)

frequent infrequent(不常发生的)

2. 作为否定词缀"im-"通常只放在以"m, p"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

mature immature(不成熟的)

measurable immeasurable(不可估量的)

partial impartial(不偏不倚的)

patient impatient(不耐烦的)

3. 作为否定词缀"il-"通常只放在以"l"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

legal illegal(不合法的)

legible illegible(无法辨识的)

4. 作为否定词缀"ir-"通常只放在以"r"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

relevant irrelevant(不相关的)

reverent irreverent(不恭的)

二、前缀"un-"也可放在一些形容词前表否定作为否定词缀"un-"通常放在以"k, l, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y"等为首字母的形容词前,例如:

wise unwise(不明智的)

forgettable unforgettable(难忘的)

"un-"也可放在一些动词前构成该动词的反义词,例如:

dress(穿衣服)undress(脱衣服)

tie(,,)untie(松开,解开)

三、前缀"dis-"可放在一些形容词和动词前构成与该词含义相反的新词

loyal disloyal(不忠诚的)

pleased displeased(不高兴的)

like dislike(不喜欢)

appear disappear(消失)

四、前缀"mis-"可放在一些动词前表示"错误地……,糟糕地……"

understand misunderstand(误解)

use misuse(滥用)

lead mislead(误导)

五、后缀"-less"可放在一些动词和名词后构成形容词,表示"没有……,不能……"

pity pitiless(无情的)

home homeless(无家可归的)

tire tireless(不知疲倦的)

reckreckless(不计后果的)

提示:具体哪个单词用哪个否定词缀,正如本文所述,有一定规律可循,但这些又不是绝对的规律,很多单词都需要我们分别记忆。所以对否定词缀的掌握,多看、多练是十分必要的。

考考你

用下列句子前括号里单词的适当形式填空。

1. (fear) John gave the chairman his honest opinion, _____ of the result.

2. (end) I’m fed up with your ____ complaining.

3. (close) The lifting of the curtain ____ a beautiful winter scene.

4. (appoint) My parents were _____ with me because I failed the exam.

5. (spell) The book contains quite a few _____ words; the proof- reader really should have been more careful.

6. (understand) Don’t ____ his si-lence for lack of interest; actually he is very interested in the subject we are discussing now.

7. (load) The American ship arrived at the port yesterday, and workers are _____ its contents in the harbor now.

8. (certain) I had a long talk with him yesterday, but I’m still _____ about his intention.9. (regular) That young mother does not like _____ working hours.

10. (proper) Joking with other persons at this official celebration is _____ behavior for such a serious occasion.

一个词的前缀究竟是用 un-, in- or dis- 是没有固定规律可循的,只好留心一一记住了,





在英语中可以在单词的词首加上一个表示否定的前缀,变成该词的反义词。这类否定前缀主要有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-un-,可译成汉语不(是)等。
1. dis-常加在名词、形容词、动词之前。如:
agreement (同意;一致) — disagreement (分歧;不一致)
advantage (优势;有利条件;利益) — disadvantage (不利条件;缺点)
honest (诚实的) — dishonest (不诚实的)
like (喜欢) — dislike (不喜欢) appear (出现) — disappear (消失)
2. im-常加在以字母m-, p-开头的形容词之前。如:
moral (道德的) — immoral (不道德的) possible (可能的) — impossible (不可能的)
polite (有礼貌的;客气的) — impolite (无礼的;粗鲁的)
3. un-常加在名词、形容词、副词之前。如:
happiness (幸福) — unhappiness (不幸福) usual (通常的) — unusual (不寻常的;罕见的)
important (重要的) — unimportant (不重要的)
friendly (友好的) — unfriendly (不友好的;不友善的)

healthy (健康的) — unhealthy (不健康的;不益于健康的)
crowded (拥挤的) — uncrowded (不拥挤的) able (能;会) — unable (无能的;不会的)
fair (公平的;公正的) — unfair(不公平的;不公正的)
familiar (熟悉的) — unfamiliar (不熟悉的;没有经验的)
necessary (必要的) — unnecessary (不必要的)
fortunately (幸运地) — unfortunately (不幸运地)
4. in-常加在名词、形容词之前。如:
ability(能力) — inability(无能;无力) correct(正确的) — incorrect(不正确的)
5. ir-常加在以r-开头的形容词前。如:
regular(规则的) — irregular(不规则的;不规律的)

否定词缀

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