olympic games

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TheOlympicGames
TheOlympicGames,isamajorinternationaleventfeaturingsummerandwintersports,inwhichthousandsofathletesparticipateinavarietyofcompetitions.TheOlympicGamesareconsideredtobetheworld'sforemostsportscompetitionandmorethan200nationsparticipate.TheGamesarecurrentlyheldbiennially,withSummerandWinterOlympicGamesalternating,meaningtheyoccureveryfouryearswithintheirrespectiveseasonalgames.Originally,theancientOlympicGameswereheldinOlympia,Greece,fromthe8thcenturyBCtothe4thcenturyAD.BaronPierredeCoubertinfoundedtheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOCin1894.TheIOChassincebecomethegoverningbodyoftheOlympicMovement,whosestructureandactionsaredefinedbytheOlympicCharter.
TheevolutionoftheOlympicMovementduringthe20thand21stcenturieshasresultedinseveralchangestotheOlympicGames.SomeoftheseadjustmentsincludethecreationoftheWinterGamesforiceandwintersports,theParalympicGamesforathleteswithaphysicaldisability,andtheYouthOlympicGamesforteenageathletes.TheIOChashadtoadapttothevaryingeconomic,political,andtechnologicalrealitiesofthe20thcentury.Asaresult,theOlympicsshiftedawayfrompureamateurism,asenvisionedbyCoubertin,toallowparticipationofprofessionalathletes.ThegrowingimportanceofthemassmediacreatedtheissueofcorporatesponsorshipandcommercializationoftheGames.WorldWarsledtothecancellationofthe1916,1940,and1944Games.LargeboycottsduringtheColdWarlimitedparticipationinthe1980and1984Games.
TheOlympicMovementconsistsofinternationalsportsfederations(IFs,NationalOlympicCommittees(NOCs,andorganizingcommitteesforeachspecificOlympicGames.Asthedecision-makingbody,theIOCisresponsibleforchoosingthehostcityforeachOlympicGames.ThehostcityisresponsiblefororganizingandfundingacelebrationoftheGamesconsistentwiththeOlympicCharter.TheOlympicprogram,consistingofthesportstobecontestedattheGames,isalsodeterminedbytheIOC.ThecelebrationoftheGamesencompassesmanyritualsandsymbols,suchastheOlympicflagandtorch,aswellastheopeningandclosingceremonies.Over13,000athletescompeteattheSummerandWinterOlympicsin33differentsportsandnearly400events.Thefirst,second,andthirdplacefinishersineacheventreceiveOlympicmedals:gold,silver,andbronze,respectively.
TheGameshavegrowninscaletothepointthatnearlyeverynationisrepresented.Suchgrowthhascreatednumerouschallenges,includingboycotts,doping,bribery,andterrorism.Everytwoyears,theOlympicsanditsmediaexposureprovideunknownathleteswiththechancetoattainnational,andinsomecases,internationalfame.TheGamesalsoconstituteamajoropportunityforthehostcityandcountrytoshowcasethemselvestotheworld.
Symbols
TheOlympicMovementusessymbolstorepresenttheidealsembodiedintheOlympicCharter.TheOlympicsymbol,betterknownastheOlympicrings,consistsoffiveintertwinedringsandrepresentstheunityofthefiveinhabitedcontinents(America,Africa,Asia,Australia,Europe.Thecoloredversionoftherings—blue,yellow,black,green,andred—overawhitefieldformstheOlympicflag.Thesecolorswerechosenbecauseeverynationhadatleastoneofthemonitsnationalflag.Theflagwasadoptedin1914butflownforthefirsttimeonlyatthe1920SummerOlympicsinAntwerp,Belgium.IthassincebeenhoistedduringeachcelebrationoftheGames.
TheOlympicmottoisCitius,Altius,Fortius,aLatinexpressionmeaning"Faster,Higher,Stronger".Coubertin'sidealsarefurtherexpressedintheOlympiccreed:ThemostimportantthingintheOlympicGamesisnottowinbuttotakepart,justasthemostimportantthinginlifeisnotthetriumphbutthestruggle.Theessentialthingisnottohaveconqueredbuttohavefoughtwell.
MonthsbeforeeachGames,theOlympicflameislitinOlympiainaceremonythatreflectsancientGreekrituals.Afemaleperformer,actingasapriestess,ignitesatorchbyplacingitinsideaparabolicmirrorwhichfocusesthesun'srays;shethenlightsthetorchofthefirstrelaybearer,thusinitiatingtheOlympictorchrelaythatwillcarrytheflametothehostcity's

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Olympicstadium,whereitplaysanimportantroleintheopeningceremony.ThoughtheflamehasbeenanOlympicsymbolsince1928,thetorchrelaywasintroducedatthe1936SummerGames,aspartoftheGermangovernment'sattempttopromoteitsNationalSocialistideology.
TheOlympicmascot,ananimalorhumanfigurerepresentingtheculturalheritageofthehostcountry,wasintroducedin1968.IthasplayedanimportantpartontheGamesidentitypromotionsincethe1980SummerOlympics,whentheRussianbearcubMishareachedinternationalstardom.ThemascotsofthemostrecentSummerOlympics,inBeijing,weretheFuwa,fivecreaturesthatrepresentthefivefengshuielementsimportantinChineseculture.
OlympicGamesceremonyOpening
Ascenefromtheopeningceremonyofthe1984SummerOlympicsinLosAngeles.AsmandatedbytheOlympicCharter,variouselementsframetheopeningceremonyoftheOlympicGames.Mostoftheseritualswereestablishedatthe1920SummerOlympicsinAntwerp.Theceremonytypicallystartswiththehoistingofthehostcountry'sflagandaperformanceofitsnationalanthem.Thehostnationthenpresentsartisticdisplaysofmusic,singing,dance,andtheaterrepresentativeofitsculture.Theartisticpresentationshavegrowninscaleandcomplexityassuccessivehostsattempttoprovideaceremonythatoutlastsitspredecessor'sintermsofmemorability.TheopeningceremonyoftheBeijingGamesreportedlycost$100million,withmuchofthecostincurredintheartisticsegment.
Aftertheartisticportionoftheceremony,theathletesparadeintothestadiumgroupedbynation.GreeceistraditionallythefirstnationtoenterinordertohonortheoriginsoftheOlympics.Nationsthenenterthestadiumalphabeticallyaccordingtothehostcountry'schosenlanguage,withthehostcountry'sathletesbeingthelasttoenter.Duringthe2004SummerOlympics,whichwashostedinAthens,Greece,theGreekflagenteredthestadiumfirst,whiletheGreekdelegationenteredlast.Speechesaregiven,formallyopeningtheGames.Finally,theOlympictorchisbroughtintothestadiumandpassedonuntilitreachesthefinaltorchcarrier—oftenawell-knownandsuccessfulOlympicathletefromthehostnation—wholightstheOlympicflameinthestadium'scauldron.
Closing
Athletesgatherinthestadiumduringtheclosingceremonyofthe2008SummerOlympics.TheclosingceremonyoftheOlympicGamestakesplaceafterallsportingeventshaveconcluded.Flag-bearersfromeachparticipatingcountryenterthestadium,followedbytheathleteswhoentertogether,withoutanynationaldistinction.Threenationalflagsarehoistedwhilethecorrespondingnationalanthemsareplayed:theflagofGreece,tohonorthebirthplaceoftheOlympicGames;theflagofthecurrenthostcountry,andtheflagofthecountryhostingthenextSummerorWinterOlympicGames.ThepresidentoftheorganizingcommitteeandtheIOCpresidentmaketheirclosingspeeches,theGamesareofficiallyclosed,andtheOlympicflameisextinguished.InwhatisknownastheAntwerpCeremony,themayorofthecitythatorganizedtheGamestransfersaspecialOlympicflagtothepresidentoftheIOC,whothenpassesitontothemayorofthecityhostingthenextOlympicGames.Afterthesecompulsoryelements,thenexthostnationbrieflyintroducesitselfwithartisticdisplaysofdanceandtheaterrepresentativeofitsculture.
Medalpresentation
AmedalceremonyisheldaftereachOlympiceventisconcluded.Thewinner,secondandthird-placecompetitorsorteamsstandontopofathree-tieredrostrumtobeawardedtheirrespectivemedals.AfterthemedalsaregivenoutbyanIOCmember,thenationalflagsofthethreemedalistsareraisedwhilethenationalanthemofthegoldmedalist'scountryplays.Volunteeringcitizensofthehostcountryalsoactashostsduringthemedalceremonies,astheyaidtheofficialswhopresentthemedalsandactasflag-bearers.ForeveryOlympicevent,therespectivemedalceremonyisheld,atmost,onedayaftertheevent'sfinal.Forthemen'smarathon,thecompetitionisusuallyheldearlyinthemorningonthelastdayofOlympiccompetitionanditsmedalceremonyisthenheldintheeveningduringtheclosingceremony.

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Olympicsports
TheOlympicGamesprogramconsistsof35sports,30disciplinesandnearly400events.Forexample,wrestlingisaSummerOlympicsport,comprisingtwodisciplines:Greco-RomanandFreestyle.Itisfurtherbrokendownintofourteeneventsformenandfoureventsforwomen,eachrepresentingadifferentweightclass.TheSummerOlympicsprogramincludes26sports,whiletheWinterOlympicsprogramfeatures15sports.Athletics,swimming,fencing,andartisticgymnasticsaretheonlysummersportsthathaveneverbeenabsentfromtheOlympicprogram.Cross-countryskiing,figureskating,icehockey,Nordiccombined,skijumping,andspeedskatinghavebeenfeaturedateveryWinterOlympicsprogramsinceitsinceptionin1924.CurrentOlympicsports,likebadminton,basketball,andvolleyball,firstappearedontheprogramasdemonstrationsports,andwerelaterpromotedtofullOlympicsports.SomesportsthatwerefeaturedinearlierGameswerelaterdroppedfromtheprogram.
Olympicsportsaregovernedbyinternationalsportsfederations(IFsrecognizedbytheIOCastheglobalsupervisorsofthosesports.Thereare35federationsrepresentedattheIOC.TherearesportsrecognizedbytheIOCthatarenotincludedontheOlympicprogram.ThesesportsarenotconsideredOlympicsports,buttheycanbepromotedtothisstatusduringaprogramrevisionthatoccursinthefirstIOCsessionfollowingacelebrationoftheOlympicGames.Duringsuchrevisions,sportscanbeexcludedorincludedintheprogramonthebasisofatwo-thirdsmajorityvoteofthemembersoftheIOC.TherearerecognizedsportsthathaveneverbeenonanOlympicprograminanycapacity,includingchessandsurfing.
InOctoberandNovember2004,theIOCestablishedanOlympicProgrammeCommission,whichwastaskedwithreviewingthesportsontheOlympicprogramandallnon-Olympicrecognizedsports.ThegoalwastoapplyasystematicapproachtoestablishingtheOlympicprogramforeachcelebrationoftheGames.ThecommissionformulatedsevencriteriatojudgewhetherasportshouldbeincludedontheOlympicprogram.Thesecriteriaarehistoryandtraditionofthesport,universality,popularityofthesport,image,athletes'health,developmentoftheInternationalFederationthatgovernsthesport,andcostsofholdingthesport.Fromthisstudyfiverecognizedsportsemergedascandidatesforinclusionatthe2012SummerOlympics:golf,karate,rugbyunion,rollersportsandsquash.ThesesportswerereviewedbytheIOCExecutiveBoardandthenreferredtotheGeneralSessioninSingaporeinJuly2005.Ofthefivesportsrecommendedforinclusiononlytwowereselectedasfinalists:karateandsquash.Neithersportattainedtherequiredtwo-thirdsvoteandconsequentlytheywerenotpromotedtotheOlympicprogram.InOctober2009theIOCvotedtoinstategolfandrugbyunionasOlympicsportsforthe2016and2020SummerOlympicGames.
The114thIOCSession,in2002,limitedtheSummerGamesprogramtoamaximumof28sports,301events,and10,500athletes.Threeyearslater,atthe117thIOCSession,thefirstmajorprogramrevisionwasperformed,whichresultedintheexclusionofbaseballandsoftballfromtheofficialprogramofthe2012LondonGames.Sincetherewasnoagreementinthepromotionoftwoothersports,the2012programwillfeaturejust26sports.The2016and2020Gameswillreturntothemaximumof28sportsgiventheadditionofrugbyandgolf.
AcientOlympicGames
TheAncientOlympicGameswereaseriesofcompetitionsheldbetweenrepresentativesofseveralcity-statesandkingdomsinAncientGreece.Thesegamesfeaturedmainlyathleticbutalsocombatandchariotracingevents.Duringthegames,allconflictsamongtheparticipatingcity-stateswerepostponeduntilthegameswerefinished.TheoriginoftheseOlympicsisshroudedinmysteryandlegend,andoneofthemostpopularmythsidentifiesHeraclesandhisfatherZeusastheprogenitorsoftheGames.Accordingtolegend,itwasHeracleswhofirstcalledtheGames"Olympic"andestablishedthecustomofholdingthemeveryfouryears.AlegendpersiststhatafterHeraclescompletedhistwelvelabors,hebuilttheOlympicstadiumasanhonortoZeus.Followingitscompletion,hewalkedinastraightlinefor200stepsandcalledthisdistancea"stadion",whichlaterbecameaunitofdistance.AnothermythassociatesthefirstGameswiththeancientGreekconceptofOlympictruce.ThemostwidelyaccepteddatefortheinceptionoftheAncientOlympicsis776BC;thisisbasedon

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inscriptions,foundatOlympia,listingthewinnersofafootraceheldeveryfouryearsstartingin776BC.TheAncientGamesfeaturedrunningevents,apentathlon(consistingofajumpingevent,discusandjavelinthrows,afootrace,andwrestling,boxing,wrestling,pankration,andequestrianevents.TraditionhasitthatCoroebus,acookfromthecityofElis,wasthefirstOlympicchampion.
TheOlympicswereoffundamentalreligiousimportance,featuringsportingeventsalongsideritualsacrificeshonoringbothZeus(whosefamousstatuebyPhidiasstoodinhistempleatOlympiaandPelops,divineheroandmythicalkingofOlympia.PelopswasfamousforhischariotracewithKingOenomausofPisatis.Thewinnersoftheeventswereadmiredandimmortalizedinpoemsandstatues.TheGameswereheldeveryfouryears,andthisperiod,knownasanOlympiad,wasusedbyGreeksasoneoftheirunitsoftimemeasurement.TheGameswerepartofacycleknownasthePanhellenicGames,whichincludedthePythianGames,theNemeanGames,andtheIsthmianGames.
TheOlympicGamesreachedtheirzenithinthe6thand5thcenturiesBCE,butthengraduallydeclinedinimportanceastheRomansgainedpowerandinfluenceinGreece.WhilethereisnoscholarlyconsensusastowhentheGamesofficiallyended,themostcommonlyhelddateis393CE,whentheemperorTheodosiusIdecreedthatallpagancultsandpracticesbeeliminated.Anotherdatecommonlycitedis426CE,whenhissuccessor,TheodosiusII,orderedthedestructionofallGreektemples.AfterthedemiseoftheOlympics,theywerenotheldagainuntilthelate19thcentury.
Aquatics（水上运动）
Swimming游泳
freestyle自由泳backstroke仰泳breaststroke蛙泳butterfly蝶泳
individualmedley个人混合泳freestylerelay自由泳接力medleyrelay混合泳接力Waterpolo水球Diving跳水
10mplatformevent十米跳台3mspringboardevent三米跳板synchroniseddivingfrom10mplatform双人十米跳台synchroniseddivingfrom3mspringboard双人三米跳板Synchronisedswimming花样游泳Archery（射箭）
Individualevents个人赛Teamevents团体赛Athletics（田径）
100m,200m,400m100米，200米，400米
800m,1,500m,5,000m,10,000m800米，1500米，5,000米，10,000米110mhurdles,400mhurdles110米栏，400米栏3,000msteeplechase3000米障碍赛
4x100mrelay,4x400mrelay4×100米接力，4×400米接力
Jumping跳跃highjump跳高polevault撑杆跳高longjump跳远triplejump三级跳远Throwing投掷shotput推铅球discus掷铁饼hammer掷链球javelin标枪Decathlon男子十项全能Heptathlon女子七项全能Roadevents公路赛marathon马拉松walk竞走triathlon铁人三项
BallGames（球类运动）
Badminton羽毛球
menssingles男子单打womenssingles女子单打mensdoubles男子双打womensdoubles女子双打mixeddoubles混合双打

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Baseball棒球Basketball篮球Football足球Handball手球Hockey/FieldHockey曲棍球Softball垒球TableTennis乒乓球Tennis网球Volleyball排球BeachVolleyball沙滩排球Cycling（自行车）
Roadcycling公路自行车赛Trackcycling场地自行车赛sprint追逐赛
timetrial计时赛pointsrace计分赛pursuit争先赛Mountainbike山地自行车赛Equestrian（马术）
Jumping障碍赛Dressage盛装舞步Eventing三日赛Fencing（击剑）
Foil花剑Epee重剑Sabre佩剑ArtisticGymnastics（体操）
ArtisticGymnastics竞技体操FloorExercises自由体操PommelHorse鞍马Rings吊环Vault跳马ParallelBars双杠HorizontalBar单杠UnevenBars高低杠BalanceBeam平衡木
RhythmicGymnastics艺术体操GymnasticsTrampoline蹦床ModernPentathlon（现代五项）
Shooting射击Fencing击剑Swimming游泳Riding马术Cross-countryrunning越野跑Sailing（帆船）
Windsurfermen/women-Mistralonedesign男子/女子帆板米氏级Single-handedDinghyWomen-Europe女子帆船欧洲级Single-handedDinghymen-Finn男子帆船芬兰人级Single-handedDinghyopen-Laser激光级
Double-handedDinghymen/women-470男子/女子帆船470级预赛
Double-handedDinghyopen-49er49人级Multihullopen-Tornado龙卷风级Keelboatmen-Star男子星光级Keelboatwomen-Yngling女子索林级Shooting（射击）
10mairrifle10米气步枪10mairpistol10米气手枪Mens10mrunningtarget男子10米移动靶
Mens50mrifleproneposition男子50米步枪卧射50mriflethreepositions50米步枪3种姿势Mens50mpistol男子50米手枪Womens25mpistol女子25米手枪
Mens25mrapidfirepistol男子25米手枪速射
Trap多向飞碟Doubletrap双多向飞碟Skeet双向飞碟Triathlon（铁人三项）
Swimming游泳Cycling自行车Running跑步Weightlifting（举重）
Snatch抓举Cleanandjerk挺举Wrestling（摔跤）
greco-roman古典式摔跤freestyle自由式摔跤
Rowing（赛艇）Boxing（拳击）Canoeing（皮划艇）Judo（柔道）Taekwondo（跆拳道）
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olympic games

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