Chapter 6

1. Answer the questions on the text.

(1) The concern is that online card fraud is on the rise and is deterring some consumers from transacting payments online or from doing so as frequently as they would like.

(2) Yes, it is. For example, Visa USA has revealed that fraud related to eCommerce, which account for only 5% of sales volumes, now accounts for 10% of the fraud it records.

Card not present (CNP) fraud, of which online fraud is a component, is also rapidly increasing in significance. According to Visa EU statistics, CNP fraud now accounts for 23% of total card fraud up from 20% in 2000 and 8% in 1997.

(3) In an offline environment credit card can be authenticated at the point of sale. The merchant verifies that the individual making the purchase is also the person to whom the card belongs by checking the signature the cardholder provides with that on the reverse of the card. If the signatures match, and the card is verified, the sale is agreed.

(4) In an online environment, the merchant is unable to see the card or to verify a signature. This weakness gives rise to CNP fraud since ultimately anybody can provide anybody else's credit card details and, assuming the card has not been reported lost or stolen and the funds are available, the sale will be agreed.

(5) Describe the history of card scheme security initiatives.

A number of card scheme security initiatives have been launched over the last decade in order to tackle the problem of online card fraud. Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) was launched in 1996 following co-operation between Visa, MasterCard and American Express.

However, SET was ultimately too complicated and engaging for cardholders and merchants especially since it required both parties to download additional software, and it never catched on.

SET evolved into 3D-SET. 3D-SET sought to improve on SET by being server rather than customer based. However, it too failed to garner the interest of consumers, merchants and card issuers.

(6) SET is the abbreviation for Secure Electronic Transaction. It is one of the card scheme security initiatives launched over the last decade to deal with the problem of online card fraud. It intends to ensure security by encrypting information transferred between customer and merchant and authenticating both parties using digital certificates issued by a trusted issuing authority.

It didn’t curb the online card fraud effectively. Due to the complexity in usage, it did not gain popularity in the U.S.

(7) It includes MasterCard SecureCode, Verified by Visa and Maestro eCommerce.

(8) Chargebacks is the sum of money that has to be repaid to the consumers because the consumers deny they made a card purchase for which they have been billed

(9) To encourage merchant uptake of their security initiatives the card schemes have removed the liability for 'chargebacks' from merchants.

Visa announced that from April 2003 merchants would not have to meet the cost of chargebacks regardless of whether the card issuer is participating in Verified by Visa or whether the cardholder is enrolled.

From November 2002 MasterCard announced that card issuers would no longer be able to pass the cost of a fraudulent transaction on to merchants, assuming the cardholder is enrolled in SecureCode and used the system to make the purchase in question. This year MasterCard will consider shifting the liability for all transactions away from merchants in cases where the cardholder is authenticated by the merchant.

(10) Yes, it is badly needed. Because the growth of e-Commerce volumes will be followed by a coincident rise in online card fraud as measures to tackle offline fraud make headway. Success in preventing offline fraud will encourage fraudsters to seek opportunities in the online space; and the card scheme security initiatives are not extensive enough to provide much of a deterrent.

2. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of the phrases.

a） accounts for

b） given rise to

c） due to

d） according to

e） is related to

f） passed on to

g） based on

h） catches on

i） regardless of

j） passed through

k） is making some headway

l） in question

m） A number of

n） are regarded as

o） evolve into

p） in advance of

q） rather than

r） in terms of

s） no longer

3. Translation.

(1) Translate the following passage into Chinese.

a) 因特网对你和你的家人来讲可能是极佳的资源，但同时它对你的个人信息造成的风险也是实实在在的。正如你不想让陌生人看到你个人资料和财务信息一样，当你通过网页，网上聊天，网络即时留言或填写在线表格的时候，也应该对你的个人身份登记处多加防范。

个人身份资料盗窃对你来说可能不仅仅意味着由于信用卡丢失或被盗用所带来的金钱上的损失。那些肆无忌惮的网上窃贼还可能使你的个人信用受到严重损害。其后果可能需要几个月才能得到矫正。这段时间，身份窃贼什么信息都偷，包括你的社会保险号码、出生日期以及你母亲的名字等各种小信息，同时在这个过程中对你的名声造成损害。

b) 所有的大机构都知道主要的安全问题，但安全问题从未被列入会议议程当中。安全问题，尤其是在加上“战略”这两个字以后，听起来非常昂贵，而且似乎与增加销售量扯不上关系。

对安全问题做出战略上的承诺需要相应的财务支持，而公司们显然不愿意这么做。目前在安全问题上的花费平均来看占组织信息技术预算的比例只是2%到3%。

据专家称，随着公司们越来越转向电子商务，以及因特网所带来的收入比例越来越大，在安全问题上的花费的比例必须至少占到5%到8%。

然而，对安全问题的松懈态度不能只怪公司的经理人。那些工作过度的网络维护人员希望寻求一种简单的解决方案，这也加剧了公司在战略安全问题上的惰性。 那些复杂多变的密码对他们的日常工作来说似乎是一种妨碍。

就目前来看，大多数的企业似乎只是在对安全威胁作出反应，而不是在对风险进行评估进而引领企业进入一个更加安全——最后又更加赚钱的路线。不过这一现象也的确为一些想游到竞争者上游的企业提供的机会，他们通过在成为数字经济时代值得信赖的企业而使自己与众不同。

(2) Translate the following passage into English.

If you are in the UK for more than a short period, you will probably need to have your own UK bank account. Before you leave home, you should speak to the bank in your home country, asking their advice about running a bank account in the UK.

There are many banks in the UK, which provide bank accounts to international students. When choosing a bank, you need to consider the following: · the services the bank will offer you and what charges it will make; · what arrangements there are for transferring money from your home country, and the costs involved; · what documents are required by the bank in order to open an account. Many UK banks will ask to see your passport, a letter from the institution confirming that you are a student.

Banking Services and Accounts Cheque book Chequebook allows you to pay for goods and services without having to use cash. You can also take money out of your account (a withdrawal) using a cheque. When you open your account, ask the bank to show you how to complete a cheque . Always keep your chequebook in safe place.

Cheque Guarantee card When you pay for goods and services by writing a cheque, you must normally show a cheque guarantee cars. This plastic card guarantees that your bank will pay the money written on the cheque. You should not write a cheque if you do not have enough money in your account to cover the amount of the cheque. The bank may refuse to pay and will normally charge you.

b) E-commerce provides new opportunities for both legitimate business and criminals attracted by the prospect of accessible new markets of affluent consumers. But with the exception of computer misuse, the new media has led to surprisingly few new types of crimes as the FBI's Internet Fraud Complaint Center's website reveals. It identifies the following types of Internet fraud:

The Internet Fraud Complaint Center has received approximately 20,000 complaints from around the world since its launch in May 2000. The average loss per complaint is US $665. Many of these frauds involve items paid for but never delivered, charges for services purporting to be free, bogus business opportunities and investments, false promises of credit cards, jobs, holidays and prizes.

There is very little new in these crimes. The Internet merely provides a new vehicle for crimes that are not necessarily media specific. Even the seemingly more sophisticated Internet crimes of manipulation of share prices through chat rooms have their roots in non-Internet crime. So generally what is illegal online is illegal offline too.

Of course there are differences between online and offline crimes in the perceived scale, investigation and prosecution of the latter. A general fear of fraud seems to be keeping consumers off-line according to many reports. Many governments have introduced electronic communications laws whose stated aim is to increase confidence in e-commerce. But such laws, whilst helpful for contractual certainty, contain little practical protection for consumers, particularly those outside the European Union.

In Jersey consumers have limited protection under the case law of the Island. New goods must be of ‘merchantable quality’ and ‘fit for their purposes’ at the time of purchase. Providers of services are under a duty to exercise reasonable care, and to provide services within a reasonable time at a reasonable charge.

The laws of the Island better protect investors. As can be expected for an internationally recognised financial centre, Jersey's Financial Services Commission heavily regulates investments and securities. Recent figures indicate that bank deposits in Jersey have risen to a record £115 billion. Hence Jersey's money laundering legislation is stringently observed and enforced.

Even so, consumers and investors perceive Internet fraud as representing a high proportion of online transactions. For instance, credit card companies report large percentages of overall complaints attributable to online credit card fraud whilst online credit card transactions still only account for a very small percentage of their overall business.

But the real difference between cyber crimes and offline crimes lies in investigation and prosecution. The potential anonymity and cross-border nature of the Internet vastly increase the difficulties of detection and prosecution. Police, regulators and authorities are struggling with the technological and global challenges of the web.

4. Supplementary Reading.

B. Reading Comprehension

1. a 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. d 7. d 8. a 9. d 10. d

第六章 答案