Unit 2 section B 课文Para1--9

——整理者：晋文

一.定语及定语从句

定语——介词短语充当的后置定语（of+n=adj）

定语从句——引导词及其省略情况

For the thousands of women in this farming area two hours northeast of Nairobi, Ms. Mbogo suddenly became a symbol【主句】 of the increasingly powerful political force（后置定语） women have（省略that的定语从句） become in Kenya and across Africa.

恩布市是一个位于内罗毕东北部的农业地区，距内罗毕两个小时的车程。对于生活在此地的数千妇女来说，姆波戈成了这种力量的标志。

A,of the increasingly powerful political force做后置定语。

B . women have（省略that的定语从句）

补充：

1.形容词作定语

形容词作定语通常要位于所修饰的名词之前，但有时却要位于所修饰的名词之后。主要见于以下情况：

(1) 形容词短语作定语

I know an actor suitable for the part. 我认识一个适合扮演这个角色的演员。

A man so difficult to please must be hard to work with. 一个如此难以取悦的人一定不好共事。

(2) 表语形容词作定语

He spoke like a man afraid. 他说话时像是很害怕似的。

The house ablaze is next door to me. 那家着火的房子就在我隔壁。

(3) 形容词修饰不定代词

I would like to have something interesting to read. 我想找些有趣的东西来读。

Anyone intelligent can do it. 任何有头脑的人都能做这件事。

在以下情况，用作定语的形容词可以后置，也可以前置：

(1) 以-able和-ible结尾的形容词：可置于前有最高级形容词或only等词的名词之后，如：

That is the only solution possible. 那是唯一可行的解决办法。

Please put your idea into the simplest language possible. 请用最简单的语言将你的想法说出来。

(2) 某些成对的形容词

Visitors, old and young, were delighted. 不管老少，所有的参观者都很高兴。

There was a huge cupboard, simple and beautiful. 有一个大食橱，简朴而美观。

(3)形容词enough

There is time enough to take care of everything. 有时间足以料理一切。

We didn’t have time enough to finish the work. 我们当时没有足够的时间完成那件工作。

2.介词短语作后置定语

介词短语常常用作后置定语，在这类定语中有许多是用of引起的，可以表示：

　　1. 所有关系：the wealth of the nation.(国家的财富)

　　2. 特征：a man of good temper(好脾气的人)

　　3. 动宾关系：love of study (对学习的热爱)

　　4. 主谓关系：the growth of industry (工业的增长)

　　5. 同位关系：the city of Peking(北京城)

　　除了of，还有很多介词可以引起短语作后置定语：

　　1. 地点：the table near the window(靠窗的桌子)

　　2. 时间：their activiries during the holidays(他们假期的活动)

　　3. 特征：the woman with a baby in her arms(那位抱孩子的女人)

　　4. 类属：a film about the life of workers(一部描写工人生活的书)

3.分词作后置定语：

(1).被修饰的名词于作定语的动词为主动关系，表示该动作正在进行或于主句动作同时发生，或是经常性行为时，用现在分词做定语。

The girl (standing there )is my sister .

When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door (reading “sorry to miss you ;will call later).

注意；分词短语作后置定语时可以改写成定语从句。

The girl (who is standing there )is my sister .

When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door (which read “sorry to miss you ;will call later).

(2).如果名词与作定语的动词为被动关系时，则定语有下列三种形式：

如果动作已发生或经常性行为，用done The house built is mine .

如果动作正在进行，用being done The house being built is mine .

如果动作未发生，用to be done The house to be built is mine .

例：At the beginning of class ,the noise of desks _____ could be heard outside the classroom.

A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed

2.-ing引导伴随状语及做后置定语{还要注意他的固定搭配！【p189】}

1.Ms. Mbogo launched her dream of a career in politics in 1992 by running for the Embu Council, facing the obstacles that often trouble African women running for political office.

1992年，姆波戈女士开始追寻她的从政梦想，她竞选了恩布市议员。

a. facing the obstacles做伴随状语

b. running for political office做后置定语

2.She became an ambassador for women's political rights, giving speeches before women's groups and going from door to door, handbag in hand, spending hours at a time giving a combination of speech and government lesson.

她成为捍卫妇女政治权利的使者，向妇女团体发表演说或者挎着手提包挨家挨户去做演讲，并给他们讲解政体，一讲就是数小时。

a.giving, gonging, spending,都做的伴随状语

b, giving是固定搭配spend sth (in) donging sth

补充：

-ing分词作状语

ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 

①-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。如：  While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.  他一边看书，一边不时地点头。

Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.  看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。 

②-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：  Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。 

Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.  因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。 

③–ing分词短语作结果状语。如：  His father died, leaving him a lot of money.   他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。 

She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it  into pieces.  她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。 

④-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：  They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.  他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。 Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.  年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。 

⑤-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：  A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself  very small.  一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。 

Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。  注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。 

⑥“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：  His hair became grey with the years passing.   随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。 

Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.  没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。

3.宾语从句

insiste相关的虚拟语气的用法[大学英语语法书P176，180]

"My opponent kept insisting that I was going to get married to somebody in another town and move away," Ms. Mbogo said.

她说：“我的对手一口咬定我要与外市的人结婚并搬走。”

kept insisting that…这里是that 引导的宾语从句

4.It的强调句【p252】及其他句子

It was the answer to my prayers because it seemed to be a victory over this idea that 'women can't lead'.

这正是我期望的结果，因为它似乎战胜了‘女人当不了领导者’这种观念。

It was the answer to my prayers不是强调句it指竞选成功这件事。

补充：

强调句：

It+ be + 被强调成分 + that (who)…
He bought the book in this shop yesterday.
→ It was he that/who bought the book in this shop yesterday. (强调主语he)
→ It was the book that he bought in this shop yesterday. (强调宾语the book)
→ It was in this shop that he bought the book yesterday. (强调地点状语in this shop)

它在句子中不充当任何成分

It's necessary that we should learn English. (主语从句)

It's not until he got off the bus that he realized his money was stolen. (强调句型)

原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

强调主语：

强调宾语：

强调时间：

强调地点：

Jim told us the news. (非强调句)
It was Jim that told us the news.(强调句型的陈述句形式)
Was it Jim that told us the news.(强调句型的一般疑问句形式)
Who was it that told us the news.(强调句型的特殊疑问句形式，对Jim提问)

Mary said that． 对Mary提问:

He joined the Party in 1949． 对 in 1949提问:

被强调的成分除了是名词、代词、介词短语等之外, 也可以是强调从句

He knew what had happened when he go back.

→ It was when he got back that he knew what had happened. (强调时间状语从句)

He married me because he loved my money.
→ It was because he loved my money that he married me. (强调原因状语从句)

其基本形式为It is /was not until…that…
He did not come until his wife left. 他妻子走了之后他才来。
→ It was not until his wife left that he came. 他妻子走了之后他才来。
They didn’t start until the rain stopped. 直到雨停他们才出发。
→ It was not until the rain stopped that they started. 直到雨停他们才出发。

I didn’t learn it until yesterday.

He didn’t come back until his wife fell asleep.

→ Not until the rain stopped did they start. （倒装结构）

The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

含有否定意义的副词或连词（如not, seldom, little, hardly, never, rarely, nowhere等）放在句首

He can not speak a single word of English.

→ Not a single word of English can he speak.

He cares little about his clothes.

→ Little does he care about his clothes.

I have never seen him before.

→ Never have I seen him before.

英语unit2B句子1-9段