高考英语完形填空常见的失误及应对策略

湖北省 孝昌一中 张媛媛

高考完形填空旨在测试考生的阅读理解能力和词汇运用能力,它融单项填空、阅读理解等各种能力的检测于一体,能综合反映出考生掌握和运用英语知识的能力。题目的设置是把语篇理解和上下文的语境理解放在第一位,把对词汇运用和语法知识的考查放在其次。但是由于考生整体阅读的水平有限,对英语语法知识没有牢固掌握,缺乏上下文联系的能力以及缺乏一些文化背景知识或者生活常识等而影响正确答题。下面笔者就完形填空题的常见的失误及应对策略进行分析。

一．常见失误：

1.失误之一：由于只拘泥于个别段落、句子或短语，忽视了上下文的联系而造成的失误。

完形填空所提供的是一篇具有完整的语言信息的短文，其段与段，句与句，甚至词与词之间都有着不可分割的联系，解题时若只拘泥于个别的句子、段落或短语，而不结合整篇文章所提供的语境，不善于从上下文中找线索，则容易出错。

突破方法：瞻前顾后，整体把握。选答案前一定要把文章阅读一遍，从整体上理解其大意；选答案时不要只注意选项所在的句子、短语或段落，要注意上下文的联系，要善于从上下文中寻找相关的信息。

【考例】When the 2:50 p. m. bell rang, I ran to the 3（parking） lot，excited at the __4__ of driving a car and being my own boss.

4. A. sight B. heating C. thought D. smelling

此题学生容易凭感觉选A，因为他们记得一个短语at the sight of,但是他的意思是“看见”，在此处语义不通，故答案为 C。at the thought of意为“一想到……”很激动。

2.失误之二：由于句子结构分析错误而造成的误选。

正确分析句子结构是确切理解句意的有效手段，也是做完形填空必须具备的一种基本能力。完形填空中对于连词的考察往往涉及对短文的篇章的把握和句子结构的分析。

【考例】His friend said to him:“ 31 Four years later you’ll be 44 whether you go to college or not.”

A. Why not ? B. What for? C. Really? D. Pardon?

（孝感市2011“二统”卷）

此题学生很容易忽视空后面的大写字母而误把31空和后面的句子看成一个句子从而弄不懂句意，最后选错答案。本句句意是：为什么不呢？无论你上不上大学4年后你还会是44岁。故答案为A.

突破方法：

1）、在平时学习中注意加强基本句型结构的分析和训练。

2）、在完形真空题的解题过程中要注意把握文章的行文逻辑，确切理解句意，并在此基础上选用合适的连接词。

3.失误之三：由于语法、词汇知识欠缺或掌握不牢而造成的误选。对语法、词汇基础知识的考查也是完形填空题的命题角度之一，考生若对一些基础的语法、词汇知识欠缺或掌握不牢也容易造成误选。

【考例】 Few of us are asked to make great decisions about nations going to war or armies going to battle. But all of us are called upon daily to make a great many personal decisions.____ the wallet, found in the street, be put into a pocket or turned over to the policeman? Should the extra change received at the store be forgotten or returned?
　　 A. Should B. Must C. Would D. Need
　　 分析:A。文章讲的是“自觉”:一个人的行为不被别人知道的时候才是衡量他的品格高尚与否的标准。作者最后举例说明生活中的小事处处反映出一个人的品格:大街上捡到钱包,你是装入自己的口袋还是交给警察?买东西多找的零钱,你是装作“难得糊涂”还是要送还?做题时认真观察两个句子的句式特点,就会发现两个句子的句式结构完全一样,是含有情态动词的被动句,应选择情态动词“should”。

【考例】 I continued to __ all sixty students in class,

A. address B. face C. attract D. lecture

此处的address意思是“对…讲话”。如address, 学生若只知地址或写地址的意思就很难做下空了：

再如单词account for学生较熟悉的词义是“解释、说明”，但在下空中它还有词义为“占比例”，…by 2005 some 4 million students suffered from financial problems, accounting for 25% of the students total.表示这一词义时可以与make up换用，既可以备用于完形填空又可以用于图表类书面表达中去。所以考生需要多归纳，多辨析，扩大词汇量。

　突破方法：

1）、在平时的学习中，特别是在第一轮复习中，经强化英语基础知识的理解中记忆，牢固掌握其用法，并在此基础上尽量扩大知识面。

2）、注意训练在具体的店境中灵活运用基础知识的能力。

4.失误之四：由于缺少必要的生活常识或文化背景知识而造成的误选。或由于受汉语思维的影响而造成的误选。

【考例】There’s a poem which 50 :“Where you are aware or not,…

50. A writes B advocates C reads D stresses

（孝感市2011“二统”卷）

学生容易受母语“写到”影响而误选A,但英语应该用say 或read,故选C

【考例】 Ella Fant was a middle-aged lady who lived with her only son John in a small house. She loved John very much. In her eyes he couldn’t do anything wrong. Every morning she would give him breakfast in bed and bring him the papers to________. It isn’t true that he was too lazy to work—in fact he had tried a few jobs.

A. check B. read C. keep D. look
　　 分析:根据西方文化背景及生活习惯,我们知道外国人有早上读报纸的习惯,该句中的papers是指newspapers,这是理解文章的关键,了解了这一点,便可判断出答案为B。
　　 误区警示:不了解外国人读报的生活方式,可能误解check the papers 批阅试卷;keep the papers 保存纸张。 有些甚至受母语“看报”影响而误选D(look the papers)。
突破方法：

1、有意识地了解一些英语国家的文化节背景知识，这对英语学习中应试很有帮助。

2、平时要有意识地培养直接用英语思维和表达式的习惯，尽量减少汉语的介入，以免受到其负面影响。

二．应对策略：

1.解题步骤：通览------试填-----复核

（1） 通览----速读全文，把握大意

快速阅读一下全文，通过通览全文、领会大意，概略地了解文章的体裁、景、内容、结构层次、情节、写作风格等等。

（2） 试填----紧扣文意，瞻前顾后

先易后难，逐层深入。紧扣全文内容，联系上下文和语境，展开逻辑推理，注意从上下文中寻找线索，注意词汇的意义、搭配，惯用法，语法，常识等多个角度进行综合考虑。

（3 ）复核----全面检查，确保语意连贯，用词准确

试填后，要把全文再通读一遍 ，注意看所选答案填入空白处后能否做到文章意思通顺、前后连贯、逻辑严谨、结构完整、首尾呼应。

2. 四种常用的方法：

（1）、context 上下文语境

（2）、information given in the passage 利用文章中的信息（原词复现、近义词和反义词等）

（3）、word distinctions or collocations 词语辨析和固定搭配

（4）、cultural background and common sense 文化背景和常识

下面看一些示例

（1.）上下文语境

1).(2005NMET)My sister and I grew up in a little village in England. Our father was a struggling 36 , but I always knew he was 37 .

… he never criticized us ,but used 38 (praise)to bring out our best …father said: “when I was 23, my dad persuaded me to go into law .

36. A. biologist B. manager

C. lawyer D. gardener

37. A. strict B. honest C. special D. learned

看下文划线词可知36空答案为C; 37空答案为C.

2). … Then I had to walk several blocks in the increasingly heavy rain .When I finally got to my office, I was 47 through, exhaust-

-ed and 48 . ( 2008·山东卷)

47). A. wet B. weak C. sick D. hurt

48). A. ashamed B. discouraged C. surprised D. puzzled

看上文划线词可知47空答案为A; and 提示48空答案为B

(2.)利用文章中的信息(原词复现、近义词和反义词等）

(1) Miss Brown said, “ May I 17 (correct) a small mistake that you made, Miss Dike? Columbus crossed the 18 in the 15th , not the 16th century. He 19 (discovered) America in 1492. Sir Francis Drake was a great sailor in the 16th century. You 20 (might have crossed) the Atlantic ocean with him.

18. A. Pacific B. Indian C. Arctic D. Atlantic

看下文红色划线词可知18空答案为D

(2) I remember as a child I said something 40 about somebody, and my father said, “Any time you say something unpleasant about

somebody else, it’s a reflection of you.” (NMET2005山东)

40. A. unkind B. unnecessary C. unimportant D. unusual

看下文划线词可知40空答案为A.

(3) Apparently, although no one wants to be   51     all the time, everyone needs some degree of privacy. 2007上海）

51. A. noisy         B. alone     C. personal       D. sociable

看下文红色划线词可知51空答案为B.

(3)、Word distinctions or collocations词语辨析和固定搭配

1) Many boys and girls learn English at school. It is one of their 4 (subjects) . Many people learn English because it is 5 (useful) in their work. Some young people learn English 6 (for) their higher studies because some of their books are 7 English.

7. A. in B. with C. at D. of

空7答案为A; in English为固定搭配。

2). A woman in her sixties lived alone in her little cottage with a pear tree at the door. She spent all her time taking care of the tree. But the children nearby drove her 21 by making fun of her. They would climb her tree and then run away with pears, 22 “Aunty Misery” at her.

(2008年·陕西卷)

21. A. hopeless B. painful C. dull D.crazy

22. A. calling B. shouting C. announcing D. whispering

Drive sb.crazy,使人发疯，固定搭配.

(4)、Cultural background and common sense文化背景和常识

(1) …the mother was holding their baby daughter, Ally. The little girl had some food stuck in her throat, and could hardly breathe. Mr. White drove them to . The ambulance was running very fast along the road.

A. the best hospital B. the biggest hospital

C. the nearest hospital D. the Children’s Hospital

根据常识应去最近的医院，故答案为C.

(2) People of Burhngton are being disturbed by the sound of bells. Four students from Burlington College of Higher Education are in the bell tower of the 26 have made up their minds to 27 (ring) the bells nonstop for two weeks as a protest （抗议） against heavy trucks which run 28(day and night) through the narrow High Street.(NMET1999)
26. A. college 　 B. village 　 C. town 　 D. church

根据常识得知钟应该在教堂故选D.

通过以上的分析，我们可以看到，高考完形填空没有我们想象中的那么可怕。我们在现实的学习和教学中应该怎么样来进行我们完形填空的教学。作为老师最愿意讲的可能就是单项选择题了，因为讲单选我们可以有很大的成就感。因而很多老师就忽略了完型的讲解。因此我在日常的教学中要加大认识，不但要注重完型的教学，而且要向学生传授做完形的好的方法技巧，让学生能够在做中找到学习的乐趣，提高学生的自信心，从而克服见到完型就出现恐惧的心里。

总之，学生只有掌握了正确的方法再加上一定量的练习才有可能在这一板块上有所突破。

高考英语完形填空常见的失误及应对策略