名词的用法及练习
发布时间:2015-08-23 17:24:24
发布时间:2015-08-23 17:24:24
名词的用法
一、 定义:表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念名称的词
二、 分类:
可数名词 个体名词:
(countable nouns)
集体名词
不可数名词(uncountable nouns ): 物质名词:
抽象名词
专有名词:主要指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称
人名:Diana,Einstein,Miss Brown,President Bush;
地名:Asia,Kensington Gardens,the Yellow River,
某些人的名称:Americans,Chinese,Japanese,
某些抽象事物的名称:Buddhism,Geneva, Conference,
月份、周日及节日名词:June,Monday,Easter,
书名、电影及诗歌名:A Tale of Two Cities,Gone with the Wind,Ode to the West Wind(西风颂),
对家人的称呼:Mum,Dad,Auntie,Uncle Tom
注:专有名词开头的字母要大写,不与冠词连用,无复数形式
三、 可数名词的单复数变化:
1.规则变化:A:一般情况下,在单数可数名词后+s.
map—maps bag—bags teacher—teachers
B:以字母s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加es
bus—buses box—boxes watch—watches brush—brushes
C: 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词需把y变为i再加-es city—cities
以元音字母+y结尾的名词直接加-s boy—boys
以y结尾的专有名词变复数时直接加-s
D:以f或fe结尾的名词一般把f或fe变v再加-es
注意:以下f或fe结尾的名词直接加-s
roof—roofs gulf—gulfs chief—chiefs belief—beliefs
brief—brief safe—safes proof—proofs surf—surfs
handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
E: 以辅音字母+O结尾的名词多数加-es
hero—heroes tomato—tomatoes volcano—volcanoes potato--potatoes
F. 以元音字母+O结尾的名词,以及某些以o结尾的外来词,
变复数只加-s kilo—kilos photo—photos piano—pianos video—videos
注意:mosquito—mosquitos/mosquitoes motto—mottos/mottoes
Zero—zeros/zeroes
2.不规则变化(需要背):
A.变元音字母:man----men woman---women foot---feet tooth—teeth
B. 变词尾: child---children ox---oxen penny---pence
C.单复数同形: fish deer sheep means Swiss Chinese
D.只有复数形式的名词:clothes trousers glassed goods thanks shorts
scissors scales compasses contents remains belongings
3, 复合名词的复数形式:
A:有主体词的复合名词将主体词变为复数
student-teacher student-teachers look-on look-ons
B:没有主体词的复合名词在词尾加-s go-between go-betweens
C:由man和woman构成的复合名词,两部分都要变为复数
man teacher men teachers
D:有些名词形式上虽是单数,意义上却是复数
people cattle staff police public (集合名词)
E:有些名词以及一些学科名词形式上是复数意义上却单数
news politics physics maths
F:以is结尾的外来词变is为es
emphasis—emphases crisis—crises basis—bases thesis—theses
G:有些外来词有自己独特的复数形式
gatum—data 资料 bacterium—bacteria 细菌phenomenon—phenomena 现象
mouse—mice medium—media 媒体
四、 可数名词和不可数名词的修饰词
1、只能修饰可数名词的词语有:
many, many a(n), a good / great many, a (great / large) number of, scores of, dozens of 等。
2、只能修饰不可数名词的词语有:
much, a great deal of, a great / large amount of 等。
3.既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词语有:
a lot of, lots of, plenty of (以上三个词语后谓语动词的数依of 后的名词的单复数而定), a great / large quantity of (其后谓语用单数), quantities of (其后谓语用复数)。
例句:1、花园里还有许多雪。
There is still lots of snow in the garden.
2、大厅里放了很多鲜花。
A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall.
3、橱柜里有许多食物。
There are large quantities of food in the cupboard.
4、很多学生都游览过长城。
Many a student has (=many students have) visited the Great Wall. (谓语动词用单数)
5、开张后的头几天,很多人去了那儿。
A large number of people went there in the first few days after its opening.
五.名词所有格:用来表示名词在句子中的所属关系。
1.表示有生命东西的名词所有格
一般由下列方法构成:一般情况下在名词后加“’s”。如:Tom’s book(1)单数名词后加’s,其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同。例如:
the girl’s father 女孩的父亲
(2)以s结尾的复数名词后加’。例如:
two hours’ walk 两个小时的步行
(3)不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s。例如:
the children’s holiday 孩子们的节日
(4)以s结尾的人名,可以加’s,也可加’号。例如:
Thomas’s brother 托马斯的兄弟
Charles’s job 查尔斯的工作
(5)表示各自的所有关系,不是共有的,则要分别在名词末尾加’s,如:
John’s and Mary’s rooms 约翰和玛丽各人的房间
若表示共有的,则在最后一个名词的末尾加’s,如:
John and Mary’s room 约翰和玛丽合住的房间
(6)名词所有格表示地点时,后面的名词常可以省去。如:
to my uncle’s (去我叔叔家), at the doctor’s (在诊所)
2. 表示无生命东西的名词所有格:由 “名词+of +名词” 构成 译成:什么的什么。
如: A map of China is on the wall.
3. 双重所有格: “of + 名词’s”/名词性物主代词 这种形式, 称为名词的双重所有格,常用来表示整体中的一部分。如:
He is a friend of Li Ming’s.
(他是李明的朋友。)
A friend of mine came to see me.
注意:’s所有格的用法
’s所有格常表示有生命的东西,但也可表示无生命的东西。例如:
(1)表示时间:
today’s newspaper 今天的报纸
(2)表示自然现象:
the moon’s rays 月光
(3)表示国家、城市机构:
……..Shanghai’s industry 上海的工业
(4)表示度量衡及价值:
..twenty dollars’ value 20美元的价值
..five miles’ distance 5英里的距离
六.名词的句法功能
1)在句中作主语
例如: The show is very boring. 这个节目很无聊。
2)作表语
例如: My brother is a reporter. 我弟弟是个记者。
3)作宾语或复合宾语
例如: He finished his task on time. 他按时完成了他的任务。
We made Tom our captain. 我们选汤姆为我们的队长。
4)作定语例如: pen pal 笔友
5)作状语例如: The meeting lasted two hours. 会议持续了两个小时。 Wait a moment. 等一会儿。 He was late for class this morning. 今天早晨他上课迟到了。6)作同位语例如: Mr. Smith, the movie star, is speaking now. 电影明星史密斯先生,正在讲话。 We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。
七.复习时需要注意的要点
(1)有些名词形式像复数,但含义是单数,而有些名词是没有单数形式的,应注意的选用。例如:
a.Maths is the language of science.
b.No news is good news.
c.The Chinese people are a great people.
(2)在“there be”的句子中,谓语动词的数应和它最近的主语的数相一致.例如:
a.There are two pictures on the wall.
b.There is a cat and two dogs in the garden.
(3) 不规则名词的复数形式 ①改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如:man men,woman women,tooth teeth,foot feet,mouse mice,child children等。
②单复数形式相同。
如:sheep,deer,fish等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如:yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如:Chinese,Japanese,Swiss等。
③以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如:Americans,Asians,Russians,Australians,Italians,Germans等。
注意:Englishman Englishmen,Frenchman Frenchmen. ④复合名词的复数形式:在词末加-(e)s,如:afternoons,housewives等。
把主体名词变成复数形式。如:lookers-on(旁观者),passers-by(过路人)等。
⑤由man或woman作为第一部分的复数名词,两个组成部分皆变为复数形式。如:man driver men drivers,woman doctor women doctors等。5
注意:banana tree banana trees
(4)几种特殊的复数形式的名词 ① 有些表示由两部分构成的东西和部分学科的名词总以复数的形式出现。如:glasses(眼镜),shorts(短裤),mathematics(数学),physics(物理学),politics(政治学)等。
②.有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义。如:papers(文件),manners(礼貌),goods(货物),times(时代),conditions(环境;情况)等。
③有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式。如:make friends with(与……交朋友),shake hands with(与……握手)等。
名词专项练习
一.用括号内词的适当形式填空:1. There are two________ over there.(watch)
2. I like taking ________.(photo)3. l can see a _________and two _______ standing there.(man,woman)4. There are two baskets of__________ on the floor.(apple)5.You often make a lot of__________ in spelling.(mistake)6. Look at those_________.(child)
7. He doesn't like these_____.(glass)
8.This is a_________. Those are three__________.(knife)
9. How many _________can you see?(radio)
10. Three ____ ( orange ) are on the table.11. Thirty __________live in this building.(family).
12. Jim plays ( sport) at school.
13. I have two ______ ( rice ) for lunch and supper.
14. I want to 2 _____ ( kilo) of _____ (tomato).
15. Maria has some ______ ( bread ) for lunch.
16. How much are the _____ ( trouser).
17. The school has some relaxing __________ ( activity) for the students.18. June 1st is ___________ ( children) Day.
19.Tom has two ____ (cup) of milk in the morning
二.单项选择
1. A pair of trousers _______yuan. A.am B.are C.is
2. _____ is the rice ? —— Five yuan a kilo.
A. How many B. How much C. How old
3. I need to two pencil _____ . A.box B.boxes C.boxs
4. Linda’s sister likes _____ . She has _____ for dinner.
A.vegetable, tomatoes B.vegetables, tomato C.vegetables, tomatoes
5.______ English dictionary is on the desk. A. An B. A C. /
6. Chicken ______ 20 yuan a kilo. A.is B.am C.are
7. The sweaters are five ______ for one. A.dollar B.dollars C.yuans
8. This is great month for the students because they have three _____.
A.party B.partys C.parties
9. A cow has four__________. A. stomachs B. stomaches10. Three_________ are eating grass. A sheep B sheeps11. Water__________ a kind of matter. A. is B. are12. Her clothes__________ nearly worn out. A.is B. are13. No man___________ present. A. is B. are14. It is I who___________ next. A am B. is15. here_________ no water in the glass. A.are B. is16. Here__________ a blind man. A.comes B.is17. Physics____________ more difficult than maths. A is B.are18. Neither Mary nor her sister___________ the party.A.is going to B. are going to
19. I want to buy_______.
A. kilo of meat B. a kilo of meats C. two kilos of meats D. two kilos of meat
20. Our desks and _____are made of ____.
A. chairs ; woods B. chairs ;wood C. chairs; woods D. chair; wood
21. There is lots of _____outside our school now.
A. noises B. a noise C .noise D. a noises
三.翻译:
1. 汤姆的背包________________
2. 我朋友的生日聚会__________________
3. 他们父母亲的房间____________
4. 她两个兄弟各自的电脑____________
5. 戴维和保罗的两个家庭_________________________
6. 露西和莉莉家的书橱_________________________
7. 男士手表_______________
8. 一张吉姆家的全家照___________________
9. 一幅中国地图_______________
10.一本英语字典_______________________
11.妇女节______________________
12.今天的报纸______________________
13,一个我的朋友______________________