英汉互译教程

发布时间:2011-04-24

英汉互译教程
Unit3 Words have no meanings, context gives them. 词本无意,意随文生。 Words have no meanings, people give them.词本无意,意随人生。
3.1 Meaning: denotation and connotation denotation: literal meaning
Connotation: implied meaning 所谓概念意义,也叫外延意义(denotative Meaning)或认知意义(cognitive Meaning,就是词汇的最基本意义,是语言符号所代表的事物的基本特征的抽象概括,常视为词语在字典中的定义或释义 所谓内涵意义(connotative meaning是隐含于或附加在概念意义上的意义。社会、群体或个人都可以使一个词具有内涵意义,有时还是很不相同的内涵意义。这种差异既可以存在于两种语言、两种文化之间,也可以存在于一种语言和一种文化的亚文化之间。
Standard of translation 各种翻译技巧、变化等等,都是为了表达的需要(忠实、通顺)。而为了达到这些效果,就不得不借助于以下这些概念:

text type, collocation, context, style, etc. It is not surprising, then that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.
在这种情况下,世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就不足为奇了。各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。
Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sale agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad.
统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的办法,特别适合于分不同的时间出口的一批类似货物,如,当被保险方根据独家代理协议书向国外的进口方供货,或在国外委任了销售代表,设立分支机构时用之。
3.1 纵聚合与横聚合
语义场中,词汇的语义关系可分为纵聚合关系(paradigmatic relationship)与横组合关系(syntagmatic relationship 纵聚合关系指的是词语的纵向替代关系。 横组合关系指的是词语间的搭配关系。
做饭 做礼拜 做梦 做买卖 做客 做学问
语义场中,词汇的语义关系可分为纵聚合关系(paradigmatic relationship)与横组合关系(syntagmatic relationship 纵聚合关系指的是词语的纵向替代关系。 横组合关系指的是词语间的搭配关系。


做饭 to do cooking 做礼拜 to go to church 做梦 to have a dream 做买卖 to do business 做客 to be a guest 做学问 to do research 英汉两种语言之间的语义关系有以下三种:语义相符、语义相异、语义空缺。 语义相符:词语的指称意义和蕴涵意义相符。多为专有名词、术语或普通名词。 But as unemployment begins to rise, as profits starts to fall, as interest rates soar, and as the cost of living is at record levels, there economic facts cannot merely be dubbed “inflation”.

而在经济领域中,如果失业开始上升,利润开始下降,利率激增,生活费用达到空前的水平,那么这些现象就不能仅仅以“通货膨胀”来加以解释了。(刘宓庆) 语义相异:指称意义和蕴涵意义有一个不同,或者两者均不相符。 难点:指称意义一致而蕴涵意义不同的词语。

武行者心中要吃,哪里听他分说,一声喝到:“放屁!放屁!” (《水浒传》 Now Wu the priest longed much in his heart to eat and so how could he be willing to listen to this explanation? He bellowed forth, “Pass your wind ---- Pass your wind!” (赛珍珠译
词义空缺:指称意义活蕴涵意义在译入语中不存在。

功夫 Kong fu 麻将 majiang 太极 tai chi 胡同hutong 3.1.2 词义的横组合关系
横组合关系:词汇之间的搭配关系。英汉两种语言的横组合关系通常是不对应的。

Credit cards enables their holders to obtain goods and services on credit. 译文:信用卡能使持卡人以赊账的方式购买商品,享受服务。 3.2 指称意义与蕴涵意义
1. 糖葫芦:Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of children’s favorite food in winter 2. Soon November will be approaching with its autumn storms and leaden clouds, hanging above your head like soaking wet rags.
十一月行将降临,带来秋的凄风苦雨和浅灰色阴云,像浸水的抹布一样压在你的头(陆谷孙译)
3.3 语境与翻译
语境分为:语言语境和文化语境。
语言语境:篇章内部语言单位之间的关联性。 文化语境:语篇外部非语言的因素。
1. “Hold on, Arthur, my boy,” he said, attempting to mask his anxiety with facetious utterance. (Martin Eden by Jack London “等等,亚瑟,老兄,”他想说句俏皮话掩饰心中的紧张, (孙法理译) 2. 下象棋我只会马走日,象走田。
I only know the most basic moves of the Chinese chess. 3. 对手很老练地拿起棋子儿,嘴里叫着:“当头炮。” 他跟着跳上马。对手马上把他的卒吃了,他也立刻用马吃了对方的炮。我看这种简单的开局没有大意思,又
实在对象棋不感兴趣,就转了头。(注:不能照字面意义翻译)
His opponent picked up a piece with an experienced hand and said, “I’ll move my cannon into the center.” The chess player sent his knight into action, whereupon his opponent took one of his pawns. At once the chess player took his opponent’s cannon with his knight. I didn’t find this very conventional opening at all interesting. Besides, chess did not mean very much to me anyhow. I turned away. 3.4 文体与翻译
根据使用的场合,英语可分为:正式英语(formal English)与非正式英语(non-formal English Martin Joos (美国语言学家:庄严体(frozen style、正式体(formal style商议体(consultative style、随意体(casual style和亲密体(intimate style
3.5 语域与翻译
语域是一种语言变体,话语范围field话语方式(mode和话语基调(tenor不是语域的组成部分,而是决定语域的三个变量。
话语范围:言语交际过程发生的事情、进行的活动、论及的事情或者表达的经验等 话语方式:言语交际的方式或媒介。
话语基调:交际情境中讲话者与受话者之间的关系和讲话者的交际意图。
后来运动起来,忽然有一天大家传说棋呆子在串连时犯了事儿,被人押回学校了。我对棋呆子能出去串连表示怀疑,因为以前大家对他的描述说明他不可能解决串连时的吃喝问题。 (注:蕴涵某个时代的特有词汇)
Later on, after the “cultural revolution” had started, the news had gone around one day that he had gone into serious trouble while away from home exchanging revolutionary experience” and been sent back under escort to his school. I expressed my doubts about whether the Chess Maniac could possibly have gone off on an exchanging revolutionary experience. Everything I had heard about him made obvious that he could not possibly have coped with feeding himself when away. Unit4 英汉翻译技巧

常见的翻译技巧主要有五种,包括增译法、词类转换法、语态转换法、词序调整法和分译法。
In the West, everybody is talking about going to the East and making an investment. Apparently a growing number of foreign firms have been pouring into China, and the Pudong area of Shanghai is among the best choices of their investment destination. Today it is not a matter of whether to go east, but when and how. 译文: 现在西方人人都在谈论去东方投资。显然越来越多的外国公司纷纷涌入中国,而上海的浦东地区是人们投资的首选目的地之一。现在的问题不在于是否要去东方投资,而在于何去投资为好,如何去投资为好
Bounces are, by definition, temporary. Nearly a fortnight has passed since the end of the Republican convention and it is clear that it, and the Democratic get-together beforehand, have produced more than just a bounce. The conventions, and especially John McCain’s choice of Sarah Palin, have changed the course of the presidential race. On Monday September 15th both









candidates sought to make tough statements on the demise of Lehman Brothers and the turmoil on Wall Street. And both attempted to score points off the other over the strength of those responses. from Economist Sep16, 2008 译文: 从词语内涵上看,“反弹”暗含“难以持续”的意味。共和党全国代表大会已于两周前宣告结束。很明显,这次民主党和共和党全国代表大会的先后召开,带来的可不仅仅只是共和党候选人麦凯恩选情的一时反弹。两次大会的召开,特别是麦凯恩挑选了莎拉·佩林作为自己的竞选搭档,已经极大地改变了总统选战的进程。915日,两位候选人对雷曼兄弟公司的倒闭和华尔街的混乱发表了强硬的措辞。他们都试图从对方对该事件的回应中挑出毛病,进而打击对手得分。(李宏顺译 Within just one full day in office, the new President issued a blistering array of orders reversing the policies of George W. Bush on harsh interrogation techniques, on access to government information and on Guantánamo, which he announced he would close. (By Michael Scherer from Time, April 21, 2009 译文: 就任美国总统才刚满一天,新总统奥巴马就闪电般签署了一连串行政命令来纠正前总统布什的政策,这些命令包括取消残酷的侦讯手段,调整政府的情报政策,并宣布将限期关闭关塔那摩监狱。 I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. (From Laming Time by Ann Blackmore 译文: 我原以为这不过是一种亲热的姿态,但是现在看来,这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道,来判断是不是自己生的崽。 4.2.2 词类转移法
英语中多使用名词,包括抽象名词和带有动作意味的名词,而汉语中则多用动词。所以在翻译时,英语中的名词常常可以转译成汉语中的动词结构。而形容词转化为副词,系表结构转化为汉语动词,形容词转化为动词,介词转为动词,名词转为形容词,等等 The victory of justice over arbitrary acts, of reason over decadence and blindness, of democracy over imperialism, of good over evil, our victory of 25 October will represent one of the glorious pages of our history. 译文: 正义战胜了专断行为,理智战胜了堕落和盲目,民主战胜了帝国主义,善战胜了恶,我们在1025日取得的胜利将作为光辉篇章之一载入史册,我们将把它传给子孙后代。
I am so graceful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 译文:我非常感激父亲,因为在我小的时候他总是不断地鼓励我。 So we have two leading Democrats who are as vulnerable as they are formidable. And while much has been made of the fact that Obama and Clinton face the challenge of being potential presidential firstsAfrican American and womanI suspect neither Senator worries overmuch about those innate hurdles. Both have a more immediate and intimidating problem: each will spend the next year running against the most formidable living Democratic politician, Bill Clinton. 译文: 可以说,民主党的这两位领先人物既有容易遭人攻击的弱点,同时又具有很
强的优势。尽管他们面临着成为第一位黑人总统抑或成为第一位女总统的挑战这一事实备受关注,但我觉得两位参议员对这种内在的障碍并不过分担心。 4.2.3 语态转换法
英汉两种语言中被动语态的使用大不相同,英文惯用被动语态,而汉语中较少使用
所谓语态转换法,是指在翻译中将原文的被动语态转换为译文的主动语态(多见于英译汉),或者将原文的主动语态转换为译文的被动语态(多见于汉译英) 注意;以下皆有两种翻译,只是将较好的选取
Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily, only a few of second importance remains to be discussed 大部分的问题已经圆满解决,只剩下个别几个次要的问题还有待讨论。
Scores of books have been written about Roosevelt, exploring every nook and cranny of his experience, so Smith breaks no "news" and offers no previously undisclosed revelations concerning the man from Hyde Park. 译文2: 迄今为止,有关罗斯福的书已经多达几十本,将罗斯福人生经历中的每一个细微之处探究得清清楚楚,因此史密斯这本书并未披露什么“新闻”,也没能发掘有关罗斯福的任何不为人知的轶事。
语态转换法还可以应用于一些英文固定结构和句型,这些常见的英文被动句型常常译成汉语的主动态,如:
It is said that„ 译成 “ 据说„„” It is reported that„ 译成“据报道„„”
It must be admitted that„ 译成“必须承认„„” It is believed that... 译成“有人相信„„.”

It is universally acknowledged that/ it is well known that„ 译成“众所周知”,或者“„„是举世公认的真理”
I was told that„.译成“有人告诉我„„”或“听说„„” 4.2.4 词序或句序调整法

所谓词序或句序调整法,是指在翻译实践中,常常要将英语中的某些词语,短语,分句在原文中的位置进行改动,或放在句首,或放于句末,或放于句中;有时需要将原文中多个部分的位置打乱,重新组合,如把短语,分句颠倒词序,使译文更加符合汉语的语法和行文习惯,表达更加地道流畅,避免因生搬硬造而导致的译文腔,使译文更具可读性。 Real estate might be expected to appreciate steadily in value during the 21st century, given that both the global population and global prosperity are rising. 译文: 鉴于全球人口和全球财富都在增长的趋势,预计房地产可能会在二十一世纪实现稳定升值。 We ought to consider not only that our life is daily wasting away and a smaller part of it is left①, but another thing also must be taken into account②, that if a man should live longer③, it is quite uncertain ④whether the understanding will still continue sufficient for the comprehension of thins⑤, and retain the power of contemplation which strives to acquire the knowledge of the divine and the human⑥.
译文1: 我们不应该只是怀想,生命是一天天地在消逝,来日所余无多①;我们也要想一想②,假使寿命可以延长③,我们的心灵将来是否仍可同样的适宜于了解事
实以及对于与人的事物之沉思冥想⑤⑥,恐怕是个疑问吧?④ (梁实秋译,《沉思录》
4.2.5 复合句的分译法

。所谓的分译法就是指对复杂的长句进行化整为零,在必要的地方(如关系代词、关系副词、并列连词等)按照意群将句子切分开来。 They empties arsenals of foul epithets with which the vocabulary of the fourth century was so richly stocked to disgrace the fame of a honest man who lived a life of ascetic simplicity and devoted all his energies to the happiness of his people who has been entrusted to his care. 译文2: 他们穷尽一切公元四世纪所能想到的肮脏污秽的形容词来诋毁一个诚实人的名声,这个老实人过着苦行僧般简单质朴的生活,并殚精竭虑为自己管辖的民众谋福祉
As you linger on the mountain pass to admire the rugged reflection of Beinn a Lochain in the waters of Loch Restil, spare a thought for the weary sheep drovers who used to pause here for a breath after a long steep climb from Loch Fyne. 译文2: 当你流连于此山口,赞赏雷斯蒂尔湖中贝安山嶙峋的倒影时,请想想从前那些疲惫的赶羊人吧。他们从法恩湾出发,沿陡峭山路,经长途跋涉,然后在此歇息。(曹明伦译)

A promiscuous actress is murdered at an otherwise pleasant resort hotel, thereby interrupting Hercult Poirot’s vocation, much in the same way the real actress’ pleasant sojourn in sunny Majorca was occasionally interrupted by the fact that they were to make a movie. by Michael Tennenbaum from Christie Movie II, from The Bedside, Bathtub and Armchair Companion to Agatha Christie
译文: 一个风骚的女演员正在愉快地度假,不料一天,她在一个旅游胜地的旅馆被人谋杀。这桩案子打断了赫克尔·波洛的度假。这好比现实生活中的一个女演员,当她正在阳光灿烂的马略卡岛度假时,突然有电影要拍,于是愉快的假期也只能暂
Unit 5

汉语句子强调主题,以意统形,句法特征是“意合”,强调逻辑与意义的关联,句界的划分往往比较模糊。而英语句子主谓两分,讲求主谓关系一致,句法特征是“形合”,强调形式和功能,强调句子内部和句子之间的衔接,句子划分有严格的要求。了解汉英语言的这些基本差异,在汉译英时注重汉语“话题句”和英语“主谓句”的转换,可以避免误译、错译 总的来说,汉语句子英译的基本顺序是:1)结合汉英句子的差异,正确分析句子之间和句子内部的关系;2)根据意群断句,合理安排译文句子的结构,做到句子的信息主次分明,轻重有别;3)运用衔接手段(cohesive device)将隐含在原文中的逻辑关系凸显出来,完成由汉语隐形、意合到英语显性、形合的转换。 一、主语的确定

汉语的主语,一般可以直接译为英语句子的主语。但是有时,因为语义或者逻辑关系的差异,某些汉语的主语不宜作英语句子的主语,常见的处理办法是在汉语句子中寻找其他成分作英语句子的主语,或者干脆重新增补主语。

我国的社会主义建设事业,需要尽可能多的知识分子为它服务。
译文:China needs the services of as many intellectuals as possible for the task of building socialism. 乡里消息传到城里来,城里的绅士立刻大哗。
译文2When the news from the countryside reached the cities, it caused immediate uproar among the gentry. 无锡是南方江苏省的一个小城,位于南京和上海之间。
译文3Located mid-way between Nanjing and Shanghai, Wuxi is a medium sized city in Jiangsu Province, East China 太湖奇峰环抱,烟水迷朦,自然天成的湖光山色,美不胜收。 译文2The mist-covered surface of the water and surrounding peaks make Taihu a splendid natural landscape 二、谓语的确定

汉译英时,是先确定主语还是谓语,并没有固定的先后顺序。可以根据实际情况先确定主语,后确定谓语;也可以先确定谓语,再确定主语。 中国将融入世界经济的大潮。
译文1Chinese economy will merge into the tide of the world economy. 译文2economy of China will converge with that of the world.
点评:“merge into”有“消没在„„之中”的意思,不符合原意。“converge with”则表示“与„„融合在一起”。
历史不能割断。今天的中国是前天和昨天的中国发展而来的。
译文2History is a continuous whole. China today is a development of China yesterday and the day before yesterday.
痛苦的我常常痛苦地想,如果能重活一回,我再也不与世俗去抗争,因为与世俗抗争是要付出代价的。
译文:In excruciating agony, I often ponder this: if I could live my life once again, I would never try to achieve the elimination of prejudices of any kind for the simple reason that there is a price to pay. 三、语序的调整

汉、英两种语言在语序上有相同之处,例如主语、谓语和表语等。主要区别在于定语和状语位置的不同,以及叙述的逻辑有所不同。

他到过的国外的地方,我在半个世纪以前就到过了,如伦敦、巴黎、罗马、佛罗伦萨等欧洲城市。 译文:Overseas, he has been to places such as London, Paris, Rome and Florence in Europe, which I had visited half a century ago. 英国是第一个承认中华人民共和国的西方大国。
文:The United Kingdom was the first Western power to recognize the People’s Republic of China.
外资企业在中国购买物资,在同等条件下,享受与中国企业同等的待遇。 译文:Purchasing materials in China, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise shall enjoy equal treatment accorded to Chinese enterprises under the same condition. 从前没有电视,他总是在晚饭后和家人聊天。
译文:He always had a chat with his family after dinner when there was no
TV set
5.3 汉语篇章的英译

汉语的句法特征是意合,不在意语篇的形式衔接;而英语句子强调形态变化和语篇的衔接,句法特征是形合。所以,汉语篇章在译成英语时,要根据语义合理断句,并适当增补衔接词。 中国沿海共有160多处海湾和几百公里深水岸线,许多岸段适合建设港口,发展海洋运输业。沿海地区共有1500多处旅游娱乐景观资源,适合发展海洋旅游业。中国海域还有丰富的海水资源和海洋可再生能源。 译文:More than 160 bays are spread along China’s coasts, plus the deep-water stretches of coast with a total length of several hundred kilometers. Many spots along the coastline are suitable for constructing harbors and developing marine transportation. There are more than 1,500 tourist, scenic and recreation spots favorable for developing marine tourism. In addition, China’s offshore areas abound in seawater resources and regenerable marine energy resources. 5.4 汉语英译的逻辑问题

逻辑也是在汉译英时需要特别注意的问题。主要表现在:语义重复、语序混乱、指代不一、主次不分等。 持续下了几天雨,郊区的道路境况极坏。 译文:The roads in the suburbs are very bad owing to the continual rainy days.
古来一切有成就的人,都很严肃地对待自己的生命,当他活着一天,总要尽量多工作、多学习,不肯虚度年华,不让时间白白地浪费掉。
译文2Throughout the ages, all people of accomplishment take their lives seriously. As long as they are alive, they would rather devote themselves to more work and study than let a single minute slip by in vain. 上海的字面意义是“位于海之上”。它位于长江流入大海之前足后一条支流的黄浦江畔。
b. Shanghai, which means “above the sea”, is on the Huangpu River, the lowest tributary at the mouth of the Yangzi. 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。
b. Our cause has won victory one after another. 宗教不得干预政治。
b. It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion. Unit 6 61 法律翻译
作为应用性文体翻译的一种,法律翻译(legal translation是指不同语言的法律文(legal texts之间的转换活动,是一种法律转换(legal transfer)和语言转换language transfer)同时进行的双重工作(double operation(Sarcevic, 1997:12 一、法律文本的语言特征
法律语言三个最本质的特征-——准确性、权威性和约束力。
法律文本的主要功能决定了其“冰冻体”(frozen style)的文体特征。

行文非常正式、复杂、保守、广泛使用古体词和法律术语、有极其复杂的长句和固定的语篇结构,构成了法律文体的基本语言特征。 1.法律文本的词汇特征

1)具有独特法律含义的普通词
词汇 普通意义 法律意义 action 行动 诉讼 answer 回答 答辩
appeal 呼吁 上诉 apprehend 领悟 抵押 avoid 避开 废止 bill 账单 法案 challenge 回避 charge 要(价),收费 控告,委托 client 顾客 当事人,委托人 committee 员会 监护人 condemn谴责 判刑,定罪 declaration 声明,宣言 申诉书 defense 防御 辩护 discovery 发现 证据开示
exhibit 展开 物证 hear 听,听见 听审,听证 limitation 限制 时效 party 晚会 当事人 petitioner 申请人 申诉人 proceed 进行 起诉 recognize 认识 备案 report 报告 揭发 respondent 回答者 应诉人 service 服务 送达 suit 一套服装 诉讼案件 undo 解开 勾引,诱奸 vacation 假期 休庭期间 validity 有效性 合法性 well 好,井 律师席 wrong 错误 违法 2)来自古英语和中世纪英语的稀有词
aforesaid前述的 forthwith随即 hereafter之后 hereby据此
herein本文件中 hereinafter下文 hereinbefore上文 hereof本文件的
hereto于此 heretofore(迄今为止) hereunder在下文 here-with随附
pursuant to按照 thence从那里,因此 thenceforth从那时起,此后 thereabout大约 thereafter之后 thereat在那里 thereby因此 therein在其中 thereon在其上 thereto到那里




theretofore直到那时 thereunto在那里 thereunder在其下,据此 thereupon就该事 therewith与此 whereas鉴于
whereat在那里,对那个 whereby藉以,凭那个 whereof关于某事 whereon在那上面 3)拉丁词和短语
法律英语中的拉丁词和短语使语言严肃冰冷。由于法律越来越成为当代人们生活的一部分,一些法律上常用的标准拉丁词已经在人们的日常生活中得到认可. alias别名 alibi不在犯罪现场 quorum法定人数 in flagrante delicto当场,在作案时 writ of fieri facias财物扣押令 ex parte单方面的 guardian ad litem法定监护人 4)法语外来词
由于英国曾经很长一段时间受法国人统治,英文法律词汇中源自法语的词汇数量相当庞大,而且这些词汇已经成为英文中基本的法律词汇。 action诉讼 appeal上诉 bill法案 guardian监护人 defendant被告 plaintiff原告 suit诉讼案件 verdict (陪审团的)裁决 还有一部分古旧法文词尚未进入普通英文的词汇表,其使用范围只局限在法律专业人员之间的书面交流中。这些专用的法语法律用词有: alien让与(相当于to transfer chose in action权利动产 demurrer抗辩 oyez肃静 quash撤诉
5)法律专业术语
法律专业术语具有明确的、特定的法律上的含义 英汉法律互译中普遍存在的一个问题,即术语不对称——原文中的多义术语可能对应着传递不同法律概念的多个译文术语。在不同法律体系之间,这种对应会变得更加复杂,特别是当两种法律概念差异明显或无对应概念时。 6)法律行话
法律术语可以是对内的,如律师对律师或法官对律师,也可以是对外的,如律师对客户或普通民众。行话则不然,它是完全对内的,即同行的语言,虽然有时并非故意要将行外人士排斥在外。 常用的法律行话用语: abet 教唆
accessory 帮凶 accomplice共犯
adhesion contract 附意合同 adverse possession 相反占有权 clean hands 清白的

condition precedent先决条件 general counsel 首席法律顾问
grandfather clause (新颁发法律中)不追溯条款 hung jury 意见分歧的陪审团
inferior court 初级法院,下级法院 insider trading 秘密交易
interstate commerce(美)州际商会 issue of fact事实上的争论点 issue of law法律上的争论点 latent defect 隐蔽的缺陷
legal fiction 法律拟制,法律上的假定 liquidated damages已判定的赔偿金 7)正式词语
法律文本中的正式词汇,不仅指书面语用语,更包括即便是在普通书面语体中也不常用的正式程度较高的词汇或短语。例如普通书面语体中常见的according to (按照)with regard toregardingconcerning(有关)等,在法律文体中,更常用的表达是正式程度更高的词汇in accordance withpursuant to,及in respect of等。这类词汇还包括许多委婉语(词)。例如,死去的人the dead,在法律英语中会用the deceasedthe decedent 8 模糊词语

汉英两种法律语言各自有不少模糊词汇。比如汉语中常用到“大约、若干、严重、从重、从轻、恶劣、合理的、数额巨大的”,等等。英语中常用到about, further, general, reasonable, necessary, properly, perfect, within, possible, approximately. 不仅具有概括性、灵活性的特点,而且具有丰富的法律内涵 9 配对词和三联词
法律文书中的配对词(couplets/doubletslegal pairs和三联词(triplets指用两个或三个意思相近或相同的赘词(tautology构成一个短语以表达法律上本来只需要一个词就能表达的概念。
null and void sell, transfer(转让or dispose(处置 2. 法律文本的句法特征

语气上一般使用陈述句,疑问句几乎不用;语态上英语法律文本多使用被动态故多为完整句,省略句几乎不用,而汉语法律文本多使用主动态,且多为无主句(规范性法律文本如法条尤为突出) 1 语态
在语态方面,法律文本的客观性决定了法律英语中被动语态比比皆是 汉语立法文本却多为无主句,故罕见被动语态。 第六十一条 对于犯罪分子决定刑罚的时候,应当根据犯罪的事实、犯罪的性质、节和对社会的危害程度,依照本法的有关规定判处。 --- 《中国人民共和国刑法》
译文2
Section 61 A criminal shall be sentenced to a punishment in accordance with the facts, nature and circumstances of the crime, the degree of harm done to society and the relevant provisions of this law. (腾超、孔飞燕,2008

21 2 慎用代词

法律文件应当“慎用代词,只有被指代的词不被误解并且是中性词时,或者是存在着一系列的名词如果不用代词则只能重复这些名词因而有明显的累赘毛病时,才可使用代词”。

实际上,在英文法律文本中,较为典型的是以“same”,“said”,“such”等词指代相关内容,因为这三个词能在很大程度上明确指代内容,减少模糊和歧义。 3 名词与动词

名词在法律英语中出现的频率远高于任何其他词性,因为以名词作主语或宾语的中心词时可附加较多的限定词。
动词名词化是法律英语中随处可见的现象,因为名词化结构的非人格化效果可以产生一种不容置否的权威性。 相反,法律汉语里更多的是使用动词。 4 长句

法律文本的社会功能要求其必须详尽而准确,不能引起任何歧义,这就必然导致其句法结构的繁琐与复杂,长句也较多。 A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed can not be contracted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing. 译文:书面合同中,有条款表明该书面合同完全体现了当事人已达成协议的条款的,不得把以前的声明或协议加入合同,或以此声明或协议对合同加以补充。但此声明或协议可以用于解释该合同。
Provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the Landlord after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver of breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise. A new Tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the Landlord and the Tenant.
译文:倘若在本合约规定的租借期满后业主接受租金或中间收益,不应该被认为是起了放弃或违背合约的任何条件的作用,也不应该认为是起了作为继续租用或其它的新租期的作用。新租约只能是业主和租户签署的新书面租凭合约。(薛华业,198987
不服本判决的一方,可于接到判决之日起15日内向一级法院提起上诉。
译文: Any party dissatisfied with the judgment maywithin 15 days upon receipt of the said judgmentfile an appeal to the next upper people's court. 二、法律翻译的基本原则
法律文件翻译的五大原则,即:1)使用庄重词语的原则;2)准确性的原则;3)精炼性的原则;4)术语一致性的原则;5)使用专业术语的原则。 ----邱贵溪(200014-16
我们将法律翻译的一般原则归纳为:1)准确性与精确性原则;2)清晰性与简明性原则;3一致性与同一性原则;4)专业化和规范化原则。 1、准确性与精确性原则
外国合营者如果有意以落后的技术和设备进行欺骗,造成损失的,应赔偿损失。

If the foreign joint venturer causes any loss or losses by deception through the intentional use of backward technology and equipmenthe shall pay compensation there-for(Chen1992166 2、清晰性与简明性原则
More than 80 percent of the 32000 commercial enterprises in Guangdong involve Hong Kong businessmenwith ICAC intelligence indicating many bribe with impunitythrough lavish giftsentertainment and kick-backs.(“Law Could Cover Bribes in China”,1995 译文2:在32000个广东商业机构中,八成以上有港商参与,据廉署情报显示,许多港商以大量馈赠、殷勤款待和丰厚回扣行贿,却能逍遥法外。(李克兴,200757
3、一致性与同一性原则

法律翻译的同一性标准指的是用同一词汇表达同一法律概念或思想;而所谓一致性标准指的是在整个法律文献中自始至终保持关键字用词的一致,并要求与有关管辖法律中对该关键字的释义(如果有的话保持一致。 4、专业化与规范化原则

法律翻译专业化,就是要求翻译人员不但要具有较高的双语水准,而且要对各项法律,尤其要对普通的法律概念、基本术语的表达规则有相当的了解
principal 译文:主犯? 正犯? 四、法律文本中常用短语的翻译 1.情态动词shall, maymust “shall”,“may”和“must”等三词,其中shall用的最多。 情态动词shall是法律英语最重要的一个词汇,当shall与第三人称一起使用时,它表示命令、义务、职责、特权、和许诺等。通常的译法有“必须”、“应当”、“要”和“将”等。
45 申请者应当自收到批准证书之日起1个月内,按照国家规定,向工商行政管理机关办理登记手续。 译文: An applicant shall, within one month after receipt of the approval certificate, register with the administration authority for industry and commerce in accordance with the relevant regulations of the state. Where it is necessary to make such reductions due to changes in total investment and production or the scale of operation or production , the reduction shall be subject to the approval of the examination and approval authorities. 译文:因投资总额和生产经营规模等发生变化,确需减少的,须审批机构批准。 2 Otherwise In this Ordinanceunless the context otherwise requires,“state” means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality(Laws of Hong KongCap30Wills OrdinanceArt2
译文:在本条例中,除文意另有所指外,“国家”指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。
Unless the context otherwise requires这一句型在法例的释义都分最为常见。






在汉语的译文中几乎一律译成“除„„另有„„外”。 3 subject to 该短语在法律英文中一般都跟agreementsectioncontract等法律文件名或文件中特定条款名配合使用。 “根据„„规定”
Subject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under subsection (5. (ibid. Art. 12AB[4] 译文:在符合本条的规定下,上诉须按根据(5)款订立的规则内订明的方式提出,并须受该规则所订明的条件规限。 4without prejudice to subject to„的句法结构相同,跟在without prejudice to这个短语之后的通常是一个指代某项法律条款的名词。但对有关事物或条款的规限程度,没有前者那么强硬。 在汉语中,其意思相当于“在不损害„„的原则下”、“在不影响„„的情况下”、“„„不受影响”、“不妨碍„„”以及“不规限„„”等等。
Without prejudice to section 24the following shall be treated as properly executed(Laws of Hong KongCap30,“Wills Ordinance”,Art25[-1] 译文:在不影响第24条规定的原则下,以下的遗嘱须视为正式签立„„ 5.for the purpose(s of“为了„„目的” 《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百二十四条:有下列情形之一,以非法占有为目的,在签订、履行合同过程中,骗取对方当事人财物,数额较大的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处罚金„„ 译文:Whoeverfor the purpose of illegal possessionuses one of the following means during signing or executing a contract to obtain property and goods of the opposite party by fraudand when the amount of money is relatively largeis to be sentenced to not more than three years of fixed-term imprisonmentcriminal detention and may in addition or exclusively be sentenced to a fine 6 provided that Provided that是普通英文中很少使用的古旧词,但该句型在法律文书,尤其是在合约条款中,使用很广泛。 “倘若/如果”或“但”。 The Licensee shall not be entitled to take any proceedings in any of the aforesaid matters, providedhowever, that the Licensor mayat its own discretion and Costprosecute or otherwise stop or prevent such actual or threatened infringement in the name of both the Licensor and the Licensee or either of themand in each case the Licensee shall render all reasonable assistance required by the Licensor
译文:被许可方无权就上述任何行为起诉或要求许可方起诉,但许可方可自行决定并自付费用,以许可方和被许可方双方名义或任何一方名义,对实际发生或似将发生的商标侵权行为提起诉讼,或以其他方式阻止或防止该等侵权行为。无论许可方采取前述任何行动,被许可方均应提供许可方所要求的一切合理协助。(孙万彪,2003:29
7notwithstanding 介词notwithstanding在普通英文中极为罕见,属古旧废词,但其在法律英文中较为常见。它的译法跟althoughthougheven if引导的状语从句没有太大分别,可译成“尽管„„”、“即使„„”,表示一种让步。 Notwithstanding any law or practice to the contraryit shall be lawful for the court in any proceedings for an offence under Part II to comment on the failure of the accused to give evidence on oath(Laws of Hong KongCap201“Prevention of Bribery Ordinance,”Art.26 译文:即使任何法律或惯例有相反规定,在因第II部所订罪行而进行的法律诉讼中,法庭可就被控人不宣誓作供一事加以评论。
save/ except(for 在法律英文中,save是一个与except(for相同的介词,来自法语,汉语的译文为“除„„外”。 Save as is provided in this sectionnothing in this Ordinance shall require the disclosure by a legal adviser of any privileged informationcommunicationbookdocument or other article(Laws of Hong KongCap201“Prevention of Bribery Ordinance,”Art.14E[4] 译文:除本条另有订定外,本条例并不规定法律顾问须披露任何有特权的资料、通讯、簿册、文件或其他物品。
9.in respect of “关于,有关” Where an employee is granted any period of annual leavethe employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is next paid his wages after that period(Laws of Hong KongCap57,“Employment Ordinance,”Art.41B 译文:凡雇员获准任何一段期间的年假,雇主最迟须于该段期间后的第一个发薪日付给该雇员该段期间的年假薪酬。
Unit 6-2商务翻译

商务文体是一种实用性很强的功能语体,涉及对外贸易,招商引资,国际运输,涉外保险等诸多方面,具有显著的词汇和行文特征。 本书所讨论的商务文书主要涉及出口单证,即单据证书,英文为Export Documents
主要是指在出口中使用的单据和证书,用以完成货物的交付、运输、保险、报关等工作。 1.商务文本的特征 1)词汇特征
首先,词汇意义的专业性。
FOB(离岸价)free on board CIF (到岸价) cost, insurance, freight C&F (cost and freight运费在内价
COD (cash on delivery货到付款 CADCash against Documents)凭单付款 L/C(信用证) letter of credit irrevocable L/C不可撤销信用证 bill/draft at sight即期汇票


CAF (货币汇率附加费) currency adjustment factor D/A (承兑交单 document against acceptance D/P (付款交单 document against payment MTD (多式联运单据 multimodal transport document discount (折扣;贴现)
对外贸易中,最常用的付款方式有信用证L/C (Letter of Credit,电汇 T/T (Telegraphic Transfer,付款交单D/P (Document against Payment和承兑交单D/ADocuments against Acceptance。其中信用证是目前国际贸易最常用的一种付款方式,也最保险。电汇 T/T分为前T/T和后T/T。前T/T是最优的付款方式,在欧美国家用得比较多。后T/T相对来说风险较高。D/PD/A等付款方式采用得较少,主要由于这两种付款方式属于商业信用,风险较大。 inquiry询盘/询价 quotation/offer报盘/报价 counter offer还盘/确盘 firm offer实盘 a special introductory offer特别试销折扣价 recommended price建议价
RRP (建议零售价 recommended retail price best price最惠价 literature介绍产品的印刷品 catalogue产品目录 sole patent rights独家专利 exclusive (sole agent独家代理 regular order定期订单 a large order大宗订单 initial order首批订单 repeat order续购订单 stock position存货量 sell off清仓处理 claim索赔 settlement理赔 complaint投诉 policy保单 draw on XX Co. 向某某公司开汇票 Sample货样/样品 counter-sample对等货样/卖方按买方提供的样品制出的货样 handle export formalities办理出口手续费 B/L(bills of lading提单 S/C(sales confirmation售货确认书/合同 1Payment will be made by 100% confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit available by sight draft
译文:付款方式为 100% 即期,保兑,不可撤消信用证。 原文中“confirm”一词在此不指“确认”,而表示“保兑”。

2Provided you fulfill the terms of the credit , we will accept and pay at maturity. 译文2: 我行将承兑并于期满时支付信用证项下提示的汇票。
3Draft must be negotiated in China within 15 days from the date of Bill of Lading but within the validity of the credit. 译文:汇票自提单日期起15天内在中国议付,但不得超过本证有效期。
英语常使用某些适合正式场合的书面用语,如以“prior to”, “previous to”代 “before”, 用“by virtue of” 引出原因,分别“commence” 和 “cease”表示“开始”和“结束”。
This is to... 兹特
We shall appreciate... 承蒙/承盼
Your prompt reply will be appreciated. 请及早赐复/及早回复为盼。 We’re pleased to know... 欣悉 We thank you for... 多谢贵方 Enclosed you will find... 随信附上 Referring to... 根据/参阅 In view of... 鉴于 In accordance with... 根据
We should be obliged to/if... 如蒙 ,将十分感谢。 On the basis that.. 本着. On receipt of... 一俟收到
On condition that/On the understanding that... 条件下,以 为条件 Please don’t hesitate to... 尽可以,/务请 Through the courtesy of... 承蒙 好意
Please be advised that... 兹通知/谨告知 古英语的使用:hereby, hereto, herein, herewith, thereby, heretofore, whereby
The undersigned hereby certifies that the goods to be supplied are produced in Japan. 下述签署人兹保证供货在日本制造。
Please find herein a list of chemicals available at present. 附寄目前可供化工产品货单一份,请查收。 2)句法特征
商务文体的句式通常结构严谨,格式相对固定。 1. The Contract, made out, in Chinese and English, both version being equally authentic, by and between the Seller and the Buyer whereby the Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the under- mentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows:
译文:本合同由买卖双方缔结,用中、英文字写成,两种文体具有同等效力,按照下述条款,卖方同意售出、买方同意购进以下商品
2. This contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by
the Buyer and the Seller. 本合同自买卖双方议定之日起生效。
3. 我们对贵方的新产品„„甚感兴趣,希望能寄来贵公司的产品目录及价目表。
译文:We are interested in your new product„and shall be pleased to have a catalog and price list. 4. 如蒙赐寄有关„„的样品和价目表,我们将甚为感激。
译文:We should be obliged if you would send us patterns (or samples and price lists of your„.
5. 我方愿与贵公司建立商务关系。 译文:We are willing to establish trade relations with your company. 6. We’re interested in discussing arts and crafts business with you. 我方有意与贵方商谈工艺品业务。

7. Would you kindly send us your quotation for Spring and Summer clothing that you could supply to us by the end of January next year? 请寄来明年一月贵方可提供的夏季服装报价单。
8. We shall appreciate it if you will/It would be appreciated if you would 如蒙 ,将不胜感激。
9. Your favorable information will be appreciated. 如蒙告知有关信息,将不胜感激。
10. Awaiting your immediate reply. 敬候早复。(请及早回复为盼。
11. Your prompt reply would be greatly appreciated. 即复为感。
12. We are looking forward to your reply/the pleasure of hearing from you. 敬侯早复。/盼复。
13. Enclosed you can find /Enclosed please find the catalogue and terms of payment of the above offered goods. 随信附上商品目录及付款方式。
14. I’m afraid we can’t come to terms if you won’t give us 3% discount. 如贵方拒绝给我方3%的折扣,恐难以达成协议。
15. Your prompt attention to this order would be highly appreciated. 如蒙尽快安排我方订单事宜/如蒙贵方即刻处理我方订单,将不胜感激。

16. Please make serious efforts to get the goods dispatched with the least possible delay. 请速发货,勿误。
17. We’re pleased to inform you that goods have been dispatched today. 很高兴告知贵方货物已于今日发出。
18. Kindly advise us when the goods will be dispatched. 何时发货请务必告知。
19. We wish to advise you that the relative L/C has been established. 谨告知贵方相关信用证已开出。 2. 商务文体翻译的原则
忠实:不仅指翻译标准中所讨论的字面内容的忠实。由于涉及当事人双方或多方的经济利益,还包括忠实准确地表达原文意旨, 避免歧义的产生 . 如贵方能将报价降至每吨1300法郎,我们可定购500800吨。
译文2If you can reduce your price to 1300 French francs per ton, we may be able to place an order of 500 800 metric tons.
in respect of loss or damage to the goods”,一般翻译为“对货物的灭失或损坏”。
通顺,不仅仅指要符合译入语表达习惯,还应与译入语中商务文体的表达方式一致,保留原文的专业性及其语用特征。 1. 本公司应贵方要求允许将信用证延期至1019日。
译文2We will grant an extension of L/C to Oct. 19 in response to your request. 2. 如贵方能报最惠价,我方将大量订货。
B We will place a large order on condition that you should make the best offer. 3. 一俟收到贵方订单,我方将立即安排发货。
B On receipt of the order we will make arrangement for the delivery. 4. 如蒙贵方即刻处理我方订单,将不胜感激。
C Your immediate procession of the order will be appreciated. 5. 很遗憾,我方不能接受你方报盘,你方要价太高,不敢问津。
B Unfortunately we can not accept your offer since your prices are prohibitive. 6. 我方只能降价2%,不能再多了。
B We can not do more than 2% reduction in price. 3. 常见商务文本
1)商务信函的翻译
完整的商务信函通常包含下列部分: Letterhead 信头
Reference and date 编号和日期 Inside name and address 封内地址 Attention line 注意事项(经办人行 Salutation 称呼 Subject line 事由 Body 信文
Complimentary close 结尾敬语 Signature 签字 Enclosure 附件
Carbon copy notation 抄送 Postscripts 附言

信函主要是双方就价格,产品,货运等具体内容进行交流协商的过程,因此,翻译使不仅要表述清晰,简洁明了,还应在措词时体现礼貌,体谅等特点。
1. At present we are interested in your electric goods, details are in our Enquiry Note No.1345, and shall be glad to receive your lowest quotation as soon as possible. 译文2目前,我方对贵公司电器产品有浓厚兴趣,详情请参见编号为1345的询盘。若贵方能尽快提供最低报价,我们将不胜感激。
2. 我还冒昧地附上一张付款时间表,供您参考和记录。
译文2I have also taken the liberty to attach a payment schedule for your reference and record. 3. 到目前为止,我公司尚未接到贵方赐复。. 译文2Up to the present writing, we have not had the pleasure of hearing from you.
2)信用证的翻译
信用证 (Letter of Credit 是国际贸易中的一种约束受益人和银行行为的法律文件,由银行发行,授权持证者可从开证行、其支行或其他有关银行或机构提取所述款项。

信用证是国际贸易中使用最为广泛的一种支付方式。卖方在将货物装船后,外汇银行开立汇票给卖方。卖方凭借汇票和装船单据到银行办理结算,取得货款。一般说来,信用证涉及的当事人包括申请人(Applicant、开证行(Issuing bank)和受益人
信用证主要分为:
Revocable L/ C 可撤销信用证 Irrevocable L /C 不可撤销信用证 Sight L /C 即期信用证 Usance L/C 远期信用证 Documentary L/C 跟单信用证 Clean L/C 光票信用证 Confirmed L /C 保兑信用证 Unconfirmed L/C 不保兑信用证 Transferable L /C 可转让信用证 Reciprocal L /C 对开信用证 其他相关表达如:
Beneficiary 受益人 Opening bank 开证行 Negotiating bank 议付行


信用证 (Letter of Credit语体正式,措辞严谨,频繁使用专业词汇。 1. This credit is to be negotiated at sight basis. 译文:本信用证以见票议付。 2. 本信用证不可转让。
译文:This credit is not transferable. 3. According to your request for opening L/C, we are pleased to inform you that we have airmailed today through the Bank of China an irrevocable L/C for US 1,256,000 in favor of the New York Trading CO., Inc. on the following terms and conditions. 译文:很高兴告知贵方,应贵方开立信用证的要求,我方已于今日航空邮寄出一张由中国银行开立的不可撤销信用证,金额为1 256 000 美元,根据下列条款以纽约贸易公司为受益人。 3)提单的翻译
提单(B/L: bill of lading)“是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船,以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。 提单主要涉及签订运输合同的双方:托运人和承运人。 提单可分为多种:
已装船提单 shipped / board B/L (货物已经装船
待运提单 received for shipping B/L (承运人收到货物但尚未装船) 直达提单 direct B/L (货物装船离港后,直接抵达卸货港)








联运提单 through B/L (货运中途转船运输) 多式联运提单 MT B/L (由海上、铁路、航空、公路等其中两种以上方式运输) 记名提单 straight B/L (只有提单上指明的收货人能提货 不记名提单 blank B/L (提单持有人均可提货)
提单一般包含正反两面。通常,在正面须填写提单编号、托运人、收货人、装货港、卸货港、交货地点等详细信息。 提单反面则是承运人与托运人之间达成的具体条款,通常包括货物运送、交货、海损赔偿等相关约定,包括承运人的责任、权利、义务的豁免,用作处理托运人和承运人争议时的依据。
与商务信函不同,提单要求各方权、责分明,不容模棱两可的措辞。这与商务合同更加相似,处处可见shall, is liable for, shall have the liberty, may exercise or enjoy the right of 等短语的使用。 1. All disputes arising under or in connection with this Bill of Lading shall be determined by the laws of the People’s Republic of China and any action against the Carrier shall be brought before the Marine Courts in the People’s Republic of China. (摘自 “中外运集运提单”)
译文:凡由本提单产生或与本提单有关的一切争执均应按照中华人民共和国法律仲裁。任何有损承运人利益的行为将由中华人民共和国海事法庭裁决。
2. 本提单关于将货物到达事项通知有关方的任何规定,只是为承运人提供的情况,因而未能发出此种通知书,不得使承运人承担任何赔偿责任,亦不解除货方根据本提单应承担的任何义务。
译文:Any mention in this Bill of Lading of parties to be notified of the arrival of the goods is solely for information of the Carrier and failure to give such notification shall not involve the Carrier in any liability nor relieve the Merchant of any obligation hereunder. (原文和译文均选自顾维勇《实用文体翻译》 4)商务合同的翻译
合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议。
合同的文字斟词酌句,力求准确无误。因此,准确性也是对商务合同英语翻译的基本要求。词汇和句法的准确可以使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅。 使用部分古英语 如:
hereafter 从此以后、今后 thereafter 此后、以后
thereon/ hereupon 在其上 thereunder 在其下 Hereto 对于这个
whereto 对于那个 hereinabove /hereinbefore 在上文 hereinafter 在下文
thereinbefore 在上文中、在上一部分中 thereinafter 在下文中、在下一部分中 whereas 考虑到,鉴于


whereof 所谈的事 where by 借以 whereupon 然后
In the contract, as hereinafter defined, the following words and expressions shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them, except where the context otherwise requires.
译文:本合同中,正如下文定义的,除非语境另有要求,下列词语及表达须具有本条款所确定的含义。


In Witness Whereof, the parties hereto have caused the Agreement to be executed on the day and year first before written in accordance with their respective laws. 译文:本协议由双方根据各自的法律签定,自签订之日起开始执行。

同义或近义反复也是追求表达准确的方法之一以避免诉讼时双方律师钻词义细微差别的空子。这在商务英语,尤其是商务合同中十分常见。如: 修改 amendments to or alterations of 效力 force and effect 履行 fulfill or perform 提供 furnish and provide 解释 interpretation or construction 达成 make and enter into 可转让 transferable or assignable Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Contract, or the breach, termination or invalidity thereof, shall be settled through amicable negotiation, in case no settlement can be reached through negotiation, the case shall then be submitted for arbitration.(原文是合同末尾常用的格式,以避免未详尽内容引发的争端。 译文:由于本合同引起或者由于违反本合同,终止本合同或者本合同无效而发生的、或与此有关的任何争端、争议或索赔,双方应通过友好协商解决;如协商不能解决,应提交仲裁。

商务合同翻译的准确不仅要求条款陈述准确,还需要关键细目,如金钱、时间、数量等准确无误。这一方面要求译者具备扎实的语言功底,正确判断各个表达所指涉范围,同时还要时刻保持高度的责任心。 条件句是商务合同句法的一大特征。
条件句被频繁使用,尤其是在有关付款、违约责任、不可抗力、财产处理和仲裁等部分更是屡见不鲜。常用ifin the event provided that in caseon condition thatsuppose等短语引导。


The Seller, provided that Buyer so agrees, may retain the whole or part of the said incomplete equipment, fabricated or unfabricated parts, work in process, and other material referred to in paragraph (D of this Article in which the amount to be paid by the Buyer shall be reduced by a sum equal to the value of the property so retained.
译文:如果买方同意,卖方可以全部或部分地保留上述未完成的设备、已加工或未
加工的零件以及正在进行的工作和本条D款项所述其他材料,这将因此使买方少支付这部分货物的费用。

在合同,包括商务合同中,“shall”一词极其常用。在法律文件中,“shall”表示法律规定的义务 .在实际翻译中,宜将shall 译为“应”,should 译为“应该”或“应当”。 6.3 媒体翻译
新闻价值包含以下几个方面:时效性(timeliness、重要性(importance、显著性(prominence接近性(nearness奇异性(unusualness和趣味性(interest等等。
按新闻的内容,可以分为政治、经济、文化、体育、娱乐、科技新闻等;按新闻发生的地区,可以分为国际新闻、国内新闻以及本地新闻;而按照报道的性质,又可以分为硬新闻(hard news和软新闻(soft news。硬新闻主要是指消息报道(news reporting,也就是题材比较严肃,有很强的时效性、重要性的客观事实报道;而软新闻主要是指一些注重情感题材、内容诙谐幽默的社会新闻,不注重时效性。 消息报道是最常采用的新闻体裁,通常由三部分组成,也即标题(headline、导语(lead和主体(body

Column writer 专栏作家 news stories 新闻专题报道 Weekly essays 每周专文 personal profiles 人物简介 Briefs 新闻摘要 miscellaneous Interviews 人物专访 Feature Articles 特写 editorials 社论 Exclusiv独家新闻/专稿 news in brief 简明新闻 by invitation 由特邀撰稿人或记者写的稿件 一、新闻标题

要吸引读者的注意,标题必须做到简洁、准确、抓人眼球,有时甚至需要“耸人听闻”。

1.标题中的省略

由于版面的限制,英语新闻标题常常只保留实义词,而将一些无意义的虚词,如冠aanthe,动词be以及一些连词省略掉。有些时候,为了简洁,甚至连主语和谓语也加以省略。
1)冠词aanthe的省略
1 Tenth of China’s forests damaged by blizzards
(=A tenth of China’s forests were damaged by blizzards) 暴风雪肆虐,中国一成的森林被毁 2 蓄水增多,三峡大坝接受考验

Three Gorges Dam tested as water rises (=The Three Gorges Dam is tested as water rises 2 动词be的省略
动词be在标题中可能作为助动词或系动词出现,均可省略。
3 Myanmar, Russia to jointly explore oil, gas (=Myanmar and Russia are to jointly explore oil and gas 缅甸将与俄罗斯联合开发油气资源
4 联合国飞机在刚果坠毁,机上17人恐遇难

17 feared dead as U.N. plane crashes in Congo



(=17 are feared dead as U.N. plane crashes in Congo 5法国总统萨科奇访华,意在修复两国关系
France’s Sarkozy on fence-mending mission to China (=France’s Sarkozy is on fence-mending mission to China 3 连词and的省略
在标题中,连词and通常被省略,并代之以逗号(,
7 Russia, France reach new deal on Caucasus (=Russia and France reach new deal on Caucasus 俄法在高加索问题上达成新协议
8 中国将继续坚持开放,增加国际投资合作
China to further open up, enhance int’l investment co-op =China is to further open up and enhance international investment co-operation
4通常用过去分词来表示被动语态
17 Gustav blamed for 22 deaths as it batters Caribbean = Gustav is blamed for 22 deaths as it batters Caribbean 古斯塔夫飓风肆虐加勒比地区,造成22人丧生
18 纽约顶级餐厅,遭遇小费危机
New York’s top restaurants plagued by tip trouble
= New York’s top restaurants are plagued by tip trouble) 3. 标题的选词 1 小词代替大词
出于简洁的考虑,英语新闻标题总是用短小精悍的词汇来表达新闻的内容,尽量用字母少的词代替字母多的词。如用back来代替supportcut 来代替deductionclash来代替conflict,等等。 2 使用缩写词
除了使用小词以外,标题中还经常出现各种首字母缩写词(acronym 常见的缩写词既包括国家、机构名称,US (United StatesUK (United KingdomUN (United NationsWHO (World Health OrganizationWTO (World Trade OrganizationIMF (International Monetary Fund等,以及一些职位名称,如PM (Prime MinisterMP (Member of ParliamentFM (Foreign Minister等,还包括其他一些常见的专有名词,NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated QuotationsGMT (Greenwich Mean TimeGM (General Motors等等。
4.标题的翻译
首先必须准确了解标题所包含的意义,特别是要透过字面,了解其中的一些典故,双关,幽默,讽刺等深层意义;其次要发挥目的语的特点,准确翻译,并注意其可读性和可接受性;对于一些文化不对等或缺失的信息,要根据具体情况,灵活处理。 1 直译新闻标题
在标题含义清晰,直译不会造成目的语读者理解困难的情况下,可以直译标题。 19 Japan set to detail $99bn fiscal stimulus 日本将拟定990亿美元财政刺激方案
20 World leaders agree on global response




各国领导人就全球共同应对危机达成共识 21 中国银行业盈利将创新高
Chinese lenders to report record profits 22 毒奶粉恐慌蔓延,中国誓言将全面整顿
China vows clean-up as baby milk scare spreads 2 添加注释翻译标题
有些新闻标题出于英语语言的习惯,或者不同文化的差异,省略了一些我国读者不太熟悉的信息和知识,这时就需要在翻译过程中补充一些关于新闻事件背景的介绍性、注释性词语,以利于读者的理解。 23 US-China relations get trickier (朝鲜问题使)美中关系变得更加微妙


24 China yanks in red carpet 中资银行收起(为外资铺下的)红地毯 3 灵活编译标题
如果英语标题采用了押韵、排比等修辞手法,而这种修辞手法在翻译过程中难以保留,或者会给读者造成理解困难,则不妨灵活编译标题 25 China’s unearned upturn
中国股市“不劳而获”的上涨 (头韵转换为成语)


26 Gift Exchange: iPod for the Queen, Photograph for Obama 奥巴马与英女王:投之iPod,报之照片(将英文并列结构转换为汉语成语结构) 二、新闻导语和主体 1. 导语和主体的特点
在消息报道的写作过程中,最常用的是倒金字塔(Inverted Pyramid)结构,而导语作为消息的开头,往往包含着最新鲜、最重要的信息,然后在消息的主体部分根据重要性递减的顺序来安排其它信息。
导语lead一般是新闻正文的第一段。早期的导语会包含6W要素,也即WhenWhereWhoWhatWhy以及hoW,需要把新闻事件的时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和方式等一一介绍。当然,如今的新闻导语不一定需要同时包括所有的要素,而只是突出两三个最重要的方面,其余的留在消息主体部分、乃至结尾来阐述。


就一篇新闻报道进行实例分析:
Obama takes on US blame for eco 2.导语和主体的翻译
新闻导语和主体的翻译需要遵循篇章翻译的一般原则,即达到准确,通顺,流畅。但是在实际工作中,除了对英语新闻进行直译以外,可能会根据具体需要,进行选译或者编译。 从容上阵枪响世惊 李对红喜摘射击金牌
687.9环创下新的奥运纪录
我国女子运动员李对红今天在女子运动手枪决赛中,以687.9环战胜所有对手,并创造新的奥运纪录。她为中国射击队在本届奥运会上夺得了第一块金牌,也使中国代表团夺得的金牌总数上升为6枚。


Li shoots Nation’s 6th Gold
China’s Li Duihong won the women’s 25-meter sport pistol Olympic gold with a total of 687.9 points early this mornign Beijing time. (China Daily Differences in choice of words and style: English news: to attract the readers’ attention, various means are employed: eye-catching words, borrowed words, derived words and coined words casual, familiar, genial
The simpler, the better. Chinese news: more objective, serious, realistic
Redundancy
Translation Principle: Similarity in function, correspondence in meaning Readers’ acceptability 1. journalistic words (short words are preferred story(news item新闻 probe(news probe新闻调查 pact(agreement协议/条约 oil crunch(oil crisis石油危机 go-ahead赞同 bid(attempt clash(disagreement冲突/不一致compromise plan折衷方
curb(decrease boost(rise/increase 促进 back(support支持
deal(business agreement freeze(stabilization ban (prohibition禁止 bar(prevent loom(appear blaze(fire jobless无业人员 comb(search move(plan, decision, suggestion round(a series of action man 代表/领导 head 领导 shun(to keep away from避开
shock(astonishment, blow cut, trim, ax, slice, slash reduce or decrease
row争吵/激烈的争论
2. eye-catching words: compound words and acronyms Indeed, 70% of Asian-American 18-year-olds took the SAT(Scholastic Aptitude Test in 1985, in contrast to the only 28% of all 18-year-olds. “We really believed in Duty-Honor-Country”, says retired Colonel John Wheeler Jr. ... yet old grads will not be surprised to learn...
the mid-70s high-tech Calif. Air-to-ground missiles mod(modern Lab(Labor Lib(Liberal nukes(nuclear weapons heliport(helicopter airport memo(memorandum champ(champion NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization SALT(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 3. derived words and coined words youthquake美国六十年代的青年运动狂澜 supercrat 高级官员 Koreagate,Irangate,Debategate,Whitewatergate(Watergate-gate(scandal丑闻
Unisex男女共用 moneywise在金钱方面 thumbsuck安抚 sitcom情景喜剧




Reaganomics里根经济学 Jazznik爵士乐迷 heartman换心人 Euromart欧洲共同市场 Masscult 大众文化 atobomb原子弹 blacketeer黑市商人 4Borrowed words a package deal(商业) 一揽子交易 the odds(体育比赛) 成功的可能性 showdown(赌博业)摊牌 acid test(化学)严峻的考验 go to bat(棒球)摆脱困境 dark horse(赛马)黑马/出人意料的获胜者 knockout(拳击)被击 rapport(法语)两国间的亲密关系 5. common expressions It is reported/ Reports say... 据报道 ...is said据说 speak 讲话 confirm证实 source 人士 according to sources concerned据有关方面说 informative sources/a well-informed source消息灵通人士 a source who asked to remain anonymous一位要求不透露姓名的人士 quoted/cited sb. as saying援引某人的话说 in response toallegation in the New York Times)就(纽约时报的提法)发表评论
reveal/ disclose 披露/透露 warn 警告说 the press 报界/新闻界 no details were provided没有提供详细情况 It is reliably reported据可靠消息 It is learned that 据悉 reportedly据报 on the brink of a breakthrough 即将取得进展 It was revealed last night to the press 这番话是昨晚向报界披露的 No comments 无可奉告 Not so, not yet 不置可否 according to statistics released by......统计 make the remarks when.........时讲这番话的 With guarded reserve持审慎态度 Xinhua News Agency新华社
staff writer 正式撰稿人 staff correspondent 本报/本刊记者 according to (eyewitnesses, AP reports, source concerned,etc.据(目击者,美联社,有关方面等) Problems: a. Use accurate and proper words: “议会”:英:parliament; 日本:Diet; 色列:Knesset; 中国:the State Council(国务院); 美国: the State Department. “首相;总理” :英国:Prime Minister; 德国、奥地利:Chancellor b. political sensitivity: “钓鱼岛”:Diaoyu Islands (日本:Senkakus “统一”:reunification (unification
c. special meanings of words in certain fields:
“庄家”:market manipulator (证券 banker(赌博) “首发”:initial public offering 证券)be in the starting line(体育) “狙击”:snipe(军事)attack speculatively(经济)

d. big-sounding words in Chinese news: 西部大开发:(grand western development 全面提高:to enhance (completely **县广播电视局通过多年艰苦努力,取得了巨大的成绩,为宣传** 县、提高** 知名度做出了显著贡献。
Over a number of years in the past, much fruitful work has resulted from hard working of the Couty Radio and TV Bureau, which made its due contribution to expand the popularity of the county. 巨大成就:much fruitful work (major achievements 显著贡献: make its due contribution (outstanding contribution 6.4科普作品翻译

科普作品具备四个特点。第一,科学性。第二,文学性。第三,通俗性。第四,趣味性。
科学性要求我们在翻译科普作品时要注意表达的准确性和科学性,尤其是科学作品中术语的翻译更是必须准确,不能随意去译。

文学性很强的科普作品读起来赏心悦目,当然也要求译者能够将生动的文笔不走样地传递给译入语的读者,使译文也具备同样出色的文学性。

通俗性意味着科普作品中的翻译用语不能过于文绉绉,或者过于古奥,也不能全然不顾汉语表达习惯而充满译文腔。
趣味性涉及科普作品翻译的选材,使其在译入语读者中得到更好的反响。

1 Of all animated beings this is the most elegant in form and the most brilliant in colors. The stones and metals polished by our arts are not comparable to this jewel of Nature. She has placed it least in size of the order of birds, “maxime Miranda in minimis.” Her masterpiece is this little humming-bird, and upon it she has reaped all the gifts which the other birds may only share. Lightness, rapidity, nimbleness, grace, and rich apparel all belong to this little favorite. The emerald, the ruby, and the topaz gleam upon its dress. It never soils them with the dust of earth, and in its aerial life scarcely touches the turf an instant. Always in the air, flying from flower to flower, it has their freshness as well as their brightness. It lives upon their nectar, and dwells only in the climates where they perennially bloom.
译文:在一切生物中,要算蜂鸟体型最优美,颜色最鲜艳。经过工艺加工的各种宝石和金属是无法跟这个大自然的珍宝媲美的。大自然将它列为鸟类中的最小号,真是“最小的绝妙珍品”。这种小蜂鸟是大自然的杰作。大自然把其他鸟类只能部分拥有的种种天赋全都慷慨地赐予它。这个小宠儿具有轻盈、敏捷、灵活、优雅以及羽毛绚丽等一切妙处。蜂鸟从不让它的羽毛沾染尘土,它生活在天空中,一刻也不碰到草皮。它总是在空中飞翔,从花丛飞向花丛;它像花一样的新鲜,又像花一样的艳丽。蜂鸟靠花蜜为生,只生活在四季鲜花盛开的地带。
6.5 学术论文摘要翻译


Titles of the Paper论文题目 Principles of ABC: accuracy (准确) brevity(简练) clarity(清晰)
Noun phrase: the most frequently used structure 即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(后置定语构成。
Examples: 符号学视野中的网络互动
Semiotic Perspective on Cyberspace Interaction 我国大学生教育信贷存在的主要问题及对策研究

Main Problems and Countermeasuers of Education Credit of College Students
in China 案例教学法在环境影响评价中的应用探讨
The Application of Case Method in Environmental Impact Assessment Course 计算机信息系统在预防药物性不良反应中的作用
Preventing Adverse Drug Events (ADEs: The Role of Co 中国学生贷款补贴的资助功能与绩效评价
An Evaluation of the Performance of Government-Subsidized Student Loan in China 生态危机的技术根源与应对
A Survey on Technological Root for Ecological Crisis and the Countermeasures 产业政策有效性问题的分析
Analysis of Effectivity on Industrial Policy 基于水资源利用的北京市第三产业结构优化研究 Study on Optimization of Beijing Tertiary Industrial Structure Based on Water Resources Utilization 铁路项目利用民间资本的开发模式研究
Study on Development Strategies of Tapping Private Finance for Railway Projects 大众高等教育质量保证的国际经验与特点管窥
International Practice and Characteristics of Quality Assurance for Mass-Oriented Higher Education Prepositional Phrase as Titles(介词短语: 从传输式教学到体验式教学
From Transmission Teaching to Experiential Teaching 翻译教学应从表层向深层转变
On the Shift of Focus in Teaching Translation: from Form to Content 句子做标题

题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性下可以用疑问句做题名,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。 如:农业机械化能离开石油吗? Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?
汉语标题中常用的“试论„„”,“浅谈„„”,“„„ 的管窥”,“„„的研究”,“„„的探讨”,“„„刍议”,如何翻译?

在中国的常见期刊中,一般翻译成 “A Study of/on„”(ofon可互换,意义相同) “A Report of/on„”, “The Survey of/on„”, “The Observation on/of„”,“The Research on„”
浅论与研究型大学相适应的实验技术队伍建设
A Survey on the Construction of Experimental Technique Team Required by a Research University 扩招后我国研究生入学选择的实证研究
An Empirical Study on Graduate School Choice in China since the Enrolment Expansion 英国高校提升大学生就业力的经验探讨
Discussion on the Experience of Graduates Employability Enhancement in British Higher Education 冠词省略的趋势:
位于首位的冠词(The AnA等)往往可以省略。
如:Research on Special Surface in 3-Dimensional Euclidean Space (首位的The 省略)
现代科技论文标题越来越趋势简明扼要。在不影响意义的前提下,位于英文标题首位的A Study of, Report of, Research on, The Survey of, Design of, The Observation on等词往往可以略去不用 如:
大学英语教学中的人文素质教育刍议
On Humanistic Education in College English Teaching 对中小学生肌肉耐力增长趋势的研究
The Increase of Endurance of Muscular Strength of Primary and Secondary School Students 题目字数的限制:每条标题一般不超过10-12个词, 最多不要超过25个词。如还不能足以概括全文内容,可用副标题加以补充说明。 如:首届国际无线改革会议—新技术与进展政策
First International Conference on Wireless InnovationsNew Technologies and Evolving Policies 副标题的使用
论高等教育的迟发展效应——以1978-2008年间的广东为例
On the Effect of the Late Comer of Higher Education: A Case Study of Guangdong Province (1978-2008 中美两国八年制医学博士临床能力培养的比较分析
The Development of Clinical Competence of M.D.Students:A Comparison between China and U.S.A. 英文题目书写的大小写规则
有以下3种格式(第二种格式用得最多
全部字母大写。例如:OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE 每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。例如:The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects 题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。例如:Topographic inversion of interval velocities

本科论文英文题目书写的大小写规则
1)实词大写虚词小写。如:Body Language and Human Communication 2)位于首位或末尾的虚词也大写。 如:On the Principles of Tourism 3)位于标题中冒号之后的副标题的首位词首字母大写。 如:Efficacy of Partial Meal Replacement ProductsA Meta and Pooling Analysis (部分饮食替代品的效能—汇总合并分析 4)五个字母以上的虚词通常也大写。 如:The People Without a Country 5)由连字符“-”连接的复合词的各词中,实词的首字母大写。 如:The English-Speaking People in Quebec 6)引导动词不定式的“to”字母T大写。如:Compounds To Be Tested 6.5 学术论文摘要翻译

学术论文摘要是对论文内容不加评论的概述,目的是帮助读者在阅读论文全文前对文章内容有大概的了解,以决定是否阅读全文。

学术论文摘要包括研究对象、目的、方法与实验设计、结果及研究的意义,最后是结论。
论文摘要中的缩略词,首次出现须写出全称,然后在括号内注明缩写。关键词是学术论文摘要内容的进一步概括,通常5-6个为宜。

学术论文摘要的主要特点是行文开门见山;结构主次分明,条理清晰;语言简明扼要,讲究表达的准确性和客观性;文体比较正式。
一、英语学术论文摘要的语言特点

学术论文文体正式,强调表述的准确性和客观性,具体反映在词汇层面、句法和语篇层面。
一)词汇层面的特点
1. 英文学术论文摘要文体正式,在词汇层面上会使用较为正式的单词。 1 对必要资源的可利用性分析表明经济前景乐观
译文1Analysis of the availability of the necessary resources indicates that the economic outlook is mighty nice. 译文2Analysis of the availability of the necessary resources indicates that the economic outlook is positive. 2(结果)发现专家系统有助于使用者诊断问题。 译文1It was found that Experts System can help out the user in the diagnosis of problems. 译文2It was found that Experts System can assist the user in the diagnosis of problems.

同样,学术论文除了使用学科的专门术语外,还常常使用书面词汇,以体现语言的正式,语体的庄重。
二)句法层面的特点
英语论文摘要的时态常用一般现在时态(用于叙述研究目的和结论)一般过去时态(叙述研究过程及方法)和现在完成时态(某项已经结束的研究项目和内容)


为了体现研究成果的客观性,英语论文摘要句子的主语通常用第三人称单数,常见的表达方式有“the paper”、“this article”、“the thesis”等,很少使用第


一人称如“I”和“we”等。
其次,英文摘要常常使用被动语态。使用被动语态可以突出客观的科学事实、现象和过程,避免提及动作的执行者,使行文显得客观。 根据表达的内容不同,谓语通常使用下列短语:
目的:discuss, describe, present, deal with, introduce,„ 方法:test, measure, investigate, analyze, „
结论:show, indicate, demonstrate, conclude, point out, prove, „
3)本文简要讨论半个世纪以来自然语言处理研究所取得的重大成果。
译文1This paper is a brief discussion of the major developments in the field of Natural Language Processing in the last 50 years. 译文2This paper briefly discusses the major developments in the field of Natural Language Processing in the last 50 years. 三)语篇层面的特点

学术论文摘要在篇章层面上的特点主要体现于信息的完整性,也就是说,学术论文摘要应该包括研究目的、方法、过程、结果和结论几个方面。表述时要避免笼统的一般论述或结论。 1.准确理解原文
4)本文认为,这一定义具有重要意义。
译文1The author holds that this definition has important meaning. 译文2This definition is of great significance.

汉语中有些词如“问题”、“条件”和“情况”等意义不确定,有时词义具体,有时词义模糊。在翻译这类词语时,需要仔细分析原文的意思,甚至可以不必译出。 5)„„公关工作在全面质量管理中的作用,„„
译文:„function of Public Relation in Total Quality Control„
点评:原文“公关工作”中的“工作”意义模糊,翻译时只需译出“公关”即可。 2. 语序调整
汉译英时,通常一个汉语句子可译为一个英语句子。但是,两种语言毕竟存在差异,因此不时需将一个汉语句子分译成两个或两个以上的英语句子,或者将两个或两个以上的汉语句子合译成一个英语句子。
6)本文扼要地叙述了用来制造单块电路的各种工艺及其优缺点。
译文:The various processes which may be used in fabricating a monolithic circuit are briefly reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each process are enumerated. 3. 作为篇章的摘要翻译

篇章最重要的两个因素是连贯与衔接,故摘要的翻译不仅需要考虑字词句层面,也要考虑篇章性。 7摘要:新闻摄影作为一种运用摄影手段对新闻事件予以形象再现并附有扼要文字说明的信息传播方式,乃是大众媒体时代具有深刻典型意义的信息传播媒介。本文在借鉴图尔特·霍尔表征理论的基础上,提出新闻摄影表征系统一说,指出新闻摄影区别于其他媒介的独特性在于其兼容了图片与文字这两种截然不同的表征系统,并初步勾勒了这两个表征系统产制意义的过程。 关键词:新闻摄影;表征;系统

译文:

Abstract: As a method of disseminating information, photojournalism which combines visual representation and succinct verbal description, acts as a typical medium at the mass-media times. This paper, based on Stuart Hall’s Representation Theories, proposes the Representational System of Photojournalism. It is further pointed out that the unique feature which distinguishes photojournalism from other media is its combination of two different representation systems, i.e. image and language. Finally, the process of establishing the two representational systems is also depicted.
Key Words: Photojournalism; Representation; System (李海琳“新闻摄影表征系统刍议”《广东外语外贸大学学报》2009年第2期) 摘要 由于受历史、习俗、价值观念、宗教信仰等诸方面文化因素的影响, 中英两种语言赋予动物名词各自特定的文化内涵。从文化语言学和对比语言学的角度来分析对比中英两种语言中动物名词的文化内涵之异同会有助于语言学习。本文从文化重合,文化冲突,文化移植与归化和文化空缺四大方面比较了动物名词在英汉两种语言中的文化内涵,从而透析出文化对词汇的影响,也生动地揭示出中英两种文化间的差异。
关键词:动物名词;文化重合;文化内涵
Animal nouns have got their unique cultural connotations when used in different languages like English and Chinese because the two peoples are greatly different in history, customs, values and beliefs, religions and etc. A comparative study of them would help the learners to better understand their differences. This paper compares the different cultural connotations of animal nouns in English and Chinese from four aspects such as cultural overlap, cultural conflicts, cultural adaptation and cultural vacancy. Based on the contrastive analysis, the author illustrates the influence of culture on the meaning of words as well as the great differences between English and Chinese culture. Key words: animal nouns; cultural overlap; cultural connotations

摘要:由于教育技术与媒介、教育理念的迅速发展,现代翻译教学方法非常重视学生翻译理念的形成、翻译习惯的获得、学习过程中的社会化。本文对国内外近年出现的11 种优秀教学方法进行介绍、评价、改进,并使它们相互组合,以适应在不同类型的翻译任务、不同翻译学习阶段上的教学。 关键词:翻译教学法; 翻译理念;述评
Abstract: Due to developments in education philosophy and technology, modern translation teaching methods lay emphasis on students’ translation notion and habit formation, and stress their socialization during translation learning. This paper reviews the eleven teaching methods newly appearing at home and abroadnoting that they may be integrated for different teaching periods and for different translation tasks. Key words: translation teaching methods translation notion review 1. 本文所讲的内容对通讯工程师来说是很感兴趣的。

B. What this paper describes is of great interest to communications engineers. 2. 本文对提高打印速度的印字质量提供了一种机辅设计手段。
B. This paper presents a CAD method for increasing the printing speed and the
printing quality. 3. 本文强调指出了光强随圆柱直径变化的正弦规律。 B. The sine law of the variation of the light intensity with the cylinder diameter has been emphasized. 4. 该问题的提出源于本次调查。
B. This issue was raised during the investigation. 这是平常课堂上的练习有些是专八的段落里选取的《有的讲过》 1 Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed//1分)and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.1分)
译文:电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前,就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言,电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。
2 In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: // 1分)groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. 1分) 译文:多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社整合到了一起。
3 This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, // 1分)a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. 1分) 译文:仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。这个事实通过统计数字一目了然,统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50%
4 Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions// 1分) which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. 1分)
译文:创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲统一体”绝非易事,需要战略性选择。正是这些文化和传统组成了连接欧洲大陆的纽带。
5 In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, //(1 it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”. 译文:应对如此规模的挑战,可以毫不夸张地说:“联合,我们就生存;分裂,我们就灭亡”(合则生,分则亡
6 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science//1分) continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 1分)
译文:难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
7 The behavioral sciences have been slow to change// 0.5分) partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed // 1分)and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 0.5分) 译文:行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,
部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
8 The role of natural selection in evolution // 0.5分)was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,//0.5分) and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual// 0.5分) is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 0.5分) 译文:自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始为人们认识和研究。
9 They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing man of traditional theory,// 0.5分) and they are essential to practices// 0.5分) in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.1分) 译文:自由和尊严 (它们 是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,而且它们对于实践也是必不可少的,因为在实践中一个人要对自己的行为负责并因其取得的成就而得到肯定。 10 Until these issues are resolved, // 0.5分)a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, // 0.5分)and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 1分)
译文:(如果
这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
11小时候父亲给我买来的小人书,我总是小心翼翼地翻看,一个字一个字地品味着,生怕看得太快了,看完了就没有希望了。我愿意每天早晨醒来,都有一个鲜亮的希望挂在那儿。这种感觉真好,它使我度过了寂寞的童年。
While I was a kid, my father would often buy me picture-story books, which I would read with the greatest interest. I’d savor every word, for fear that the moment I finished reading, there would be nothing left to look forward to. I’d take my time so as to have something shining bright before me every morning I woke up. It was this wonderful feeling that helped spend my lonely childhood.


英汉互译教程

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