Section C

Directions： There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.（56题关系句）

Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues（提示）, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.

A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people's hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they'd seen in front of them—in other words, how much they remembered eating.

This disparity (新旧研究的差异）suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, （57题关系句） says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.

"Hunger isn't controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal，" Brunstrom says. "This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought."

These findings echo earlier research（添加的：过去别人的研究成果） that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie (卡路里）milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones （荷尔蒙），depending on whether the shake’s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. （58题关系句） Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they'd consumed a higher-calorie shake.

What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings（添加的：Jeffrey M. Brunstrom） do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.

The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, （59题关系句） Brunstrom says.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

56. What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake?

A) How we perceive the food we eat. C) When we eat our meals.

B) What ingredients the food contains. D) How fast we eat our meals.

57. What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal?

A) You would probably be more picky about food.

B) You would not feel like eating the same food.

C) You would have a good appetite.

D) You would not feel so hungry.

58. What do we learn from the 2011 study?

A) Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases.

B) Food labels may influence our body’s response to food.

C) Hunger levels depend on one's consumption of calories.

D) People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary.

59. What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite?

A) Trick ourselves into eating less.？ C) Concentrate on food while eating.

B) Choose food with fewer calories. D) Pick dishes of the right size.

60. What is the main idea of the passage?

A) Eating distractions often affect our food digestion.

B) Psychological factors influence our hunger levels.

C) Our food intake is determined by our biological needs.

D) Good eating habits will contribute to our health. 

主旨大意题。全文可分为三个部分,第一 部分提出论点——人们的食欲和食物摄取受到包括环境和对食物的认知等诸多因素的影响。第二部分引用相关科学研究论证这些影响因素，特别 指出饮食环境、对食物的记忆、食物包装上的标签 对人产生的心理暗示作用影响饮食。最后一部分 提出通过专注饮食来控制食欲的建议。对食物及饮食环境的认知，对食物的记忆，食物标签产生的心理暗示等都属于心理因素,统观全文,作者一直 围绕心理因素对食欲的影响展开论述。

56. 【定位】由题干中的appetite和food intake定位 到首段第一句。

A) 【精析】事实细节题。文章开篇指出了人们的食欲 和食物摄取受到诸多因素的影响，包括人们的饮 食环境和对面前食物的认知,故答案为A)。

57. 【定位】由题干中的remembered和previous meal 定位到第三段第二句。

D)【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出,饭后几小时,决定人们饥饿程度的不是他们已食用的食物量，而是他们吃饭时面前所见到的食物量,也就是说,影响人们饥饿程度的是他们记忆中的食物量而不是胃里的食物量。由此可推断,记忆对饮食造成影 响，如果记忆中上顿饭吃了很多,那么不管是不是 真的吃了很多,都不会感觉太饿,故答案为D)。

58. 【定位】由题干中的2011 study定位到第六段第 二句。

B) 【精析】细节归纳题。定位句详细描述了 2011年 的一项研究。在研究中，参与者在两个不同场合 食用了相同卡路里的奶昔，但是奶昔标签上分别 标注了 620卡路里和140卡路里,结果显示,根据 标注的中路里含量,参与者分泌了不同水平的与 饥饿相关的荷尔蒙，而且当食用了标注620卡路 里的奶昔时,他们感觉更饱。实际上两份奶昔的 卡路里含量是相同的，由于标签标注的不同,让人产生自我暗示,使人体对食物产生了不同的反应。 故答案为B)。

59. 【定位】由题干中的control our appetite定位到文

章最后一句。

C)【精析】细节归纳题。定位句指出，所谓的"用心饮食"策略能够对抗干扰,帮助人们控制食欲。也就是Brunstrom建议我们通过"用心饮食"策略控制饮食用心饮食"和前文中提到的"专注于食物" 相照应,故答案为C)。

60. 【定位】由题干中的main idea定位到各部分主题 句。如第一段的第一句、第三段的第一句、第六段 的第一句和最后一句。

B)【精析】主旨大意题。全文可分为三个部分,第一 部分提出论点——人们的食欲和食物摄取受到包括环境和对食物的认知等诸多因素的影响。第二部分引用相关科学研究论证这些影响因素，特别 指出饮食环境、对食物的记忆、食物包装上的标签 对人产生的心理暗示作用影响饮食。最后一部分 提出通过专注饮食来控制食欲的建议。对食物及饮食环境的认知，对食物的记忆，食物标签产生的心理暗示等都属于心理因素,统观全文,作者一直 围绕心理因素对食欲的影响展开论述，故答案 为B)。

参考译文

(56) (60)近年来,越来越多的研究表明:除了对能量的生理需要外,人们的食欲和食物摄取受到诸多 因素的影响,包括人们的饮食环境和对面前食物的认知。

研究表明，例如,在电视机(或者类似的消遣)前饮食能够同时增加饥饿感和食物的摄取量。即使是筒 单的视觉信号，比如餐盘的尺寸和灯光,也被证实会对食物分量和摄取量造成影响。

(60)新的研究显示人们的短期记忆同样对食欲起作用。(57)饭后几小时,决定人们饥饿程度的不是 他们已食用的食物量,而是他们吃饭时面前所见到的食物量,换言之,是他们所记得的食物量。

布里斯托大学实验心理学教授Jeffrey M. Brunstrom认为:这种差异表明人们之前的饮食记忆对食 欲造成的影响可能超过食物的真实数量对食欲造成的影响。

"饥饿程度不仅仅与最近所食食物的特征有关。我们已经确认了最近饮食在记忆中的独立作用 Brunstrom说,"这表明饥饿程度和食物摄取之间的关系要比我们想象的复杂得多。"

这些发现印证了早期的研究。(60)早期研究表明，人们对食物的认知有时会欺骗身体对食物作出反应.例如：（58)在2011年的一项研究中,参与者在两个不同场合食用了同样含有380卡路里的奶昔,但是 根据奶昔标签上标注的是620卡路里还是140卡路里,参与者分泌出了不同水平的与饥饿相关的荷尔蒙。 而且,根据报告，当参与者认为自己食用了高卡路里的奶昔时,他们感觉更饱。

这对于人们的饮食习惯意味着什么呢？尽管新发现在让人减少饮食方面显得不切实除,但是确实能使人们认识到专注于食物、避免饮食时看电视或同时进行多项活动的益处。

(59)Brunstrom说,所谓的"用心饮食"策略能够对抗干扰,帮助人们控制食欲。

参考资料：

1. 健康网

http://www.health.com/health/

http://news.health.com/2012/12/05/how-memory-affects-appetite/

2.参考资料：http://yingyu.zx98.com/sljenglish/z01/201404/9138_2.html

英语学习网 >> 四六级英语 >> 四级英语 >> 正文

Passage Two

Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

The number of postgraduate students traveling from non-EU countries to study at UK universities has fallen for the first time in 16 years, fuelling fears that the government's immigration crackdown is discouraging thousands of the brightest students from continuing their studies in Britain.（61题相关句）

Jo Beall, British Council director of education and society, said the fall would cause alarm among UK vice-chancellors (大学行政主管）."The sector was expecting a decline in growth, but the actual reduction in postgraduate numbers is of real concern as international students make up the majority of numbers in many postgraduate courses and research teams in science, technology, engineering and mathematics.”

“Attracting the brightest and most ambitious postgraduate and research students is critical if the UK is to maintain its quality reputation for research," Beall said. （62题相关句）

Universities get a third of their tuition (学费）fee revenue from non-EU students. （63题相关句）There is growing fear among vice-chancellors that this revenue- as well as the cultural, academic and economic benefit international students bring - is being put at risk.

Tim Westlake, director for the student experience at Manchester University, said students whose families relied on them working in the UK after their studies to gain experience（64题相关句） and repay the fees were starting to look elsewhere.

Last month the home secretary, Theresa May, announced that embassy staff would interview more than 100 000 applicants in an attempt to prevent bogus (假冒的）ones entering the country. She also said immigrants were responsible for pushing up UK house prices. The comments followed the introduction of new limitations on students' right to work during and after their studies.

Beall said: “Government statistics for the first time provide real evidence that the changes to UK visa regulations may have discouraged many students from applying to the UK, and in particular postgraduate students who are so important to the UK's research output. （62题相关句） The UK enjoys an excellent reputation around the world for the high quality of our education system, so the government needs to ensure that institutions have all the support they need to attract international students who make a tremendous academic, cultural and economic contribution to the UK." （65题相关句）

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

61. What has caused the decline of the number of non-EU postgraduates in the UK?

A) The increase in tuition and fees. C) Changed immigration policies.

B) The ever-rising living expenses. D) Universities’ tightened budgets.

62. What is UK vice-chancellors’ biggest concern?

A) How to obtain financial support from the government.

B) How to keep the academic reputation of their institutions.

C) How to prevent bogus applicants entering their universities.

D) How to stimulate the creativity of their research teams.

63. Why do UK universities try to attract postgraduate students from outside the EU?

A) A substantial part of their revenue comes from non-EU students’ tuition and fees.

B) Non-EU postgraduate students are usually highly motivated.

C) The number of UK postgraduate students has fallen sharply.

D) Some of the postgraduate programmers are specially designed for non-EU students.

64. What were the expectations of some non-EU students' families?

A) Their children could enjoy the UK’s cultural benefits.

B) Their children could find well-paying jobs upon their return.

C) Their children could become established academically.

D) Their children could work in the UK after graduation,

65. What does Beall suggest the UK government should do?

A) Allow promising international students to work in research teams.

B) Revise UK visa regulations to accommodate non-EU students.

C) Give universities adequate support to attract non-EU students.

D) Try to address the needs of international students in the UK.

答案详解

61.【定位】由题干中的decline和non-EU postgraduates 定位到文章第一段。

C)【精析】细节推断题。定位段指出，从非欧盟国家 到英国大学学习的研究生人数16年来首次有所下降,这增加了人们对政府的移民打击政策正在阻碍成千上万聪明的学生来英国继续其学业的担心。由此推断,政府对移民的打击政策导致到英国学习的研究生人数下降,故答案为C)。

62.【定位】由题干中的UK vice-chancellors'定位到文章第二段。

B)【精析】推理判断题。第二段第二句指出，该部门之前就预计到增长会有所下降,但实际减少的研究生人数却是真正令其担心的，因为国际学生在科学、技术、工程和数学等领域的许多研究生课程 和研究团队中占据了较大比例。由此可推断,大学行政主管最担心的是如何维持大学的学术声誉，故答案为B)。

63. 【定位】由题干中的universities和from outside the EU定位到文章第四段。

A)【精析】推理判断题。定位段提到，英国大学三分之一的学费收人来自非欧盟学生。大学行政主管们对于国际学生带来的这种经济收益正受到威胁越来越担忧。由此可以推断,英国大学想要吸引非欧盟国家学生的一个主要原因在于收取学费，从而增加收人,故答案为A)。

64. 【定位】由题干中的non-EU students' families定 位到文章第五段。

D)【精析】推理判断题。定位段提到,那些期待着学生完成学业后在英国工作以积累经验并偿还学费的家庭,开始将目光投向其他地方。由此可以推断,这些家庭期望他们的孩子毕业后在英国工作，偿还学费,故答案为D)。

65. 【定位】由题干中的Beall和government定位到 文章最后一段。

C)【精析】观点态度题。定位段最后一句指出，英国教育体系的高品质在全球拥有极好的声誉，因此政府需要确保高校拥有它们吸引国际学生需要的所有支持，因为这些学生可以为英国作出巨大的学术、文化和经济贡献。由此可知，Beall认为政府应该给大学足够的支持以吸引非欧盟国家学生，故答案为C)。

Passage Two

(61) 从非欧盟国家到英国大学学习的研究生.人数16年来首次有所下降,这增加了人们对政府的移民 打击政策正在阻碍成千上万聪明的学生来英国继续其学业的担心。

英国文化协会教育和社会部主任Jo Beall说.旅英研究生人数的下降将给英国的大学行政主管们敲响警钟。(62)"该部门之前就预计到增长会有所下降,但实际减少的研究生人数却是真正令其担心的，因为国际学生在科学、技术、工程和数学等领域的许多研究生课程和研究团队中占据了较大比例。"

"如果英国想保持其研究质量的声誉,那么吸引最聪明和最有抱负的研究生和研究型学生是至关重要的",BcaH 说。

(63) 英国大学三分之一的学费收人来非欧盟学生。大学行政主管们对于国际学生带来的这种经济 收益正受到威胁越来越担忧。

(64) 曼彻斯特大学学生事务部主任Tim Westlake说,那些期待着学生完成学业后在英国工作以积累 经验并偿还学费的家庭,开始将目光投向其他地方。

上个月，内政大臣Theresa May宣布英国大使馆工作人员将面试超过10万名申请者,以防止假冒的 申请者进入英国。她还表示,移民应该对抬高英同房价负责。她的这些评论发表于政府推出对学生在其 学习期间和之后工作权利的限制政策之后。

Beall说政府统计数据第一次提供了真实的证据,英国签证规定的改变可能使得许多学生放弃申请 到英国学习,特别是对于英国研究输出非常重要的研究生。(65)英国教育体系的高品质在全球拥有极好的声誉,因此政府需要确保高校拥有它们吸引国际学生需要的所有支持,因为这些学生可以为英国作出巨大的学术、文化和经济贡献。"

参考资料：

1. Matthew Taylor

Friday 11 January 2013 06.00 GMT

http://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/jan/11/non-eu-postgraduate-numbers-fall?intcmp=239

2.英语学习网 >> 四六级英语 >> 四级英语 >> 正文

http://yingyu.zx98.com/sljenglish/z01/201404/9144.html

The number of postgraduate students travelling from non-EU countries to study at UK universities has fallen for the first time in 16 years, fuelling fears that the government's immigration crackdown is deterring thousands of the brightest students from continuing their studies in Britain.

Over recent years the number of non-EU postgraduates has risen annually by an average of more than 10%, but figures released by the Higher Education Statistical Agency (Hesa) show a 1% drop in enrolments in the 2011/12 academic year.

Jo Beall, British Council director of education and society, said the fall would be cause alarm among UK vice-chancellors. "The sector was expecting a decline in growth, but the actual reduction in postgraduate numbers is of real concern as international students make up the majority of numbers in many postgraduate courses and research teams in science, technology engineering and mathematics.

"Attracting the brightest and most ambitious postgraduate and research students is critical if the UK is to maintain its quality reputation for research and innovation," Beall said.

At the weekend 11 universities raised concerns about what they called the "economically disastrous and socially divisive" neglect of postgraduate students. And this week Nicola Dandridge, chief executive of Universities UK, said the government's tough rhetoric on immigration was undermining the UK market in foreign students.

The Hesa figures show a 2% increase in non-EU students for 2011/12 including undergraduates. Beall described that as tiny compared to the UK's competitor countries. "This suggests that we are beginning to lose out in an incredibly competitive market," she said.

Universities get 10% of their total income and a third of their tuition fee revenue from non-EU students. There is growing fear among vice-chancellors that this revenue – as well as the cultural, academic and economic benefit international students bring – is being put at risk.

The number of students coming to the UK from China continued to rise, with 11,000 more enrolling in 2011/12 than in the previous year. However, there was an 25% drop in the number from India, and a 13% drop from Pakistan.

"Not only are these countries with large numbers of ambitious students aspiring to study overseas, but they are also countries with which we have historically been actively engaged in the areas of higher education and research," Beall said.

Tim Westlake, director for the student experience at Manchester University, said students whose families relied on them working in the UK after their studies to gain experience and repay the fees were starting to look elsewhere. "Since 2004 the university has had significant growth in Indian students, but over the past two years there has been a 32% drop in Indian master's enrolments. Master's applications from India are down again by 33% this year."

Last month the home secretary, Theresa May, announced that consular staff would interview more than 100,000 prospective students in an attempt to prevent bogus applicants entering the country. She also said immigrants were responsible for pushing up UK house prices. The comments followed the introduction of new limitations on students' right to work during and after their studies.

Beall said: "These statistics for the first time provide real evidence that the changes to UK visa regulations may have dissuaded many students from applying to the UK, and in particular postgraduate students who are so important to the UK's research output. The UK enjoys an excellent reputation around the world for the high quality of our education system, so the government needs to ensure that institutions have all the support they need to attract international students who make a tremendous academic, cultural and economic contribution to the UK."

大学英语四级在线模拟考场

http://www.ppkao.com/shiti/4821397/

Questions62-71are based on the following passage.

　　As a society we might want to rethink the time and money spent on education, so that these resources can benefit a greater percentage of the population. Ideally, both high schools and colleges can prepare individuals for the ever-changing roles that are likely to be expected of them.

　　High school degrees offer far less in the way of preparation for work than they might, or than many other nations currently offer, creating a growing skills gap in our economy. We encourage students to go

　　on to college whether they are prepared or not, or have a clear sense of purpose or interest, and now have the highest college dropout rate in the world.

　　We might look to other countries for models of how high schools can offer better training, as well as the development of a work ethic ( 勤奋工作的美德 ) and the intellectual skills needed for continued learning and development. I recommend Harvard's 2011 "Pathways to Prosperity" report for more attention to the "forgotten half" (those who do not go on to college) and ideas about how to address this issue.

　　Simultaneously, the liberal arts become more important than ever. In a know.ledge economy where professional roles change rapidly and many college students are preparing for positio~_s that may not even exist yet, the skill set needed is one that prepares them for change and continued learning.

　　Learning to express ideas well in both writing and speech, knowing how to find information, and knowing how to do research are all solid background skills for a wide variety of roles, and such training is more important than any particular major in a liberal arts college. We need to continue to value broad preparation in thinking skills that will serve for a lifetime.

　　Students also need to learn to work independently and to make responsible decisions. The lengthening path to adulthood appears exacerbated (恶化) by parental involvement in the college years. Given the rising investment in college education, parental concern is not surprising, but learning where and when to intervene (干预 ) will help students take more ownership of the outcomes of these increasingly costly educations.

　62　What kind of education does the author think is ideal?

　　A.It benefits the great majority of the general population.

　　B.It prepares students to meet the future needs of society.

　　C.It encourages students to learn throughout their lives.

　　D.It ensures that students' expectations are successfully fulfilled.

　　63、 What does the author say is the problem with present high school education?

　　A.Ignoring the needs of those who don't go to college.

　　B.Teaching skills to be used right after graduation only.

　　C.Giving little attention to those having difficulty learning.

　　D.Creating the highest dropout rate in the developed world.

　　64、 What characterizes a knowledge economy according to the passage?

　　A.People have to receive higher education to qualify for a professional position.

　　B.Students majoring in liberal arts usually have difficulty securing a job.

　　C.New positions are constantly created that require people to keep learning.

　　D.Colleges fmd it hard to teach students how to cope with the changing economy.

　　65、 What does the author think a liberal arts college should focus on?

　　A.Solid background knowledge in a particular field.

　　B.Practical skills urgently needed in current society.

　　C.Basic skills needed for change and lifelong learning.

　　D.Useful thinking skills for advanced academic research.

　　66、 what suggestion does the author offer to parents?

　　A.Rethinking the value of higher education.

　　B.Investing wisely in their children's education.

　　C.Helping their children to bring their talent into full play.

　　D.Avoiding too much intervention in their children's education.

　　Part IV Translation.(30minutes)

　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

　　67、许多人喜欢中餐。在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。

2013-12大英四级阅读题3篇