动词的-ing形式作状语

吴国斌

一、动词的-ing形式的时态、语态及意义

二、动词的-ing形式作状语

动词的-ing形式作状语时，表示的动作是主语动作的一部分，用来修饰谓语动词，常表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、伴随、让步等情况，并可以转换成相应的状语从句或并列句。

1.表时间

Walking in the park，she saw an old friend.

在公园散步时，她看到一个老朋友。

＝When she was walking in the park, she saw an old friend.

Having finished the work, he went out to meet his friends.

完成工作后，他出去会朋友了。

＝After he finished the work, he went out to meet his friends.

2.表原因

Having traveled to many places, he knows a lot.

到过很多的地方去旅游，他知道的很多。

＝Since he has traveled to many places, he knows a lot.

Being ill, he was sent to hospital.

由于生病，他被送往医院。

=Because he was ill, he was sent to hospital.

3.表伴随或方式

He sent me an e-mail, hoping to get further information.

他给我发了封电子邮件，希望得到更多的消息。

＝He sent me an e-mail, and (he) hoped to get further information.

4.表条件

Going there by plane, you’ll arrive tomorrow morning.

如果你乘飞机去那里的话，明天早上就会到。

＝If you go there by plane, you’ll arrive tomorrow morning.

5.表让步

Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake.

尽管告诉他许多次了，他仍旧犯同样的错误。

＝Though he had been told many times, he still made the same mistake.

6.表结果（必然结果）

The train was caught in heavy snow, thus causing the delay.

火车遇上了大雪，因此造成了耽搁。

=The train was caught in heavy snow and caused the delay.

三、动词的-ing形式作状语时，应注意的几个问题

1.现在分词(v.-ing)形式的否定结构是在分词前加not，分词完成式的否定结构通常把not放在having前面。

Not knowing how to deal with the problem, he turned to his teacher for help.

由于不知道如何处理这个问题，他向老师求助。

Not having finished his work, he was punished by his boss.

由于没有完成工作，老板惩罚了他。

2.现在分词(v.-ing)形式作状语时，其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语保持一致；且通常与句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系；否则不能使用现在分词作状语，但可使用独立主格结构。

Seeing from the hill, you will see the beautiful city.

从山上看，你会看到美丽的城市。

Seeing from the hill, the city looks more beautiful.（X）

从山上看，这座城市更美丽。

My homework having been done, I began to watch football match.

做完作业，我开始看足球赛。（本句中状语部分为独立主格结构，having been done的逻辑主语为my homework，而不是句子的主语I)

[注意］动词不定式与现在分词(v.-ing )形式作结果状语的区别：

动词不定式作结果状语时，常表示出乎意料的结果，其前可加only或never。而现在分词作结果状语则表示必然的或合乎逻辑的结果，这时其前可加thus。另外，充当结果的现在分词的逻辑主语有时并不是句子的主语，而是句子的内容或部分内容。

He hurried to the station only to find the train gone.

他匆匆忙忙地赶到火车站，却发现火车已经开走了。

His parents died, leaving his condition worse off.

他的父母去世了，使他的状况更糟糕(更贫穷，经济情况更不好)。

高考真题：

①动词的-ing形式作伴随状语

动词的-ing形式作伴随状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，其表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。

1.(2011·全国卷Ⅱ)Sarah pretended to be cheerful, nothing about the argument.

A. says B. said C. to say D. saying

2.(2010·福建高考)Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock,

supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.

A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent

②动词的-ing形式作结果状语

动词的-ing形式作结果状语表示必然的或合乎逻辑的结果。

3.(2011·陕西高考)More highways have been built in China, it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.

A. making B. made C. to make D. having made

4.(2010·重庆高考)The news shocked the public, to great concern about students safety at school.

A. having led B. led C. leading D. to lead

③动词的-ing形式作状语时一般式与完成式的区别

现在分词(v.-ing)形式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作一般同时发生；完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。

5.(2010·湖南高考)Dina, for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.

A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle

参考答案：DAACC。

30.动词的-ing形式作状语