中国已进入“陌生人社会” 人性冷漠随处可见

Stony hearts among Chinese society 本文消息来自人民网

老人摔倒没人扶--最近，各地频频出现的这类事件让人普遍感到心痛又困惑：人与人之间怎么可以如此冷漠?

Nobody came out boldly to help an old man having a fall—Such similar events have occurred with distressed and bewildered frequency over recent years, why do people treat this with apparent unconcern?

冷漠不是偶然的。稍加留意，多数人会发现，我们早已习惯用戒备的眼神、怀疑的心态来对待陌生人。

No indifference is a casual occurrence. Keeping a closer look at our behavior, most people will find out that we have got used to appearing an alert look with skeptical mind towards strangers.

幼儿园里教育孩子：“不吃陌生人的糖果”、“不给陌生人开门”;在家中叮嘱老人：“陌生的电话号码不接”、“买东西不听陌生人的推荐”;银行门口摆放着提示牌：“不给陌生账户打款”;社区警务站贴着海报：“陌生人搭讪轻易别理睬”……

Kindergarten teachers tell the kids not to accept any sweets offered by strangers and no doors opening when strangers knock; at home, we repeatedly advise old people not to answer any strange phone calls and no acceptance of strangers’ recommendation while doing a shopping; the warning signs outside banks say, ‘No depositing your money into strangers’ account!’; community policing poster say, ‘No striking up a conversation with strangers!’

到2010年底，全国常住人口超过500万的城市已有20多个，其中北京、上海等特大城市的人口已达2000多万。社会学家说，中国已进入“陌生人社会”。美国知名学者弗里德曼有一段关于“陌生人社会”的经典描述：“走在大街上，陌生人保护我们，如警察;陌生人也威胁我们，如罪犯。陌生人教育我们的孩子，建筑我们的房子，用我们的钱投资……”

By the end of 2010, more than 20 cities in China had a permanent resident population of over 5 million, among those Beijing, Shanghai and other large cities had a population of over 20 million. Some sociologists say strangers’ society has turned up in China. A famous American scholar Friedman once made a classical description about strangers’ society in which he said, ‘Strangers in the street like police protect us while some strangers like criminals threaten us. Our children were educated, our houses were built and our money was used to invest, all by strangers.

从过去的“熟人社会”走向“陌生人社会”，首先是一种进步。这意味着经济规模扩大、人员流动性增强、公共服务的社会化程度提高。但是，刚刚离开“鸡犬相闻”的村落、单位不再“办社会”，难免要面对种种不适应。首当其冲的就是：该如何和陌生人相处?

First it’s an advance that there’s a trend in a society of acquaintances in the past to a strangers’ one nowadays. This means increases in economies of scale, social fluidity and socialization level of community service. Just living far away from the villages with the sound of fowls and dogs’, units of society no longer exist and inadaptation of such situation among the public will be unavoidable. Such is the first to be affected that how to get along with the strangers.

多数人会本能地希望把必须要相处的陌生人变成熟人，托关系、人找人，因为“熟人信得过”、“熟人好办事”。对偶然相遇的陌生人，则首先选择不信。公共场合看紧自己的包，如果别人委托看包，多半要摇头。面对陌生人的求助，心里先犯嘀咕，“不会是陷阱吧”。看到小偷，犹豫着是否要干预，担心过后被报复。而诸如“扶人者被诬陷为撞人者”、“拾金不昧却被讨要更多的钱”等案例，更强化了“帮助人可能惹麻烦”的心理，放大了人与人之间的不信任。

Most people hope their acquaintance with strangers will develop further, so they search and establish relationship with others for the simple reason that they believe in acquaintances’ abilities to handle affairs. As for strangers coming across by chance, the first choice is not to trust them readily. Watch your bags when in public and if anyone who asks you to look after the bag, say no more often than not. In the face of strangers’ seeking help, you will guess whether it’s a trap or not. When notice a theft, you will hesitate to intervene in fear of being revenged. Cases like framing helpers when support someone for bumping against them and being asked for more while returning money found etc. have strongly consolidated our minds that offering aid to strangers may cause trouble and this also magnifies distrust among people.

互不信任增加了社会运行的成本，也让人的情绪变得负面。一方面对陌生人处处提防、认为这是让自己利益免受伤害的必要方式，另一方面抱怨“人性冷漠”、“道德滑坡”;一方面指责他人“麻木不仁”、“见死不救”，另一方面又提醒亲人朋友遇事别“出手”、少“出头”。透过这种纠结，不难发现，人的内心始终在向往温暖，良知和传统美德远未消失。同时这种纠结也提示，在从传统的熟人社会向陌生人社会转型的过程中，必须处理好重构社会信任这一课题。

Mutual distrust increases cost in the social operation and also makes people’s morale become negative. On the one hand, we find it necessary to be aware of strangers in all respects avoiding our benefits being hurt. On the other hand, we complain of others’ indifference and moral drop. One side, we criticize people’s insensitivity and unwillingness to help out, while we also remind our relatives and friends not to help strangers or at the very least stand aside when something happens. From such entangled thinking, it’s easy to find that dreams of calefaction, conscience and traditional virtue in our minds are not fading away. Meanwhile, this also reminds us of the necessity to handle reconstruction of social trust system during the changing process from a traditional society of acquaintances to a strangers’ one.

“陌生人社会”并不必然伴随着冷漠。如果说在“熟人社会”，日常生活更多地可以通过道德来实现自律和他律，那么在陌生人社会中，彼此不熟悉、人员流动性强等因素会削弱道德的他律作用。这时就需要建立起法制的权威以规范社会成员的行为。一个高度法治化的社会，法律制度凭借其中立性、公正性、权威性承载着社会成员最普遍的信任。彼此陌生的人交往时，尽管他可能并不清楚对方的状况，但会相信一旦出现欺诈失信行为，可以通过正当的方式“讨到说法”，也相信能得到公正的裁决。相应地，陌生人摔倒了多半会去扶，因为相信万一被讹诈、法律会还原真相，而不诚信的一方会受到制裁。

Indifference doesn’t exist inevitably in a society of strangers. If we can discipline ourselves and someone else more through ethics in our daily life in a society of acquaintances, then in the opposite, our discipline for others will make a dent by factors of each unfamiliarity and their strong fluidity. Thus we need to build authorities of highly legal system which have neutrality, justice and authority and bear people’s common trust to specify people’s behavior. In contact with each stranger, we may not be so clear about his or her situation, but we will still be able to use our right to demand equal justice being done once deceived and dishonest behavior is made. Accordingly, we will help those strangers having a fall for we show our strong belief in our legal system to do the justice if by any chance we are extorted.

信任的重建是个宏大的系统工程，大力推行诚信教育、道德教育无疑极其必要。不过，当完全陌生的两个人相处并涉及种种复杂的利益时，道德是否缺席是谁也拿不准的事。核心的任务当是树立起法制的权威，让人们对法律“惩恶扬善”的功能有信心，进而自觉按照规则和公共精神办事。

Reconstruction of trust is a great systematic project. Undoubtedly, it’s extremely essential to practise good faith and morality in education vigorously. However, when two completely strange persons get along and touch upon all sorts of mutual intricate benefits, it’s difficult to make sure whether there’s any absence of morality or not. The core of our mission is to establish authorities of legal system to restore people’s faith in laws based on the functions of justice being done and then people will follow our social rules and commonality essence of their own free will.

中国已进入“陌生人社会” 人性冷漠随处可见