英文Summary写作方法范例及常用句式

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摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤:1阅读;2写作;3修改成文。第一步:阅读
A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍。阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步:动手写作
A.摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B.摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。D.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。E.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧:
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
1删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4避免重复。在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5压缩长的句子。如下列两例:
“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”可以概括为:”Hewasverybraveinbattle.”
“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”可以概括为:“Hewasinfinancialdifficulties.”
6你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子:“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.”
可以概括为:”BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettertransportationservices.”7使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”
可以概括为:”Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation.”
8使用最短的连接词。比如,可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,becauseofthese,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词。通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
9文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如:
KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:Youusetoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paulit’snotgoodforyou!”Paulputdownhisknifeand
frowned:”Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidn’thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful…likeeatingcardboardorsand…justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt!”Katewaspatient.Shedidn’twanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguisesthetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtlethansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.”可以用第三人称概括为:
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
KatesuggestedtoPaulthatheshouldeatlesssalt.ShethoughtthateatingtoomuchsaltwoulddoharmtoPaul’shealthandthatitcouldreducetherealtastesoffood.ButPauldisagreed.Hesaidthatfoodwithoutsaltwouldbetasteless.第三步:修改成文
草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改。首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们。第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后,保持语言简单明了。经过上述步骤和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了。
Article
ChildrenMustbeTaughttoTellRightfromWrongWilliamKilpatrick
Manyoftoday’syoungpeoplehaveadifficulttimeseeinganymoraldimension(道德层面totheiractions.Thereareanumberofreasonswhythat’strue,butnonemoreprominentthanafailedsystemofeducationthateschews(回避teachingchildrenthetraditionalmoralvaluesthatbindAmericanstogetherasasocietyandaculture.Thatfailedapproach,called“decision-making,”wasintroducedinschools25yearsago.Ittellschildrentodecideforthemselveswhatisrightandwhatiswrong.Itreplaced“character
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
education.(品格教育”Charactereducationdidn’taskchildrentoreinventthemoralwheel(浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标;instead,itencouragedthemtopracticehabitsofcourage,justiceandself-control.
Inthe1940s,whenacharactereducationapproachprevailed,teachersworriedaboutstudentschewinggum;todaytheyworryaboutrobberyandrape.
Decision-makingcurriculumsposethorny(棘手的ethicaldilemmastostudents,leavingthemwiththeimpressionthatallmoralityisproblematicandthatallquestionsofrightandwrongareindispute.Youngstersareforcedtoquestionvaluesandvirtuesthey’veneveracquiredinthefirstplaceoruponwhichtheyhaveonlyatenuous(薄弱的hold.Theassumptionbehindthismethodisthatstudentswillarriveatgoodmoralconclusionsifonlytheyaregiventhechance.Buttheactualresultismoralconfusion.
Forexample,arecentnationalstudyof1,700sixth-toninth-gradersrevealedthatamajorityofboysconsideredrapetobeacceptableundercertainconditions.Astoundingly,manyofthegirlsagreed.
Thiskindofmoralilliteracyisfurtherencouragedbyvalues-education(价值观教育programsthatarelittlemorethan
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
coursesinself-esteem(自尊.Theseprogramsarebasedonthequestionableassumptionthatachildwhofeelsgoodabouthimselforherselfwon’twanttodoanythingwrong.Butitisjustasreasonabletomakeanoppositeassumption:namely,thatachildwhohasuncriticalself-regardwillconcludethatheorshecan’tdoanythingbad.
Suchnaiveself-acceptanceresultsinlargepartfromthenon-directive(无指导性的,non-judgmental(无是非观的,as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choicesmentality(思想thathaspervaded(渗透publiceducationforthelasttwoandone-halfdecades.Manyoftoday’sdrugeducation,sexeducationandvalues-educationcoursesarebasedonthesame1960sphilosophythathelpedfueltheexplosioninteendruguseandsexualactivityinthefirstplace.
Meanwhile,whileeducatorsarestillfiddlingwith(胡乱摆弄outdated“feel-good”approaches,NewYork,Washington,andLosAngelesareburning.Youngstersareleavingschoolbelievingthatmattersofrightandwrongarealwaysmerelysubjective.Ifyoupassastrangeronthestreetanddecidetomurderhimbecauseyouneedmoneyifitfeelsrightyougowiththatfeeling.Clearly,murderisnottaughtinourschools,butsuchaconclusionjust
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
aboutanyconclusioncanbereachedandjustifiedusingthedecision-makingmethod.
Itistimetoconsign(寄出thefads(风尚of“decision-making”and“non-judgmentalism”totheashheapoffailedpolicies,andreturntoaprovedmethod.Charactereducationprovidesamuchmorerealisticapproachtomoralformation.Itisbuiltonanunderstandingthatwelearnmoralitynotbydebatingitbutbypracticingit.Sample
Summaryof“ChildrenMustbeTaughttoTellRightfromWrong”Inhisessay“ChildrenMustbeTaughttoTellRightfromWrong,”WilliamKilpatrickarguesferventlythatthe“decision-making”approachtothemoraleducationofAmericanyouth,whichreplaced“charactereducation”25yearsago,haspreventedjuvenilesfrombehavingandthinkinginaccordancewiththetraditionalmoralprinciplesthatarefundamentaltoAmericansociety.
AccordingtoKilpatrick,decision-makingmethodsinstillinstudentsawrongbeliefthatallnormsofmoralityaresubjectiveconstructs
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
withonlyrelativetruthinthemandthereforecanbeinterpretedflexiblyandevenquestioned.Thisbeliefdeprivesthemofthechancetosecuresolidmoralstandardsandinducesmisconceptionsaboutwhatshouldbeclearlyrightorwrong.
Inparallelwiththisinadequacyofthe“decision-making”approacharetheunexpectedoutcomesofthosevalues-educationprogramsfocusingonstudents’self-esteemthatsubscribetothe“non-judgmental”mindsetdominating“decision-making”curriculums.Theirmistakenassumptionthatfeelinggoodwarrantsmoralityexcusesstudentsfromcriticizinganddiscipliningtheirownbehaviors.
Basinghisconclusiononhisanalysisofthefundamentalflawsofthedecision-makingapproach,Kilpatrickfinallyproposesanimmediateshiftbacktocharactereducationwhichhebelievesteachesmoralitymoreeffectivelybyemphasizingpracticeinsteadofdiscussion.
Summary常用句式
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
1.Thisarticle/passagemainlytells(astoryabout……2.Thispassagemainlydealswith/discusses/explores/……3.Inthispassage(about……,theauthor……4.Inthispassageabout……,theauthor……
5.Theauthorbegantheessay/passagebytelling/presenting……
6.First/Firstly/Inthebeginning/Inthefirstpart,theauthorargues/explains/mentions/states/pointsout(that……7.Secondly/Next/Furtheron/Then/Inthenextpart/Inthemainpart,theauthorgoesonwith……
8.Finally/Asaconclusion/,theauthorconcludes/adds/stressesthat……
9.Finally,theauthorsummarizesthat……
二、常见句型
1Thispaperdealswith..
2Thisarticlefocusesonthetopicsof(that,having,etc.3Thisessaypresentsknowledgethat...4Thisthesisdiscusses...5Thisthesisanalyzes...
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
6Thispaperprovidesanoverviewof...7Thispaperelaborateson..
8Thisarticlegivesanoverviewof...
9Thisarticlecompares...andsummarizeskeyfindings.10Thispaperincludesdiscussionsconcerning...11Thispaperpresentsup
12Thisarticlecoverstheroleofchemicalsin...13Thispaperaddressesimportanttopicsincluding...14Thispapertouchesupon...15Thispaperstronglyemphasizes..
17Thisarticlenotonlydescribes...butalsosuggests...18Thispaperconsiders...
19Thispaperprovidesamethodof...
20Thispaperintroducesanapplicableproceduretoanalyze...21Thispaperoffersthelatestinformationregarding...22Thispaperisdevotedtoexaminingtheroleof...23Thisarticleexplores...
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
24Thispaperexpressesviewson...
25Thispaperreflectsthestateoftheartin...26Thispaperexplainstheproceduresfor...¬27Thispaperdevelopsthetheoryof..28Thisarticlereviewsthetechniquesusedin...
29Thispaperinvestigatesthetechniquesandproceduresto...30Thisarticleisabout...31Thisessayisrelatedto...32Thispaperconcerns...
33Thispapergivesanaccountof...34Thisarticletellsof...35Thispapertriestodescribe...36Thispaperprovidesananalysisof...37Thispaperreportsthelatestinformationon..38Theauthorofthisarticlereviews..39Thewriterofthispaperdiscusses...40Thewriterofthisessaytriestoexplore...
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
41Theaimofthispaperistodetermine..42Thepurposeofthisarticleistoreview...43Theobjectiveofthispaperistoexplore...破题用语,一般有:
Theauthorofthisarticlereviews(or:discusses,describes,summarizes,examinessomething……Thisarticlereviews(or:reports,tellsof,isabout,concernssomething…….
Thisarticlehasbeenprepared(or:designed,written…….Thepurposeofthisarticleistodeterminesomething…….Theproblemofsomethingisdiscussed…….结论和建议,一般有以下几种写法:
Theauthorsuggests(recommends,concludesthat…….Thisarticleshowsthat…….Itissuggestedthat…….
Theauthor'ssuggestion(or:conclusionisthat……Theauthorfindsitnecessaryto…….
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
UsefulTransitionsandTransitionalPhrases
Introductionasfor,concerning,withregardto,withrespecttoaTopic
to,intermsof
inall,inaword,inbrief,briefly,inotherwords,
To
inshort,insummary,thatis,finally,generally,in
Summarizeconclusion,onthewhole,therefore,tosumup,
toconclude,andso,thisshows,thusweseebycomparison,hereagain,inthesameway,ina
ToComparesimilarmanner,likewise,similarly,sotoo,as,
also,equally,accordingly,moreover,aswell,andconversely,however,instead(of,inspiteofthat,anyhow,onthecontrary,ontheother
ToContrasthand,otherwise,ratherthan,still,yet,
nevertheless,incontrast,notwithstanding,inspiteofthis,although,but,despite,eventhough
ToShowCauseandEffect
accordingly,asaconsequence,asaresult,consequently,forthisreason,hence,itfollowsthat,so/sothat,then,therefore,thus,thereupon
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
actually,admittedly,because,certainly,for
ToExplain
example,infact,indeed,reallyofcourse,since,thatis,forinstance,namely,specifically,suchas,toillustrate,inparticular,inthismanner,thusafterall,atleast,atthesametime,apparently,
ToShowConviction
evenso,evidently,certainly,conceivably,conclusively,doubtless,nodoubt,perhaps,possibly,presumably,probably,surely,undoubtedly
inthisevent,inthesecircumstances,this(that
ToShowVarious
beingso,providedthat,inspiteof,
none/nevertheless,atthesametime,evenif,if,
Conditionsunless,otherwise,although,eventhough,
though,despite
addtothis,again,also,besides,equally,further,
ToAdd
furthermore,inaddition,moreover,oncemore,
Informationthentoo,too,yetagain,yetanother,and,as
well,beyondthat,even,next,similarly
ToShow
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afterthat,afterwards,later,shortly,

百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
Chronologicsubsequently,concurrently,inthemeantime,inalOrder
themeanwhile,now,simultaneously,when/while/was,first,second,etc.,formerly,earlier,previously,beforethat,then,already,atlast,atlength,bythattime,finally,during,immediately,next,soon,still,intheinterim,presently,atthesametime,intheend,temporarily,thereafter
admittedly,afterall,allthesame,atanyrate,
ToShow
granted,however,inanycase,inspiteof,itis
Concessiontruethat,nevertheless,obviously,ofcourse,still,
tobesure
above,below,beyond,farther,further,here,nearby,opposite,there,tot
Location
Inthedistantpast,manypeoplethoughtbatshadmagicalpowers,buttimeshavechanged.Today,manypeoplebelievethatbatsarerodents,thattheycannotsee,andthattheyaremorelikelythanotheranimalstocarryrabies.Allofthesebeliefsaremistaken.Batsarenotrodents,arenotblind,andarenomorelikelythandogsandcatstotransmitrabies.Bats,
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
infact,areamongtheleastunderstoodandleastappreciatedofanimals.
Batsarenotrodentswithwings,contrarytopopularbelief.Likeallrodents,batsaremammals,buttheyhaveaskeletonsimilartothehumanskeleton.Thebonesinbatwingsaremuchlikethoseinarmsandthehumanhand,withathumbandfourfingers.Inbats,thebonesofthearmsandthefourfingersofthehandsareverylong.Thisbonestructurehelpssupportthewebofskinthatstretchesfromthebodytotheendsofthefingerstoformwings.
Althoughbatscannotseecolors,theyhavegoodvisioninbothdimandbrightlight.Sincemostbatsstayindarknessduringthedayanddotheirfeedingatnight,theydonotusetheirvisiontomaneuverinthedarkbutuseaprocesscalledecholocation.Thisprocessenablesbatstoemitsoundsfromtheirmouthsthatbounceoffobjectsandallowthemtoavoidtheobjectswhenflying.Theyusethissystemtolocateflyinginsectstofeedonaswell.Typically,insect-eatingbatsemergeatduskandflytostreamsorpondswheretheyfeed.Theycatchtheinsectsontheirwingtiportailmembraneandflingthemintotheirmouthswhileflying.
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
Thereareabout1,000speciesofbat,ranginginsizefromthebumblebeebat,whichisaboutaninchlong,totheflyingfox,whichissixteenincheslongandhasawingspanoffivefeet.Eachtypeofbathasaspecializeddiet.Forseventypercentofbats,thedietisinsects.Othertypesofbatsfeedonflowers,pollen,nectar,andfruitoronsmallanimalssuchasbirds,mice,lizards,andfrogs.
Onespeciesofbatfeedsonthebloodoflargemammals.Thisisthecommonvampirebat,whichlivesonlyinLatinAmericaandisprobablybestknownforfeedingonthebloodofcattle.Unfortunately,inanattempttocontrolvampirebatpopulations,farmershaveunintentionallykilledthousandsofbeneficialfruit-andinsect-eatingbatsaswell.
Bats,infact,performanumberofvaluablefunctions.Theirgreatesteconomicvalueisineliminatinginsectpests.Insect-eatingbatscancatchsixhundredmosquitoesinanhourandeathalftheirbodyweightininsectseverynight.Inmanytropicalrainforests,fruiteatingbatsarethemainmeansofspreadingtheseedsoftropicalfruits.Nectar-feedingbatspollinateanumberoftropicalplants.Ifitwerenotforbats,we
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百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我
mightnothavepeaches,bananas,mangoes,guavas,figs,ordates.
Today,thesurvivalofmanybatspeciesisuncertain.Sixtypercentofbatsdonotsurvivepastinfancy.Somearekilledbypredatorssuchasowls,hawks,snakesandothermeat-eatingcreatures,butmostarevictimsofpesticidesandotherhumanintrusions.In
CarlsbadCaverns,NewMexico,wheretherewereonceeightmillionbats,therearenowaquartermillion.
AtEagleCreek,Arizona,thebatpopulationdroppedfromthirtymilliontothirtythousandinsixyears.
Batsoftenhavebeenburdenedwithabadreputation,perhapsbecausetheyarenotthewarm,cuddlysortofanimal.welovetolove.However,theirunusualphysicalfeaturesshouldnotleadustooverestimatetheirharmortounderestimatetheirvalue.

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英文Summary写作方法范例及常用句式

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