2021年4月全国自考英语科技文选试题及答案解析

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全国2018年4月高等教育自学考试
英语科技文选试题
课程代码：00836parta:vocabulary
Ⅰ.Directions:AddtheaffixtoeachwordaccordingtothegivenChinese,makingchangeswhennecessary.(10%1.relevant2.hedron3.recur4.topic5.scan

6.plant8.compress9.smooth10.sell


不相干的多面体重新产生副主题扫描仪移植

敏感性压缩的平滑吹嘘








1._____________2._____________3._____________4._____________5._____________6._____________7._____________8._____________9._____________10._____________
7.ceptibility
Ⅱ.Directions:Fillintheblanks,eachusingoneofthegivenwordsorphrasesbelowinits
properform.(10%pluginrunoutoftransforminto
tothetuneof
lookinto
awiderangeof

asto
adeptat
bringintoplay
projectoneselfinto
11.She’svery______makingpeoplefeelattheirease.
12.Even______alltheresourcesandstaffavailablewouldnotbelikelytohelpresolvetheimmediateshortfallinproduction.
13.Beforeswitchingontheradio,makesurethatthemainslead______.14.Theproblemwill______.
15.Itisthefailureofthearchitectto______themindandspiritofthepeoplewhoaretoexperiencehisdesignsthatcausesmuchofthestaccatofeelingtobenotedinworktoday.16.Reactorscanbeusedto______fertilematerial______fissionablematerial.17.Inordertoexpand,theywillneedcapital______sixmilliondollars.18.Whenlightpassesthroughaprism,itspreadsoutinto______colors.19.Theaircraftwill______fuelinanotherhour.
20.______yoursecondquestion,IamafraidIcangiveyounoinformationatthemoment.

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Ⅲ.Directions:Fillineachblankwithasuitablewordgivenbelow.(10%countlessits
orcreatures
relationships
shelter
produce
through
influence
for
Nolivingcreature,plant21animal,canexistincompleteisolation.Ananimalisboundtodependonotherliving22,ultimatelyplants,for23foodsupply;itmustalsodependupontheactivitiesofplants24acontinuedoxygensupplyforitsrespiration.Apartfromthesetwobasic25itmaybeaffecteddirectlyorindirectlyin26differentwaysbyotherplantsandanimalsaroundit.Otheranimalspreyonitorcompetewithitforthesamefood;plantsmayprovide27,concealmentornestingmaterial,andsoon.Similarly,theanimalwill28itsowneffectsonthesurroundingplantsandanimalsand29itscontributionofmanureitmay30thetextureandfertilityofthesoil.21.______26.______
22.______27.______
23.______28.______
24.______29.______
25.______30.______
PARTB:TRANSLATION
Ⅳ.Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,eachusingoneofthegivenwordsorphrasesbelow.(10%manipulate
customary
arbitrary
savefrom
popinto
31.在上一世纪，奎宁(quinine使千千万万人免于得疟疾(malaria。32.她头脑里突破闪过一个奇怪的念头。33.他们通过贿赂(bribe选民来操纵选举。
34.虽然这些调整不再是任意性的，然而它们所反映出的日历的多样性依然存在。35.在给地图上色时，习惯上给任何两个有部分共同边界的国家以不同的颜色。Ⅴ.Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.(15%
36.…Nowadays,itisacceptedthateventhoughtheresultsofresearchmayonlybeapproximateortentative,theycanbepublished.
Thetechnologicalandscientificageinwhichwelivecanaccordinglyberegardedasbothpositiveandnegative.Itispositivebecauseofthehopesarousedbyscienceasaresultoftheprogressmadeinthetherapeutictreatment,thereliefofhumansuffering,theimprovementofindividualandcollectivewelfare,andthecreationofformsofculturewhichthemassofthepopulationcanenjoyorwhichofferincreasedscopeforindividualfreedom.Itisnegativebecauseoftheincreasingdualityofthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Inequalitiesexistnotonlybetweenrichcountriesandpoor,betweenthosewhichhaveresearchcentersandindustriesandthosewhichdonot,butalsowithineachnationalorculturalcommunity.

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PartC:READINGCOMPREHENSION
Ⅵ.Directions:RendthroughthefollowingpassagesandchoosethebestanswermarkedA,B,C
orD.(20%
(A
Tworelativelyrecentindependentdevelopmentsstandbehindthecurrentmajorresearcheffortonnitrogenfixation(固氮,theprocessbywhichbacteriasymbioticallyrenderleguminousplants(豆科植物independentofnitrogenfertilizer.Theonedevelopmenthasbeentherapid,sustainedincreaseinthepriceofnitrogenfertilizer.Theotherdevelopmenthasbeentherapidgrowthofknowledgeofandtechnicalsophisticationingeneticengineering.Fertilizerprices,largelytiedtothepriceofnaturalgas,hugeamountsofwhichgointothemanufactureoffertilizer,willcontinuetorepresentanenormousandescalatingeconomicburdenonmodernagriculture,spurringthesearchforalternativestosyntheticfertilizers.Andgeneticengineeringisjustthesortoffundamentalbreakthroughthatopensupprospectsofwhollynovelalternatives.Onesuchnovelideaisthatofinsertingintothechromosomesofplantsdiscretegenesthatarenotapartoftheplants’naturalconstitution:specifically,theideaofinsertingintononleguminousplantsthegenes,iftheycanbeidentifiedandisolated,thatfittheleguminousplantstobehostsfornitrogen-fixingbacteria.Hence,theintensifiedresearchonlegumes.
Nitrogenfixationisaprocessinwhichcertainbacteriauseatmosphericnitrogengas,whichgreenplantscannotdirectlyutilize,toproduceammonia,anitrogencompoundplantscanuse.Itisoneofnature'sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimitonplantgrowtheventhoughtheplants'leavesarebathedinaseaofnitrogengas.Theleguminousplants--amongthemcropplantssuchassoybeans,peas,alfalfa,andclover—havesolvedthenitrogensupplyproblembyenteringintoasymbiotic(共生的relationshipwiththebacterialgenusRhizobium;asamatteroffact,thereisaspecificstrainofRhizobiumforeachspeciesoflegume.Thehostplantsuppliesthebacteriawithfoodandaprotectedhabitatandreceivessurplusammoniainexchange.Hence,legumescanthriveinnitrogen-depletedsoil.
Unfortunately,mostofthemajorfoodcrops—includingmaize,wheat,rice,andpotatoes---cannot.Onthecontrary,manyofthehigh-yieldinghybridvarietiesofthesefoodcropsbredduringtheGreenRevolutionofthe1960'swereselectedspecificallytogivehighyieldsinresponsetogenerousapplicationsofnitrogenfertilizer.Thisposesanadditional,formidablechallengetoplantgeneticists:theymustworkonenhancingfixationwithintheexistingsymbioses.Unlesstheysucceed,theyieldgainsoftheGreenRevolutionwillbelargelylostevenifthegenesinlegumesthatequipthoseplantstoenterintoasymbiosiswithnitrogenfixersareidentifiedandisolated,andevenifthetransferofthosegenecomplexes,oncetheyarefound,becomespossible.

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Theoveralltasklooksforbidding,butthestakesaretoohighnotundertakeit.(37.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto_____.
A.exposethefragilenatureofthefoundationsonwhichthehighyieldsofmodernagriculturerestB.arguethatgeneticengineeringpromisestoleadtoevenhigheryieldsthanareachievablewithsyntheticfertilizers
C.arguethatthecapacityfornitrogen-fixingsymbiosesistransferabletononleguminousplantsD.explainthereasonsforandtheobjectivesofcurrentresearchonnitrogen-fixingsymbioses(38.Accordingtothepassage,thereiscurrentlynostrainofRhizobiumthatcanenterintoasymbiosiswith______.A.alfalfaC.peas







B.maizeD.soybeans
(39.ThepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingistureofthebacterialgenusRhizobium?A.Rhizobiumbacteriaarefoundprimarilyinnitrogen-depletesoils.
B.SomestrainsofRhizobiumarenotcapableofenteringintoasymbiosiswithanyplant.C.Rhizobiumbacteriacannotsurviveoutsidetheprotectedhabitatprovidedbyhostplants.D.Rhizobiumbacteriaproducesomeammoniafortheirownpurposes.
(40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______wasthemostinfluentialfactorinbringingaboutintensifiedresearchonnitrogenfixation.A.thehighyieldoftheGreenRevolutionB.thepersistentupwardsurgeinnaturalgaspricesC.themechanizationofmodernagricultureD.theenvironmentalilleffectofsyntheticfertilizers
(41.Accordingtothepassage,theultimategoalofthecurrentresearchonnitrogenfixationistodevelop______.
A.strainsofRhizobiumthatcanenterintosymbioseswithexistingvarietiesofwheat,rice,andothernonlegumes
B.strainsofRhizobiumthatproducemoreammoniaforleguminoushostplantsthandoanyofthestrainspresentlyknown
C.varietiesofwheat,rice,andothernonlegumesthatyieldasmuchasdoexistingvarieties,butrequirelessnitrogen
D.varietiesofwheat,rice,andothernonlegumesthatmaintainanadequatesymbioticrelationshipwithnitrogen-fixingbacteriaandproducehighyields
(B
Thedarksmokethatcomesoutofstacksorfromaburningdumpcontainstinybitsofsolid

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orliquidmatter.Thesmokealsocontainsmanygases,mostofwhichcannotbeseen.Altogether,theymakeuptheseriousproblemsofairpollution.Insomanyplacesitkeepsusfromseeingthesun,irritatesoureyes,causesustocough,andmakesusill.
Airpollutioncanspreadfromcitytocity.Itevenspreadsfromonecountrytoanother.SomenorthernEuropeancountrieshavehad“blacksnow”frompollutantsthathavetraveledthroughtheairfromothercountriesandhavefallenwiththesnow.Soairpollutionisreallyaglobalproblem.
Airpollutioncankillbabies,olderpeople,andthosewhohaverespiratorydiseases.InLondon,in1952,fourthousandpeoplediedinoneweekasaresultofaseriousair-pollutionepisode.In1948,inthesmalltownofDonora,Pennsylvania,twentypeoplediedinafour-dayperiodofbadairpollution.
Atlevelsoftenfoundincities,airpollutionincreasestherisksofcertainlungdisease,suchasemphysema,bronchitis,andasthma.Ofcourse,smokingandotherfactorshelptocausetheseillnesses,too,butthesecaseshaveincreasedgreatlyduringrecentyearsasairpollutionhasbecomeworse.Airpollutioncancausebothairplaneandautoaccidentsbecauseitcutsdownvisibility.Thereareotherpossiblehealthdangersfromairpollutionthatwedon'tknowmuchabout.Forexample,scientistsaretryingtofindoutwhetherchemicalsthatreachusfromtheairmaycausechangesinourcells.
Thesechangesmightcausebabiestobebornwithseriousbirthdefects.Scientistsaretryingtolearnhowallthemanychemicalsweareapttotakeintoourbodiesfromair,food,andevenmedicinesacttogethertoaffectourhealthandthewayourbodieswork.Thatisanotherreasonwhyitissoimportanttobegintocontrolpollutionnowinsteadofwaitinguntilwelearnalltheanswers.
Airpollutioncostsusalotofmoney.Itsoilsandcorrodesourbuildings.Itdamagesfarmcropsandforests.Ithasadestructiveeffectonourworksofart.Thecostofallthisdamagetoourgovernmentisastronomical.Itwouldbemuchmoreworthwhile,bothforusandfortheenvironment,tospendourtaxdollarsonairpollutioncontrol.
(42.Theauthormentionspeopledyingofairpollutionin______.A.Illinois





B.PennsylvaniaD.WashingtonB.visibilityisreducedD.theairistoohot
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C.NewJersey
(43.Airpollutioncausesairplaneaccidentsbecause______.A.pilotsbecomeillC.enginesfail


(44.Scientistsaretryingtofindalinkbetweenpollutionand______.

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A.intelligencelevelsC.birthdefects




B.antisocialbehaviorD.divorcepercentage
(45.Scientistshavenotyetdetermined______.A.alloftheeffectsofpollutiononthehumanbodyB.howpollutioncanbecontrolledsuccessfullyC.whentheatmospherefirstbecamepollutedD.howtowashtheblacksnowclean(46.Wecanconcludethat______.
A.civilizationmaybedoomedifpollutionisnotcontrolledB.pollutionismoreseriousinEuropethanitisinAmericaC.mostpeopledonotknowthatpollutionisaseriousproblemD.blacksnowisnotsoseriouscomparedwithwhitesnowpollution
Ⅶ.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthenfillinthetablewiththeinformation
basedonthepassage.(10%
Sincethe1950s,thetreatmentforcropssufferingfromsuchpestshassometimesbeenanindiscriminateapplicationofpotentchemicals.Butconcernforenvironmentalstandardsinrichercountriesisbeginningtodecreasetheiruse.Evensomesafe,commonlyusedpesticideswillsoonbecomeunavailablebecause,whentheirpatentsrunout,thecostofcomplyingwithenvironmentalregulationsinmarketingtheseproductsmayexceedtheprofitsthatmightotherwiseaccruetotheirmanufacturers.Fortunately,thesechemicalsarenottheonlyweaponsavailabletothebattle.Awidearrayofalternativemeasurescanbebroughtinforsupport.Theterm“integratedpestmanagement”capturesthatnotion.Itreferstothecombinationofusinghardyplants,croprotations,tillagepractices,biologicalcontrolsandaminimalamountofpesticides.
Integratedpestmanagementdrawsonthefundamentalknowledgeofplantandinsectbiologyamassedbybotanistsandentomologists.Hundredsofinsectattractants(pheromoneshavealreadybeenidentifiedandsynthesized,andthesesubstancescanbeusedtointerferewiththenormalreproductivecycleofcommonpests--forexample,byinducingtheinsectstomatetoosoonorinappropriately.Researchersarealsoenthusiasticaboutthepossibilityofusinginsectvirusestosuppresspestseffectivelywithoutharmingtheirnaturalpredatorsorleavingunwantedchemicalresidues.Comingadvanceswillundoubtedlymakesuchcarefullytailoredinsect-controltechniquesmorewidelyavailabletoknowledgeablefarmers,whocanthenincorporatethemasstandardroutines.


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MeasuresforPestControl
Measures
theuseof
47IntegratedPestManagement
47.48.49.50.51.
Descriptionapplicationof
potentchemicals49
Disadvantage
harmfultotheenvironment
50
51
Prospect
48
PartD:WRITING
Ⅷ.Passage-writing.(15%
52.Directions:Writeapassage(150-200wordsinEnglishonthetitle“ModernMedicineandOurLife”.DeveloptheideasaccordingtotheChineseoutlinegivenbelow.1现代医学知识更加丰富，医疗技术更为先进。2现代医学将给人类带来福音：永远健康、延年益寿。3然而，必须指出，现代医学将带来一些严重的社会问题。
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2021年4月全国自考英语科技文选试题及答案解析

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