英汉互译教程
发布时间:2011-04-24
英汉互译教程Unit3 Words have no meanings, context gives them. 词本无意,意随文生。 Words have no meanings, people give them.词本无意,意随人生。
3.1 Meaning: denotation and connotation denotation: literal meaning
Connotation: implied meaning 所谓概念意义,也叫外延意义(denotative Meaning)或认知意义(cognitive Meaning),就是词汇的最基本意义,是语言符号所代表的事物的基本特征的抽象概括,常视为词语在字典中的定义或释义 所谓内涵意义(connotative meaning,是隐含于或附加在概念意义上的意义。社会、群体或个人都可以使一个词具有内涵意义,有时还是很不相同的内涵意义。这种差异既可以存在于两种语言、两种文化之间,也可以存在于一种语言和一种文化的亚文化之间。
Standard of translation 各种翻译技巧、变化等等,都是为了表达的需要(忠实、通顺)。而为了达到这些效果,就不得不借助于以下这些概念:
text type, collocation, context, style, etc. It is not surprising, then that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.
在这种情况下,世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就不足为奇了。各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。
Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sale agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad.
统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的办法,特别适合于分不同的时间出口的一批类似货物,如,当被保险方根据独家代理协议书向国外的进口方供货,或在国外委任了销售代表,设立分支机构时用之。
3.1 纵聚合与横聚合
语义场中,词汇的语义关系可分为纵聚合关系(paradigmatic relationship)与横组合关系(syntagmatic relationship。 纵聚合关系指的是词语的纵向替代关系。 横组合关系指的是词语间的搭配关系。
做饭 做礼拜 做梦 做买卖 做客 做学问
语义场中,词汇的语义关系可分为纵聚合关系(paradigmatic relationship)与横组合关系(syntagmatic relationship。 纵聚合关系指的是词语的纵向替代关系。 横组合关系指的是词语间的搭配关系。
做饭 to do cooking 做礼拜 to go to church 做梦 to have a dream 做买卖 to do business 做客 to be a guest 做学问 to do research 英汉两种语言之间的语义关系有以下三种:语义相符、语义相异、语义空缺。 语义相符:词语的指称意义和蕴涵意义相符。多为专有名词、术语或普通名词。 But as unemployment begins to rise, as profits starts to fall, as interest rates soar, and as the cost of living is at record levels, there economic facts cannot merely be dubbed “inflation”.
而在经济领域中,如果失业开始上升,利润开始下降,利率激增,生活费用达到空前的水平,那么这些现象就不能仅仅以“通货膨胀”来加以解释了。(刘宓庆) 语义相异:指称意义和蕴涵意义有一个不同,或者两者均不相符。 难点:指称意义一致而蕴涵意义不同的词语。
武行者心中要吃,哪里听他分说,一声喝到:“放屁!放屁!” (《水浒传》) Now Wu the priest longed much in his heart to eat and so how could he be willing to listen to this explanation? He bellowed forth, “Pass your wind ---- Pass your wind!” (赛珍珠译
词义空缺:指称意义活蕴涵意义在译入语中不存在。
功夫 Kong fu 麻将 majiang 太极 tai chi 胡同hutong 3.1.2 词义的横组合关系
横组合关系:词汇之间的搭配关系。英汉两种语言的横组合关系通常是不对应的。
Credit cards enables their holders to obtain goods and services on credit. 译文:信用卡能使持卡人以赊账的方式购买商品,享受服务。 3.2 指称意义与蕴涵意义
1. 糖葫芦:Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of children’s favorite food in winter 2. Soon November will be approaching with its autumn storms and leaden clouds, hanging above your head like soaking wet rags.
十一月行将降临,带来秋的凄风苦雨和浅灰色阴云,像浸水的抹布一样压在你的头(陆谷孙译)
3.3 语境与翻译
语境分为:语言语境和文化语境。
语言语境:篇章内部语言单位之间的关联性。