英译汉

There is an increase in damand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our coun-trry. 译为:我国各地对各种消费品的需求量正大大增加。

We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectoymned to pur-sue it .译为我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门工业化。

They are deeply convinced of the ourrectness of this pocicy and firmly determined to pur-sue it. 译为:我们深信这一政策是正确的,并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。

Weseek a deep-rooted understanding through the multiplication of our economic, cultur-al,scientific , technical and human ties.译为:我们要通过加强我们之间的经济、文化、科学、技术和人员等方面的交流来加深彼此的了解。

Rockets heve found applications for zhe exploration of the universe译为:火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom ,it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics 译为:如果我们不知道原子的结构,我们我们就不可能研究核子物理学。

Electronic control techniques can be designed to take full advantage of quick response in-herent in a gas turbine proulsion system 译为:电子控制技术可以充分地利用燃气轮机推进系统固有的反应快的优点。

His treatise aims at discussing the propertiesof the newly discovered elements译为:他着篇论文的目的是讨论新发现元素的特征。

These pumps are featured by their simple operation ,easr maintenance, low power con-sumption and durable service译为:这些水泵的特点是操作简便,维护容易,耗电量少,经久耐用。

No one has ever seen a single atom or molecule even with the most powerful microscope译为:即使用倍数最高的显微镜,也没有人看到过一个单个的原子或分子。

Cargo insurance is to protect the trede foum losses that many dangers may cause.译为:货物保险就是保护贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的种种损失。

English is the language of commerce and second language of many countnes whicih for-merlr had French or german in that position译为:英语是国际贸易中通用的语言,在许多国家已取代法语或德语成为第二语言。

Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man ;and writing an exact man译为:阅读使人充实,会话使人敏捷,写作使人精明。

The problem of acquiring ,tracking and discriminating all the targets needs the fuil capa-bility of the phased array radar译为:解决捕获、跟踪和识别所有目标的问题,要求发挥相控阵雷达的全部能力。

The princioal function that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification,amplify-cation, oscillation, modulation and detection译为:真空管的五大主要功能是:整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。

A key is a piece inserted between a shaft and a hab to prevent relative rotation译为:键是一种装在轴和轮毂之间的零件,用以防止相对转动。

My work ,my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time译为:我干工作,我作家务,我有朋友来往,这些占用了我的全部时间。

The former is more common in adult ,the latter in children译为:前者在成年人中较常见,后者在儿童中较常见。

Tinghter tolerances are possible, but with lower yield and greater cost译为:使公差再小一些是可能的,但这会降低成品率,使成本增加。

This experience has been obtained in the realm of far less stringent operational require-ments and conditions, particularly in regard to power dissipation 译为:这种经验是在极不严格的工作要求和工作环境下取得的,

The experience has told us that this lind of material is of good quality经验告诉我们这种材料的质量很好

The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory译为:产品在出厂之前就应该进行质量抽样检查。

They have fitted themselves to the land and the rhythm of its seasons译为:他们已经适应了当地的水土和季节。

Physics is the study of heat ,sound ,magnetism , electricity, light, the properties ofmat-ter and what it is composed of 译为:物理学研究的是热、声、磁、电、光、物质的性质和成份

We have solved the problem and have arrived at the same conclusion as they arrived at 译为:我们已经解决了这个问题,并且得出了和他们相同的结论。

Edison and his men were very much excited as the first electric light sent out its glow译为:当第一盏灯放光时,爱迪生和他的工作人员非常兴奋。

It is to increase the friction that the surfaces of automobile tyres are made with projec-tions正是为了增加摩擦,才把汽车胎的表面做成有了许多突起的小块。

英译汉

When we want to move a body of great mass , we must apply agreat force译为:要移动质量大的物体,就要用大力。

The high temperature and high rotational speeds at which the gas turbine operates present difficulties in manufacture译为:燃气轮机工作时的高温与高转速使制造产生了一些困难。

Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled译为:实际上一切物质都是热胀冷缩的。

what I was learning was what dick darman later said at ben‘s goodbye party two tears later译为:我所学到的,是两年以后迪克。达曼在欢送本的告别会上所说的。

That the british and American governments remained unperturbed was due in great part to a unique service provided by the british broadcasting corporation译为:当时英美政府之所以能够保持镇定自若,主要是由于英国广播公司提供了一项很不寻常的服务。

Out position has always been that such intervention is totally unjustified译为:我们的一贯立场为:这种干涉是完全无理的。

I don‘t think that he at all weighed the advantages of changing his job against the disadvantages译为:我认为他根本就没有把换工作的利弊加心权衡比较。

she told ne that she would often spend a whole morning working upon a singlepage译为:她对我说,她往往要花整整一个上午来修改一页稿子。

we knew that we never could find peace as long as we as were filled with hatred译为:我们明白了,如果我们心里总是充满了怨

恨,就永远也安宁不下来。

I had heard you were coming ,but we had no idea it would be this soon译为:我们听说你要来,可是没想到你来得这样快。There is no question that the soviet union will seek to gain from the instability译为:毫无疑问,苏联将利用不稳定的形势捞到好处。

The 25-year teaching veteran says he was denied a promotion and pay raise last year because he hadn‘t published a sufficient number of research papers. 译为:这位有25年教龄的老师来说,由于他未能发表足够数量的科研论文,去年没有给他提职、提薪。

what America has lost is the cocky ,do-anything assurance of the 1950s译为:美国已经失去了50年代那种趾高气扬、为所欲为而毫无顾忌的劲头。

And it is not whether universities have produced valuable research and scholarship译为:问题也不在于大学是否已取得有价值的科研成果和学术成就。

we should remember that the scientific developments in one field are closely related to the developments of the same time in other fields译为:我们应当记住,一个领域的科学发展与其他领域在同一时期的发展有着密切的联系。

It has been said that in America ,people think in terms of decades ;in Europe ,they think in terms of generations ;in china ,dthey think in terms lf centuries,译为:有人说:在美国,人们以十年为单位来考虑问题。在欧洲,人们以一代人为单位来考虑问题。而在中国,人们以世纪的眼光来考虑问题。

Don‘t take for granted that it will be all plain sailing,译为:不要以为一切都会一帆风顺。

legend has it that da yu was made emperor because of his success in controlling floods译为:据传说,在禹是因为治水成功而当上皇帝的。

There has never been a man around me who wrote so many memos. 译为:在我周围没有一个人像他那样写过那么多的备忘录。

He wishes to write an article that will attract pubic attention to the matter译为:他想写一篇文章,来呼吁公众关注此事。The sun emit a large amount of invisible rays of a mature similar to radio waves and light which are electromagnetic waves 译为:太阳发射大量与光和无线电波性质类似的不可见的射线,这些射线就是电磁波。

The melting point of which the carbon content is higher ,is lower译为:如果铸铁的含碳量较高,其熔点就较低。

This factory produced machine tools to which precision instruments were attached译为:这家工厂生产附有精密仪器的机床。

Such people as they are will never do that sort of thing译为:像他们这样的人绝不会做那种事情。

China‘s isolation from the west was finally broken in the 19th century ,when it was invaded from the sea.译为:中国与西方隔绝的状态终于在19世纪被打破了,当时中国遭到了从海上来的侵略。

The whole staff consisted of about 250doctors and nurses, nearly half of whom were women.译为:在全体工作人员中,大约有250名是医生和护士,几乎半数是妇女。

The reason why john failed was his laziness译为:约翰之所以失败是由于他懒惰。

英译汉

I would like to live in a place where trees are green all the year round.译为:我喜欢住在树木四季常青的地方。

when a giant radio-telescope turns in on the messages sent from a rocket in space ,a com-puter guides the turning of the telescope in the right direction 译为:当一架巨型电望远镜为了对准宇宙中的火箭所发回的电讯而转动时,计算机便会指引望远镜转到所需要的角度。

The drill may just miss the oil although it is near : on the other hand , it may strkeoil at a fairly hingh levl译为:钻头可能到了离油很近的地方而没有碰到油;另一方面,也可能在相当浅的地方打出油来。

The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness : if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication , and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated 译为:润滑油的浓度必须适当,太稀则起不到应有的润滑俢,太稠则流不到需要润滑的所有零件。

We do not read history simply for pleasure , but in order that we may discover the laws of politic growth and change译为:我们读历史不单纯是为了娱乐,而是为了从中发现政治发展和演变规律。

The more corporate staff abroad who can communicate well in English the greater your trading opportunity 译为:驻外公司职员能用英语熟练交流的越多,做生意的机会就越多。

As divorce retes in Asis are on the rise , moral education is getting more and moreimpor-tant译为:在亚洲,由于离婚率不断上升,道德教育越来越重要

He knew nothing about the blue print until I told him译为:这个蓝图在我告诉他之前,他一点也不知道。

This material is no more elastic than that one这种材料并不比那种更有弹性。

Many centuries had passed before man learned to make fire译为:许多世纪以后人类才学会了生火。

He speaks quickly , the tone of his voice so arresting that it sobers everyone译为:他快快地讲着,语调十分引人注意,大家也都安静地听。

Current well not flow continually , since the circuit is broken by the insulating material译为:电流不再继续流动,因为电路被绝缘材料隔断了。

The werking plan well be examined by a special committee first译为:这个工作计划将先由一个特别委员会加以审查。

If the pressure in a closed vessel is allowed to rise too high , the vessel will burst译为:如果听任密封容器中的压力过分升高,容器就会爆炸。

Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily; only a few questions of second im-portance remain to be discussed译为:大部分问题已经圆满解决了,只剩下几个次要问题有待讨论。

Wow so much has beed published on all kinds of subjects that even a specialist whodevot-ed all his time to reading could not keep up with it现在就各种问题发表了许多材料,即使是专家整天看材料也跟不上。

Therefore, when we are received with so much honor and so much kindness in this great country, I believe that the people,s Republic of china is doing a very significant thing译为:因此,当我们在这个伟大的国家里受到这样隆重和盛情的接待时,我认为中华人民共和国这样做是有重大意义的

Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but more and more is needed because of increase-ing number of people in the world译为:现在淡水越来越不足,而由于世界人口日益增长,淡水的需要量却越来越大。

It is required that the machine should be maintained at regular intervals译为:机器需要定期维修。

It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation译为:应该指出这一过程是氧化。

It is generally recognized that the insulation resistance of a cable is inversely proportional to its length译为:普遍认为电缆的绝缘电阻与其长度成反比。

Such a poor state could not possibly have waged against irs neighbor without backing form other countries 译为:这样贫穷的国家如果没有他国的支持,本来根本不可能对其邻国发动战争。

Nothing in the world moves faster than light译为:世界上没有任何东西比光走得快。

All these metals are not good conductors 译为:所的这些金属不都是良导体。

Not enery minute difference is noted译为:并不是每一点细微差别都能注意到了。

There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force译为:在力的作用下,各种材料或多或少都要变形。They worked neither for fame nor for personal gains译为:他们工作一不为名二不为利。

英译汉

The speed of light is too great to be measured with a simple unit译为:光的速度太大,以至于不能用简单的单位来度量。

Although he explained it to her , she was still completely at sea 译为:尽管他给她作了解释,可她仍然迷惑不解。

We were kept in the dark as to future plans译为:我们对未来的计划一无所知。

Japan is the last country to invent radar , but England译为:发明雷达的国家决不是日本,而英国。

(三)Nuch more important than the element itself are some of its compounds译为:比这一元素本身更重要的是它的一些化合物。

Of considerable interest is that many planets revolve round the sun besides the earth译为:相当有趣的是,除地球外,有许多行星环绕太阳旋转。

With the development of electrical engineering , power can be transmitted over a long distance译为:随着电气工程的发展,电力可以远距离输送。

Surrounding the earth is a layer of air of great thickness译为:环绕地球的是一层厚度很大的空气。

Between atoms there is enough space for them to move , and move they do译为:原子之间有足够的空间让原子运动,而它们有确在运动。

Different metals do differ in their conductivity译为:不同的金属一定具有不同的导电性能。

It is the power station that supplies the motive power to the whole city译为:供给全城动和的就是发电站。

It was Newton who proved mathematically theat the path of a planet must be an ellipse译为:用数学证明行星的轨道是个椭圆的,就是牛顿。

It is only through a great deal of practice that we shall be able to operate this machine tool译为:只有通过大量实践,我们才能操

作这台机床。

The notions of energy thermodynamics emphasizes能的概念为热力学所强调。

(四)If these stamps were genuiue , they would be worth a lot of money译为:这些邮票如果是真的,可就值大钱了。

If this bridge had been built of armoured concrete , its strength would have been much greater译为:这座桥要是当初用钢筋混凝土建造,它的强度就会大大提高。

If any country were in the same position that we aer , they would be making the same case with the same foyce and conviction译为:假如任何国家处在我国所处的地位的话,他们也会跟我们一样坚定不移地持同样的态度。

The nation was on its knees and, were nothing done , would soon be prostrate译为:国家处境不妙,如果不想一点办法,就会完蛋。

Without her advice , I would have failed假如没有她的劝告,我想必已失败了。

I suppose poor Mary is all broken up . I would be in her case译为:我想可怜的玛丽已伤心透了。如果我处在她的地位,我也会是这样的。

If computers were not used , our research work would be difficult译为:假使没有用计算机,我们的研究工作就困难了。

How could he have operated the machine-tool if he hadn‘t learned the techniquesomeweeks ago?译为:要是他在几个星期前没有学习技术,他怎么能操作社台机床呢?

She wished she had stayed at home译为:也但愿那时留在家中就好了。

I suppose when I was a young man I should have done the same fool thing译为:我想,如果我是一个年轻人,我大概也会干出社样的蠢事来。

Laser , its creation being thought to be one of today‘s wonders , is nothing more than a light that differs from ordinary lig hts only in that it is many times more powerful and so can be applied in fields that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in 译为:激光的发明被认为是当代的奇迹之一。其实激光也只不过是一种光线,与普通光线不同之处在于它的强度要大很多倍,因而能够腫任何光线或其他物质从未能进入的领域。

A good way of learning to make the sound of a new language is to use recordings which have pauses after each sentence giving you time to say what you have learnt before the next sentence comes.译为:学习一种新的语言的发音有一种好办法,那就是利用录音,它可以在每句话后多留些间隙,以便你有时间在下一句还没出现之前练习你刚刚学过的东西。

Automatic control which is known as automation is limited to such operations as have some connecti on with the controlling or adjustment of individual machines or instruments ,the system set up with automatic controls being ,in a wider sense ,a long producing line which enables materials to be fed from one end and the products to be turned out at the other with the whole process being controlled automatically译为:自动控制,通常称为自动化,不仅限于那些与控制或调整个别机器或仪器有关的操作,从更广泛的意义上来说,这种自动控制建立的系统,是一个很长的生产线,从一端投入原料,到另一端制成产品,整个过程都是自动控制的。

英译汉

Those who have scrupulously studied the national statistics have concluded that there is nothing in them that would support the

general belief that there has been some lessening of eco-nomic inequality in the United States in recent decades 译为:认真天空过国家统计数字中没有任何资料可以证实这个普遍的看法,即近几十年来美国的经济不平等现象有所减轻。

China has always been a disciplined and cultured nation , and if it seemed to old China hands thatit was not , it is likely that it was the disturbing influence of western materialism and amorality that corrupted the personality of the Chinese who were in contact with it , and who thus became , in essence , its victims译为:中国一直是一个守纪律有文化的国家,如果对某些中国通来说,中国看来并不是那样,那很可能是由于西方的那种物质享受不讲道德是非的风气破坏性的影响,腐蚀了那些与这种影响接触的中国人的品格,在实质上这些人是这些影响的受害者。

Galileo wasthe first to explain by this method that any falling object, whether it weighs little or much , gains speed at the same rate weile it falls, and any ball thrown, whatever its size and speed , has the same pull from the earth bringing it down译为:伽里略首先用这种方法来解释下述现象:即任何下落的物体,不管它是轻还是重,当它下降的时候,都以同样的加速度落下;人们抛出的任何球体,不管它体积的大小和运动速度如何,都受到同样的地球引力使它下坠。

Owing to the fast to electricity can be transmitted from where it is generated to where it is needed by meansof power lines and transformers , large power stations can be built in remote places far from industrial centers or large citics , as is often the case with hydroelectric generating stations that are inseparable from water sources译为:由于借助动力线和变压器,电可以从发电厂送往用电的地方,因此,大型发电厂可以建立在远离大工业中心和大城市的遥远的地方,不能离开水源的水力发电厂通常就是这样。

There are several reasons why he no longer appears to be the magician the world press had made him out to be , an illusion which he failed to discourage because , as he would admit himseIf , he has a tendency toward megalomania 译为:国际新闻界曾经把他渲染成魔术师一般的人物,他也没有阻止人们制造这种错误印象,因为他自己也承认有一种自大狂的倾向。现在他不再像是这样的人了。这里面有几个原因。

While the higher IMF(International Monetary Fund ) estimates may be better yardsticks of economic progress , they have also aroused Third world concern that some hard-pressed devel-oping nations may suddenly be seen as too well-off to receive needed world bank loans译为:国际货币基金组织的较高估计可能是经济增长较快的衡量标准,但也引起了第三世界的担心,一些财政拮据的发展中国家也许会突然被认为很富裕,以致不能获取所需要的世界银行贷款。

There is just the same kind of difference between the mental operation of a man of sci-ence and those of an ordinary person , as there is berween the operations and the methods of a baker or butcher weighing out his goods in common scales , and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights科学家与普通人的思维活动的区别,无非是面包师或屠夫操作与化学家的操作的区别;前者是普通的秤来货物,后者则用天平和分得很细的砝码来进行艰难而复杂的分析。

翻译综合练习

Doctors also say eating less fat will reduce the amout of dangerous cholesterol in the blood . this cholesterol can stick to the wall of blood passages , blocking the flow of blood . In eat arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle , such blockages cause a heart attack . Instead . eat more foods low in fat . This includes low –fat milk and dairy products, lean meats , poultry without the skin, and fish and shellfish , Experts also say cooking foods in olive oil and fish oil will help lower cholesterol , And they say it is best to steam , bake , roast or broil foods , not to fry . They also say eating dried peas and beans and beans helps lower the amount of fat in the blood . 医生们还说少吃多脂肪食品将减少血液中有碍人体健康的胆固醇含量,这种胆固醇可以紧贴在血管壁上从而堵塞血流。在负责把血液送入心脏肌肉的动脉血管中,这种堵塞会导致心脏病。所以,更好的方法是,吃低脂肪牛奶、乳制品、瘦肉、去皮的禽肉、鱼类和水生贝类。专家们还说用橄榄油和鱼油烹饪将有助于降低胆固醇,专家们建议最好采用清蒸、烘或焙的方法烹饪食品,而不是用油炸。他们还认为吃干豌豆和豆类会帮助降低血液中的脂肪含量。

Health experts also say we should eat moye fruit and vegetables , and foods high in fibers such as whole grain breads and cereals and brown rice . Some fibers help lower levels of dangerous cholesterol . This would help reduce the danger of heart disease . Most experts agree that fiber al-so can protect against cancer. They are not sure how fiber does this . some believe it helps the body to quickly remove fat that may cause cancer to develop 健康专家们认为,我们应该多吃水果和蔬菜以及那些纤维含量高的食品,如粗面面包和各类谷类或糙米。有些纤维会帮助降低有害的胆固醇,这有且于减少得心脏病的危险。大多数专家认为纤维也可以预防癌症,他们还不大肯定纤维如何能做到这点,但专家认为,纤维可以帮助身体快速消除可能导致癌症的脂肪。

Doctors say that emotional problems also can cause growth disorders . A child may suddenly stop growing because of stress , form being sick or perhaps from reaction to a family problem . such a growth disorder is temporary . The child will start growing again as suddenly as he stopped , just as soon as the cause of stress is removed医生说,情绪方面的问题也会妨碍生长发育。一个孩子可能会由于疾病或由于家庭问题的影响,产生压力,从而突然停止生长。这种生长发育的障碍是暂时性的,一但紧张的原因消失,这种孩子就会象突然停止生长一样,重新开始生长。

Doctors also note that most growth hormone is produced during sleep . This means that a child with serious sleeping problems may not grow normally . However , normal growth would re-turn once the sleeping problem is solved 医生们还注意到,大多数生长激素是在睡眠时产生的。这就是说,在睡眠方面存在严重问题的儿童可能无法正常生长发育。不过,一旦睡眠问题得到解决,正常的生长发育就可得以恢复。

Doctors say that some growth disorders are apparent at birth . O thers may not be noticed for years until the child falls behind normal growth rates , So growth experts urge parents to measure a child at least once every year ,Children grow at different rates , of course , Most girls grow faster than boys , and they stop growing sooner . But generally a child grows five centimeters or more each year , They say par-ents should talk to a doctor if a childs yearly growth falls below five centimeters医生们说,有些生长发育方面的问题一生下来就很明显,另外一些问题可能过了若干年,等到儿童落后于正常的生长速度以后才会发现。因此,生长发育问题专家主张家长至少每年要给孩子测量一次身高。当然,儿童们生长的速度各不相同,大多数女孩比男孩生长发育的快,并更早地停止发育。一般来说,儿童每年长5cm或5cm以上,如果一个孩子张个子不足5cm,家长就应该找医生谈一谈。

The most important psychological discovery of this century is the discovery o f the ―self-im-age .‖ Whether we realize it or not . cach of us carries about with us a mental blueprint or picture of oueselves , It may be vague and ill-defined to our conscious gaze . In fact , it may not be con-sciously recognizable at all . But it is there . complete down to the last detail . This self-image is our own conception of the ―sort of person I am,‖ It has been built up from our own beliefs about ourselves , But most of these beliet s about ourselves have unconsciously been formed from our past experiences , our successes and failures , our humiliations . our triumphs . and the way pther pro-ple have reacted to us , especially in early childhood , ftom all these we mentally construct a ―self‖(or a picture of self) Once an idea or a belief about ourselves goes into this picture it becomes ―true‖ , as far as we personally are concerned , we do not question its validity , but pro-ceed to act upon it just as if it were true 本世纪最重要的心理学发现就是“自我意象”。不管我们意识到与否,我们每个人的脑子里都有一副自我“蓝图”或自我画像。在我们有意识的凝视之下,它也许是模糊不清的,事实上,我们也许根本无法不意识地去认识它,但它确实是存在的,每一个细节都完整完缺。这一自我意像就是“我是怎样一种人”的自我概念人。它建立在我们的自我信念之上。但是,这些自我信念大部分是根据我们过去的经历,我们的成功和失败,我们的羞辱,我们的胜利以及他人对我们的反应,特别是根据童年时期的种种经历在不知不觉中形成的。根据所有这些以往的经历,我们便在自己的脑子里形成了一个“自我”(或一幅自我画像)。就我们个人而言,一旦关于我们自己的某种想法或信念进入这幅画像,它就变成了“真实的”。我们从不怀疑它是否可信,而是根据它去行动,就好像它是真的一样。

Advertising has become a very specialized activity in modern times , In the business world of today , supply is usually greater than demand . There is great competition between different man-ufacturers of the same kind of product to persuade customers to buy their own particular brand . They always have to remind the consumer of the name and the qualities of their product , They do this by

advertising . The manufacturer advertises in the newspapers and on posters , He some-times pays for songs about his product in commercial radio programs . He organizes competitions , with prizes for winners , He often advertises on local cinemas . Manufacturers often spend large sums of money on advertisements , We buy a particular product because we think that it is the best , We usually think so because of the advertisements that say so . Some people never pause to ask themselves if the advertisements are telling the truth. 广告宣传已成为了现代高度专业化的活动了。在今天的商业世界中,供过于求是普遍现象。为了说服顾客购买有自己商标的产品,大规模的竞争就在同类商品的工厂主之间展开了。他们得经常设法向消费者提醒他们产品的名字和优等质量,这就要靠广告了。他们在报纸上登广告,在海报上做宣传,他们有时出钱在广播节目中播出产品宣传歌。他们组织各种竞赛活动。给获胜者赠送奖品,他们经常在当地电影院的银幕上打出宣传广告。为了这些广告,工厂的老板们要花掉大量的金钱。我们购买某个商品时,总认为它是最好的货色,我们有这种看法,因为广告就是这么说的,有些人从来未冷静地问问自己:这些广告是否说了真话?!

By and large , business can make profits only by producing goods and services that people want to buy autos, houses, dry cleaning , dogfood . If these is no consumer who is willing and able to buy , the businessman is out of luck . Maybe the government will temporarily come to his rescue with a subsidy , or maybe he can keep going by using up his invested capital . But over the long pull , it is the customers who are willing and able to buy who direct production in a private-enterprise economy . Since consumer demand largely directs production in a private-enterprise system , it is important to define ―demend‖ accurately at the outset . ―Demand‖ is the schedule of amounts of any product that buyers will purchase at different prices during the stated time period . This definition takes some explaining , since it obviously isn‘t what the word means in every conversation 一般来说,企业获取利润,只能靠生产和提供人们愿意购买的产品和服务,如汽车,房屋,干洗,狗食。如果没有愿意买而且买得起的消费者,企业主就倒霉了。也许政府会提供津贴来暂时帮他一把,或者他耗用自己的投资而得以维持下去。但从长远来看,正是那些愿意买而且买得起的顾客支配着私营企业的生产。既然私营企业体制中生产大都由消费需求来支配,那么一开始就给需求下一个精确的定义便是很重要的了。需求就是在一定时期内购买者想要按不同的价格购买的任何产品的数量一览表。这个定义需要解释一下。因为它显然不是这个词用于日常谈话时指的意思。

In future trade the key development to watch is the relationship between the industrialized and thedeveloping nations . Third world countries export their mineral deposits and tropical agri-cultural products , which dring then desired foreign exchange . Tourism has also been greatly re-sponsible for the repid deveopment of some developing nations . Many Third world nations with high unemployment and low wages have seen an emigration of workers to the developed nations . western Europe has received millions of such workers from Mediterranean countries . The devel-oping nations profit when these workers bring their savings and their acquired technical skills back home . many developing nations benefit when western nations establish manufacturing in their countries to take advantage of cheap labor.在将来的世界贸易中,要注意观察的重要发展是工业化国家与发展中国家之间的关系。第三世界国家出口矿物和热带农作物,以换取所需的外汇。旅游业对有些发展中国家的迅速发展也起了很大作用。在很多失业多,工资低的第三世界国家出现了工人移居发达国家的现象。西欧就接受了来自中海国家的这种工人数以百万计。当这些工人把他们的积蓄和学到的技能带回本国时,这些发展中国家就受益了,西方国家在发展中国家利用廉价劳动力开办工厂,这些发展中国家也从中得到好处。

International monetary cooperation will have a significant impact on future trade . If the IMF countries aer not able to agree upor a new international monetary order in the years to come , international trade may become too risky for some companies to get involved in .

If the IMF is unable to create sufficient international liquidity reserves in the future , there may not be enough liquidity to sustain growth in trade . 国际货币合作对未来的贸易将会产生重大的影响,在今后的年月里,如果国际货币基金组织各国不能就新的世界货币秩序达成协议,从事国际贸易的风险就有可能变得很大而使一些公司裹足不前。如果国际货币基金组织今后不能建立起足够的国际清偿能力储备,就不会有足够的清偿能力来支撑住贸易的增长。

Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature , so marx discovered the law of development of human history ; the simple fact,hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology , that mankind must first of all eat , drink , have shelter and clothing , before it can pursue politics ,science ,art , religion , etc , that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the stare institutions , the legal conceptions , art , and even the ideas on religion , of the people concerned have been evolved , and in the light of which they must , therefore , be explained , instead of vice versa , as had hitherto beed the case . 正像达尔文发现有机界规律一样,马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律,即以前芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实:人们首先必须吃,喝,住,穿,然后才能从事政治,科学,艺术,宗教等活动。所以,直接的物质的生活资料的生产,因而一个民族或一个时代的一定的以济发展阶段,便阶段,便构成为基础。人们的国家制度,法律观点,艺术以至宗教观念就是从这个基础上发展起来的,因而也必须由这个基础来解释,而不是像过去那样反道而行之。

But that is not all . Marx also discovered the special law of motion govering the present-day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created . The discovery of surpus value suddenly threw light on the problem , in trying to solve which all previous investigations , of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics , had been groping in the dark . 不仅如此,马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。资产阶级经济学家和社会主义批评家一直在黑暗中摸索探测,企图加以解决的问题,由于剩余价值的发现,一下子变得一清二楚了。

Science is the body of knowledge about nature that represents the collective efforts , insights , findings , and wisdom of the human race . Science is not something new but had its beginnings before recorded history when humans first discovered reoccurring relationships around them . Through careful observations of these relationships ,. They began to know nature and , because of nature‘s dependability , found they could make predictions to enable some control over their surroundings. 科学是关于自然的知识总体,它代表了人类的共同努力,洞察力,研究成果和智慧,科学并不是什么新的东西,在有文字记载的历史以前,当人们最发现了在他们周围反复出现得各种关系时,就有了科学的开端。通过对这些关系的仔细观察,人们开始了解了自然,而由于自然的可靠性,人们还发现他们能够作出预测,从而有可能在某种程度上控制他们的周围环境。

Science made its greatest headway in the sixteenth century when people began asking answerable questions about nature –when they began replacing superstition by a systematic search for order ---when experiment in addition to logic was used to test ideas . Where people once tried to influence natural events with magic and supernatural forces , they now had science to guide them . Advance was slow , however , because of the powerful opposition to scientific methods and ideas .科学在十六世纪取得了最伟大的进展,因为这时人们开始提出了有关自然的可以回答的问题,开始对秩序的系统研究代替了迷信。而且除了运用逻辑外,还运用实验来检验各种观点。以前人们曾试图用巫术和超自然的力量来影响自然事件,而现在有了科学来指导他们,然而由于对科学方法和科学思想的强有力的反对,进展是缓慢的。

The greatest of all the accomplishments of twentieth-century science has been the discovery of human ignorance . W e live , as never before , in puzzlement about nature ,the universe , and ourselves most of all . It is a new experience for the species . A century ago , after the turbulence caused by Darwin and Wallace had subsided and the central idea of natural selection had been grasped and accepted ,

we thought we knew everything essntial about evolution . I n the eigh-teenth century there were no huge puzzles; human reason was all you needed in order to figure out the universe . And for most of the earlier centuries , the church provided both the questions and the answers , neatly packaged . Now , for the first time in human history , we are catching glimpses of our incomprehension . Wecan still make up stories to explain the world, as we always have , but now the stories have to be confirmed and reconfirmed by experiment . This is the scien-tific method , and once started on this line we cannot turn back . We are obliged to grow up in skepticism , requiring proofs for every assertion about nature , and there is no war out except to move ahead and plug away , hoping for comprehension in the future but living in a condition of intellectual instability for the long time . 二十一世纪科学领域迄今取得的最大成就是发现人类蒙昧无知。我们对自然、宇宙、尤其对我们自身,从来没有象现在这样感到困惑不解。这是人类一种新的感受。一百年前,在达尔文和华来士引起的轰动平静下来,人们理解并接受了自然选择的基本观点之后,我们以为对进化论的实质问题全都一清二楚了。十八世纪不存在重大的难解之迷。当时欲知宇宙奥秘,只需借助人的理性就行了。在此以前的若干世纪里,多数时候由教会提出问题同时提出答案,近乎包办一切。如今,在人类历史上我们第一次觉察到了自己的无知。我们可以一如既往依旧想出种种说法来解释世界,但现在这些说法必须通过实验加以证实、再证实。这是科学方法。一旦开始按照这种方法去做,我们就不能走回头路了。我们只能始终带着怀疑的目光,对关于自然的每一个论断都要求拿出证据来。除了行动起来,埋头探索,没有其他办法。我们希望将来能够找到答案,但在此之前的这段漫长岁月里,我们只好处于一种谨慎非谨慎、一知半解的状态。

Transistors can be made with other materials . They are less costly , and produce less heat . But they also permit less electricity to pass through . These other transistors are made with what is called amorphous silicon . This material is not as pure as silicon crystals . It has tiny spaces between the atoms that limit the flow of electrical current .半导体管也可以用其他的材料制成,产热少,不过可以通过的电流少。这种半导体管是由所谓的非晶体硅制造的。这种材料没有硅晶体那样纯,原子之间的空隙也小,因而限制了电流的流动。

The American company---Energy Conversion Devices of Detroit---said it found ways to treat amorphous materials physically and chemically . These treatments sharply reduce the num-ber of defects that block the flow of current . The company said it then was able to produce amor-phous transistors that carry one-hundred times more electrical current than was possible before . 这家美国公司-底特律能源转换设备公司说,他们找到了用物理和化学方法处理非晶体材料的办法,这些处理方法大大减少了材料中阻挡电流流动的诸多缺陷。这家公司说,他们因此能够制造出非晶体半导体管,其传输的电流为过去所能传输的电流的100倍。

Company scientists say their amorphous transistors are just as fast as silicon crystal transis-tors . But they cost much less to make . They produce much less heat . And thin layers , or films of amorphous silicon can be made in any size . This means it can be used to make electrical circuits or system as large as needed 公司的科研人员说,他们的非晶体半导体管与硅晶体半导体管电流速度一样快,但是造价却低的很多,产生的热量也大为减少。同时,非晶体硅薄片或薄膜可以制成任何尺寸,这意味着它可用于无论多大的电路或系统。

Experts says they now know that offorts to save species will be useless unless efforts are made to solve some human problems that help cause the destruction of wildlife and wild places . They say wildlife is disappearing partly because expanding human populations need more land , food and materials to live . 专家们说,他们现在知道,除非我们在解决造成野生生物和野生地区毁灭的一些人类问题上作出努力,否则保护生物物种的努力将是白费力气。他们说野生生物正在逐渐消失,部分原因是不断增加的人口为了生存需要更多的土地、食品和其他物质。

This is why some now plans to save endangered species and their natural areas include eco-nomic development plans as well as ideas for protecting the environment . Scientists and other ex-perts feel human needs must be met if wildlife and wild places are to be

saved 这就是为什么一些挽救濒于灭绝的生物物种和它们的天然生长地区的新计划要包括保护环境的计划和经济发展的计划。科学家们和其他方面的专家认为要挽救野生生物和野生地区,人类的需求必须得到满足。

One of these now plans is the ―World Conseration Strategy‖ . Another is the American ―Strategy for the Conservation of Biological Diversity in Developing Countries .‖ Both call for programs that provide direct economic ga ins . The plans urge more studies of the ways many plans and animals can be used to provide food , clothing and housing . Andthey call for educating governments and citizens about polices that provide for development , while protecting the environment for present and future populations其中一项新的计划是“世界保护战略”。另一项是美国的“在发展中国家保护生物的多样性战略”。这两项计划都要求提供直接的经济效益。两项计划到在主张要多研究利用多种动植物供给人们衣、食、住的方法,它们要求在为人类的现在和将来保护环境的同时,使政府和公民了解有关确保经济发展的政策。

International efforts to protect wildlife and wild places gain strength when they link such protection to economic progress在人们把保护野生生物哈野生地区与经济发展联系起来时,国际社会在这方面的力量就会加强。

Some scientists working on the question of extraterrestrial intelligence ,myself among them , have attempted to estimate the number of advanced technical civilizations---defined operationally as societies capable of ridio astronomy----in the Milky Way Galaxy . Such estimates are little better than guesses . They require assigning numerical values to quantities such as the numbers and ages of stars ; the abundance of planetary systems and the likelihood of the origin of life , which we know less well ; and the probability of the evolution of intelligent life and the lifetime of technical civilizations , about which we know very little indeed .许多从事外星人研究的科学家,包括本人在内,均在努力估算银河系中有多少个先进的技术文明社会-为方便起见,我们给这种文明社会下的定义是:掌握了射电天文学的社会。这类估算无异于猜测。它要求将许多情况用具体的数字表达出来,诸如恒星的数目和年龄;行星系研究多达多少和生命起源的可能性—这些,我们知之甚少,以及有智慧的生命进化的可能性和技术文明社会有多长的生命期—对此,我们更是近乎一无所知。

When we do the arithmetic , the sorts of numbers we come up with are , characteristically , around a million technical civilizations . A million civilizations is a breathtakingly large number , and it is exhilarating to imagine the diversity , lifestyles and commerce of those million worlds . But the Milky Way Galaxy contains some 250 billion stars , and even with a million civilizations , less than one star in 200 , 000 would have a planet inhabited by an advanced civilization . Since we have little idea which stars are likely candidates , we will have to examine a very large number of them . Such considerations suggest that the quest for extraterrestrial intelligence may require a significant effort计算结果,我们得出的具有典型意义的数字是大约一百万个技术文明社会。这可是个大得令人咋舌的数目。想象一下这百万个世界的千姿百态,各种生活方式和互相往来,真令人兴奋不己。然而,银河系大约有二千五百亿颗恒星,既便有百万个文明社会,平均每二十万颗恒星中,也仅有一颗不到的恒星,其周围的一颗行星上存在着先进的文明社会。由于不知道哪些星球上存在这种可能性,我们不得不进行大量的观察。这表明,搜寻外星人需要作出巨大的努力。

Reading is a pleasure of the mind , which means that it is a little like a sport ; your eagerness and knowledge and quickness make you a good reader . Reading is fun , not because the writer is telling you something , but because it makes your mind work . You own imagination works along with the author‘s or even goes beyoud his . Your experience , compared with his , brings you to the s ame or different conclusions and your ideas develop as you understandhis 阅读是心智的乐事,颇有点儿像从事一项运动:热情、知识、敏捷三者具备才能做好。读书之所以有趣,不是由于作者告诉了你什么,而是由于书本促使你思考。你的想象与作者的想象一道展开,甚至超过作者的想象。你的体验与作者的体验进行对照,使你得出与作者相同或不同的饿结论,而你在了解作者思想的

同时便形成了自己的思想。

Every book stands by itself , like a one-family house , but books in a library are likew houses in a city . Although they are separate , together they all add up to something ; they are connected with each other and with other cities . The same ideas , or related ones , turn up in different places ; the human probems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature , but with different solutions according to different wrtings at different times 单独一本书犹如独家小院,汇集到图书馆则好似城市中的千家万户。虽然仍是各自独立,结合起来变成为一个有意义的整体。千家万户彼此相依,又与其他城市的家家户户相连。相同的思想或相关的思想在不同的地方出现;人生中经常遇到的问题在文学中也是反复出现,但其解决办法则随着时代的不同和作品的不同而各异。Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be . If you concentrate on books somebody tells you you ―ought‖ to r ead , you probably won‘t have fun . But if you put down a book you don‘t like and try another till you find one that meant something to you , an d then relax with it , you will almost certainly have a good time 读书之所以能成为乐事首先必须是你期待着从中得到乐趣。如果你只读别人说是你“应该”读的书,那大概就不会有什么乐趣可言。但如果你把自己感到没劲的书放下另换别的,直到发现一本你认为有意思的书,然后轻松地读下去,那么几乎可以肯定你会感到很快活的。

We haveentered the age of ―thinking‖ machines . Fifteen to twenty years ago it was known in what direction certain formulas w ere to be found , but their calculation seemed impossible , as the exact solution of the problems would have required the total working lives of several hundred mathematicians . The scientists stood before an ocean of formulas , calculations and partial solutions , u nable ―to reach the shore on the other side‖ . Here the electronic brains came to their help : if a mathematician could not solve equations with more than 12unknowns , the electronic brain could easily solve equations with 50,100 or 200 unknowns 我们已经进入了“思维”机器时代。十五到二十年以前,人们就知道沿着什么方向努力就可以找到某些公式,但是演算这些公式看来是件不可能的事,因为如果想让问题最终得到精确的解答就会需要几百个数学家付出他们毕生的精力来演算这些公式。当时科学家面对着满是各种公式、各种计算以及一个个局部解答的汪洋大海,无法“达到彼岸”。现在他们有了电脑的支援,如果说科学家无法解开含有十二个以上未知数的方程式的话,电脑很容易就解开含有五十、一百或二百个未知数的方程式。

Different branches of science and te chnology today are unable to fonction without ―artificial brains‖ : we have to solve problems for which the reactions of the human brain prove too slow . The human being . The solution of only a partial problem which would keep a mathematician busy for six months is completed by the electronic brain in seven minutes 没有“人工脑”,今天各个门类的科学技术便没法发挥作用:我们要解开的都是一些难题,而是这些难题面前人脑的反应显然是太慢了。电脑的计算速度比人所能达到的要快一千倍,而且更加准确。仅仅解决一个局部问题就会让一个数学家忙上半年,而电脑只需要七分钟就可以完成。

Petroleum is the largest source of liquid fuel , and , in spite of attempts todevelop synthetic fuels , and the continued use of solid fuels , world consumption of petroleum products is about four times greater now than in 1940石油是液体燃料的最大来源。尽管人们努力发展合成燃料,而且在继续使用着固体燃料,可是当今世界上石油制品的总消耗与1940年相比仍然增加了大约三倍。Crude [etroleum oil from different oilfields is never exactly identical in composition . Al-though all petroleum is composed essentially of a number of hydrocarbons , they are present in varying proportions in each deposit , and the properyies of each deposit have to be evaluated . Samples are subjected to a series of tests in the laboratory , the object of which is largely to deter-mine the correct processing methods to be adopted in each case不同油田所产原油的组分,从来没有完全相同的。尽管所有石油基本上都是由若干碳氢化合物组成,但每个油层所含碳氢化合物的比例却有大小不等的差别。每个油层的油性都需要单独作出评价。油样要在化验室进行一系列的化验,其目的主要在于针对情况确定在提炼中所应采取的方法。

Petroleum is not normally used today in the crude state . The mixture of oils of which it is composed must be separated out into a

number of products such as petrol , aviation spirit , kerosene , diesel oils and lubricants , all of which have special purposes . The main method of separation used in refineries is fractional distillation , although further processing is normally required to produce marketable petroleum products . The different hydrocarbons present in petroleum have different boiling temperatures , and the fractions can therefore be isolated according to their boiling temperatures . Pertrol, , for instance , is a mixture of the lower-boiling hydrocarbons , with boiling temperatures renging from 1000C to 4000C . Diesel oils on the other hand have boiling temperatures of upwards of 4000C现在人们一般不直接使用原油。组成石油的油质混合物必须分离成为一系列的石油制品:汽油、航空汽油、煤油、柴油以及润滑油。所有这些产品都有其特有的用途。炼油厂所使用的主要分离方法是分馏,不过分馏所得一般都需要一步加工才能成为可供销售的石油制品。石油中所含的各种碳氢化合物具有各不相同的沸点,因此可以根据沸点的不同将组分分离开。比方说,汽油就是一种由沸点较低的碳氢化合物组成的化合物,其沸点100℃-400℃,而柴油的沸点则在400℃以上。

A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps ; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men ; and one should always live in the best com-pany , whether it be of books or of men我们往往可以从一个人所交往的朋友以及所阅读的书去看他的为人。这是因为人与人之间有友谊,同样的,人与书也就有了书谊。人们应该经常生活在与最好的书以及最好的人的友谊之中。

A good book may be among the best of friends , It is the same today that it always was , and it will never change . It is the most patient and cheerful of companions . It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress . It always receives us with the same kindness ; amusing and instructing us in youth , and comforying and consoling us in age 一本好书可以成为一个很好的朋友。它过去是这样,现在是这样,将来也是不会改变的。它是人们做有耐心、最能使人感到欢乐的伴侣。它不会在我们遇到不幸与危难的时刻抛弃我们。它永远以同样的好意对待我们,在我们年青时使我们欢乐和给我们指导,在我们年老时则给我们以愉悦和慰籍。

Books introduce us into the best society ; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived . we hear what they said and did ; we see them as if they were really alive ; we sympathize with them , enjoy with them , grieve with them ; their experience becomes ours , and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe书引导我们置身于最优秀的人群之中,让我们接触到历代最伟大的思想家。我们听到他们的所言所行,见到他们的身影仿佛他们仍是活着一样。我们和他们有同样的感受,与他们共享欢乐和分担悲痛,他们的经验变成了我们自己的经验,我们感到有点像是在他们所描绘的情景中与他们一道扮演着角色。

Today , we rarely , if ever,hear that a musician has just invented a now type of submarine . Knowledge has become divided and sub-divided into countlss , narrowly-defined compartments . The specialist is venerated ; the versatile person , far from being admired , is more often regarded with suspicion . The modern world is a word of highly-skilled ―experts‖ who have had to devo te the greater part of their lives to a very limited field of study in order to compete with their follows今天,我们极其难得会天到一个音乐家刚刚发明了一种新型的潜水艇。知识被分了又分,分成无数个范围狭窄而且互不通气的部门。受人崇敬的专家;而多面手非但不受人钦佩,反而常常不为人所信服。当今的世界是精通业务的“专家”的世界,这些专家都不得不用自己一生的大部分时间研究一个十分狭小的领域,这样才能与同行竟争。

With this high degree of specialization , the frontier of knowledge are steadily being pushed back more rapidly than ever before . But this has not been achieved without considerable cost . The scientist , who outside his own particular subject is little more than a moron(白痴), is a modern phenomenon ; as is the man of letters who is barely aware of the tremendous strdes that have been made in technology . Similarly , specialization has indirectly affected quite ordinary peo-ple in every walk of life . Many activities which were

once qursued for their own sakes , are often given up in despair ; they require techniques , the experts tell us , which take a life-time to mas-ter . Why learn to play the piano , when you can listen to the world‘s greatest pianists in your own drawing-room?随着专业化程度的提高,各门知识的边界正在以前所未有的速度往里收缩。但这种收缩是付出了相当大的代价才做到的。现在一个科学家离开了他自己的专业就不会比一个傻子强多少,正像一个文学家对科技方面的重大进展几乎一无所知一样,都是现代才有的怪现象。同样地,专业化也间接地影响到各行各业的普通人。以前仅仅是由于对它们本身感到兴趣而去从事的许多活动,现在常常因感到没有希望而被动放弃了。专家们说,从事这些活动所需要的技巧得付出毕生的精力才能掌握。当你能在客厅里欣赏到世界上最杰出的钢琴家的演奏时,你干吗还要学钢琴呢?

Too many managers let themselves get weighed down in their decision-making , especially those with too much education . I once said to Philip Caldwell , who became the top man at Ford after I left ; ―The trouble with you is that you went to Harvard , w here they taught you not to take any action until you‘ve got all the facts . you‘ve got ninety-five percent of them , but it‘s going to take you another six months to get that last five percent . And by the time you do , your facts will be out of date because the market has already changed . That‘s what life is all about---tim-ing . ‖决策时感到压力太重因而举棋不定的经理人员太多了,尤其是那些受过太多教育的人。我曾对菲利普.考德威尔(在我离开福特公司后,他当上了总裁)说过:“菲尔,你的毛病就在于你读过哈佛。那儿的教授们教你在取得所有事实之后才能采取行动。你已经掌握了95%的事实,而为了取得最后的5%还要再花半年的时间。等你半年后掌握了那5%,你的事实已经过时了,因为市场行情已经发生了变化。生活的真谛就在于此—掌握时机。”

A good business leader can‘t operate that way . It‘s perfectly natural to want all the facts and to hold out for the research that guarantees a particular problem will work . After if you‘re about to spend $ 300 million on a now product , you w ant to be absolutely sure you‘re on the right track一个优秀的企业领导不能那样做。希望得到所有事实,坚持等到研究工作确保某项计划定会成功以后才采取行动,这是非常自然的事情。如果你要花三亿美元开发一项新产品,你毕竟希望绝对肯定你的做法是对头的。

That‘s fine in theory , but real life just doesn‘t work that way . Obviously , you‘reresponsible for gatherin g as many relevant facts and projections as you possibly can . But at some point you‘ve got to take that leap of faith . First , because even the righ t decision is wrong if it‘s made too late . Second , because in most cases there‘s no such thing as certai nty这在理论上是不错的,现实生活却并非如此。毫无疑问,你有责任尽量地多收集有关事实和预测数据。但到了某一时刻,你必须根据自己的信念跳一步,迅速地作出决定才行。因为,第一,即使是正确的决定,作得太晚,也会变成错误的;第二,在大多数情况下,根本就没有十拿九稳的。What constitutes enough information for the decision-maker ? It‘s impossible to put a number on it , but clearly when you move a head with only 50 percent of the facts the odds are stacked against you . If that‘s the case , you had better be very lucky-----or else come up with some terrif-ic hunches . There are times when that kind of gamble is called for , but it‘s certainly no way to run a railroad.决策者需要多少信息才算够用呢?要提出一个具体数字是不可能的;但如果你只有50%的事实就冒然行动,呢你成功的可能性显然就会微乎其微,如果是这样的话,你最好是吉星高照,不然就得有极妙的预感。有时候这种冒险是需要的,但管理铁路却决不可这样。

Instead of trying to make gradual changes in small increments , make bigchanges . After all , big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones . Some people assume that the way to bring about improvement is to make the change small enough so that nobody will notice it . This approach has never worked , and one can‘t help but wonder why such thinking continues . Every-one knows h ow to resist small changes ; they do it all the time . If however , the change is big enough , resistance can‘t be mobilized against it . Management can make a sweeping organizational change , but just let a manager try to change someone‘s desk from here t o there ,and see the great difficulty he encounters . All change is resisted , so the question is how can the changes be made big enough so that they

have a chance of succeeding ?不要试图缓慢地一点点地变革,而要大变革。毕竟,大的变革比小的变革相对来说更容易进行。有些人认为,改进的方法是使变革的步伐小到使人注意不到。这种办法从来就没有成功过。真不知道为什么这种思想还在继续流行。每个人都知道如何抵制下的变革,他们无时不在抵制小的变革。但是,如果变革足够大的话,要发动对它进行抵制就不可能了。管理部门能够大刀阔斧地进行全面的组织变动,但是你让一个经理把某个人的办公室从这儿挪到那儿,看他会遇到多么大的困难。一切变革都会遇到抵制,问题是如何使变革尽量大一些,以使它们有获得成功的机会。

Buckminster Fuller has said that instead of reforms society needs new forms , e .g ,inorder to reduce traffic accidents , improve automobiles and highways instead of trying to improve drivers . The same concept should be applied to human relations . there is a need to think in terms of social architecture , and to provide arrangements among people that evoke what they yeally want to see in themselves . Mankind takes great pains with physical architecture , and is beginning to concern itself with the design of systems in which the human being is a component . But most of these designs are only for safety , efficiency , or productivity . System designs are not made to affect those aspects of life people care most about such as family life , romance , and esthetic experiences . Social technology as well as physical technology need to be applied in making human arrangements that will transcend anything mankind has yet experienced . . People need not to be victimized by their environments ; they can be fulfilled by them 克明斯特.富勒曾经说过,社会需要的不是改革,而是要全新的模式。举例说,为了减少交通事故,那就改进汽车和公路,而不是试图去改进司机。这一观念也运用到人际关系中去。有必要从社会结构的角度进行思考,提出一种人际安排,这种安排能够唤起人们真正想看看自己内心的东西。人类一贯精心于有形的建筑,而现在开始关心起人作为其中组成部分的系统设计了。但是这些设计中的大部分,只是为了安全、效率和生产力。系统设计有用来影响人们最关心的生活中的那些方面,例如家庭生活、爱情、美的享受。我们需要运用社会科学和自然科学的技术作出人际安排,这种安排将超越人类迄今为止的一切经验,人不必成为其环境的牺牲品,人可以通过自身的环境充实自己。

Science fiction can help to explain what science and scientists are all about to the non-scientists . It is no accident that several hundred universities and public schools are now offering science fiction courses and discovering that these classes are a meeting ground for the scientist-engineers and the humanists . Science and fiction . Reason and emotion科幻小说有助于向不从事科学工作的人解释科学是怎么一回事,科学家是干什么的。几百所大学和公立中学都开设了科幻小说课程,发现这些课是科学家、工程师和人文主义者聚会的场所,出现这种情况决非偶然的事。科学和小说可以打通,理性和情感能够交融。

Science fiction very clearly shows that changes---whether good or bad –are an inherent part of the universe . Resistance to change is an archaic , and nowadays dangerous , habit of thought . The word will change . It is changing constantly . Hum anity‘s most fruitful course of action is to determine how to shape these changes , how to influence them and produce an envir-onment where the changes that occur are those we want科幻小说极其明确地揭示,变化—无论变好还是变糟—是宇宙的一条内部规律。抵制改变是陈旧的,如今则是危险的思想习惯。世界总是要变的。世界在不断的变。对人类而言,最有成效的行动莫过于确定如何形成这些变化,如何影响这些变化,从而创造一个所发生的变化符合我们需要的自然环境。

Perhaps this is the ultimate role of seience fiction : to act as an interpreter of science to hu-manity . This is a two-edged weapon , of course . It is necessary to warn as well as evangelize . Science can lill as well as create ; technology can deaden the human spirit or lift it to the farthmost corners of our imaginations . Only knowledgeable people can wisely decide how to use seience and technology for humankind‘s benefit . In the end , this is t he ultimate role of all art : to show ourselves to ourselves , to help us understand our own humanity.也许科幻小说的最大作用是:履行向人类解释科学的任务。当然,这是一件双刃武器,不仅要宣讲福音,还要发出警

告。科学不仅能够创造,而且能够致死;技术能够使人麻木不仁,也能够把人的精神提到想象所及的最高境界。只有具有知灼见的人士能明智决定如何利用科学技术造福人类。归根到底,这是一切艺术作品的最大作用:让我们自己看自己,帮助我们认识自己身上的人性。

<模拟试卷一>短文

There are some unique problems in international trade 在国际贸易中有一些独特的问题。

A first problem is that of culture . When companies do business overseas , they come in con-tact with people from different cultures . These individuals often speak a different language and have their own particular custom and manners . These differences can create problems第一个问题是文化问题,在国外做生意时,各公司均会接触具有不同文化背景的人。这些人常常操有同的语言,有各自独特的风俗习惯。这些差异会带来麻烦。

A second traditional problem is that of monetary conversion . For example , if a transaction is conducted with the Soviet Union , payment may be made in rubles . Of course , this currency is of little value to the American firm . It is , therefore , necessary to convert the foreign currency to American dollars第二个常遇到的问题是货币兑换问题,比如,如果是与前苏联做生意,就可能采用卢布来付款。当然,这种货币对美国的公司是没有用的。因此,有必要将这种货币兑换成美元。

A third unique problem is trade barriers . All countries imposes trade barriers oncertain goods crossing their borders . Some trade barriers are directly related to exports . Most trade barriers , however , are designed to restrict imports . Two of the most common import barri-ers are quotas and tariffs 第三个特殊的问题是贸易壁垒。所有国家对通过它们过境的某些商品都有贸易壁垒。有一个贸易壁垒是直接和出口有关,不过大多数贸易壁垒是用来限制进口的。两种最常见的进口壁垒是配额和关税。

A quota is quantitative restriction that is expressed in terms of either physical quantity or value . For example , a quota that restricts the imporation of Class A widgets from Eu-rope to no more than 50000 each year is a restriction stated in terms of physical quantity . Mean-while , a quota that restricts the importation of a certain type of Japanese glassware to no more than $ 1 million worth a year is stated in terms of value配额是用物质的数量或价格表示的数额限制。例如,每年从欧洲进口的A级小商品不得超过50000件的配额是一种以物质数量表示的限制。而对某种日本玻璃器皿的进口规定每年不得超过价值100万美元的限制是一种以价值表示的配额。

A tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into the country . Thesetariffs can be of two types : revenue or protective tariff . A revenue tariff is designed to raise money for the government . These tariffs are usually low . A protective tariff is designed to discourage foreign businesses from shipping certain goods into the country . The basic reason fof a orotective tariff is to keep out goods that will undersell products made in the home country . For this reason , protec-tive tariffs are often very high 关税是对进口到一个国家的商品所征收的税额或费用。这类关税有两种:收入关税和保护关税。增设收入关税是为了增加政府税款。这些关税一般较底。保护性关税是为限制外国企业将某种商品运进一个国家而制订的,保护性关税的主要目的是阻止可能以低于本国产品价格出售的商品进口。由于这个原因,保护性关税通常是相当高的。

Researchers may be a step closer to creating a living computer 研究人员朝创造活计算机的方向似乎又迈进了一步。

A team of University of Illinoes scientists led by biochemistry professor Stephen is using ge-netic engineering to make protein molecules that collectively act as transistors or other electronic devices . The researchers believe thaqt , within the next 10 years , yhey will be able to emulate the brain by constructing a network of these molecules 一个以生物化学教授斯蒂芬为首的伊利偌利大学科学

家研究小组,目前正利用遗传工程来研究蛋白质分子,它们能集中起到晶体管或其它电子件作用。这些研究人员相信,在今后的十年内,他们将通过构造出一种由这些分子组成的网络来模拟人脑。

Among the advantages that future biochips , or ―living computers ,‖ would haveover conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller , they do not generate as much heat , and they allow for the parallel processing of information , making them faster them today‘s semiconductor devices 未来的生物芯片或“活计算机”与普通半导体晶片相比优点是:它们体积较小,产生的热量少,并能并行处理信息,从而使其速度快与当今的半导体器件。

Another key advantage is that the biochips are created through genetic engineering and thus could be produced with specific senses in order to perform particular tasks .According to Ste-phen , ―One of the problems with sem iconductor devices is that , while they can transmit electri-cal signals very fast , they are limited in sensing their environment . with genetic engineering , we can create protein molecules that recognize specific molecules .‖ 另一个主要优点是:由于这些芯片是通过遗传工程创造的,因此可以产生出一种具有特殊感觉的芯片以便执行特殊的任务。就斯蒂芬所言,半导体器件存在的问题之一是:“虽然它们能很快地传输电信号,但它们感知其环境的能力是有限的。利用遗传工程后,我们能创造出可以辨别特殊分子的蛋白质分子。”

In a power plant or other industrial facility , for example , biochips with genetically engi-neered sensors could identify a problem by sensing certain signals such as fumes and respond by shutting the plant down if necessary 比方说,在发电厂或其它工业设施方面,带有用遗传工程传感器的生物芯片可通过检测诸如烟雾之类的某些信号来查明问题,必要时它们可让工厂停工。

Sensor technology already exists , but more-sophisticated biological sensors capable of smell-ing or tasting specific molecules may be available within five years , ―The technology exists , al-though in a primitive state , to develop biochips . ‖ Says Stephen . ―The limits are only time and imagination .‖传感器技术已问世,也许在5年内,我们就可以得到能够嗅出或尝出特殊分之的更先进的生物传感器。“开发生物芯片的技术虽说在初始阶段,但它毕竟已经诞生了”斯蒂芬说,“只是时间和想象的限制了。”

Water problems in the future will become intense and more complex . On the onehand , our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes , primarily sewage . On the other hand , rapidily expanding industries which involve more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid wastes , and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious . To feed our rapidly expanding population , agrculture will have to be intensified . This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals . From this , it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem水的各种问题会在将来变得非常严重并越来越复杂。一方面,我们不断增加的人口将极大地增加城市垃圾,主要是污水。另一方面,迅速发展的工业包括教复杂的化学过程,将会产生出大量的液体废物,这些液体废物中许多都含有有毒的化学成分。为了满足迅速膨胀的人口的需要,就得加强对农业的发展,这将导致农业化学品的用量不断增加。鉴于此,显然必须立即采取重大步骤,制订出对付污染问题的正确措施。

There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be be dwindled . The firstrelates o treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution haza rd . This involves the processing of solid wastes ―prior to‖ disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes , or effluents , to permit the reuse of the water or minimize ollution upon final disposal 有两个办法可以减轻污染问题。第一个与降低污染危险的垃圾处理有关,它包括在固体垃圾被丢弃之前的处理以及液体废物或流出物的处理,使水的再利用或在排放前最大限制地降低其污染程度成为可能。

A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes .Farm manyre is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement . Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrient supplement contained . Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water . Many industries , such as meat

and poultry processing plants , are currently converting former waste products into marketable byproducts . Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products 第二个办法是利用所有垃圾或部分垃圾的经济使用价值。农用肥料可作为滋养或有机补充肥料洒入田间,从污水处理厂排出的废水在某些地方即可用来灌溉,所含的滋养成份也可作为滋养补充肥料。从其他处理厂排出的废水也能用来作为水源的补充。许多工业,例如肉类和家禽的加工厂,正在把原来的废物变成可售的副产品,其他工业也正在挖掘其废品潜在的经济使用价值。

Advertising is a way of bringing information to the public for the purpose of selling a product , providing a service , giving an idea . The information is transmitted by means of the printed word or over the air . It may be presented as a simple statement of fact , as is more frequently the case , it may be offered in colorful or even emotional language . All advertising is intended to stimulate people to do some specific thing , such as buy a product , order a servce , join an organization , attend a meeting , or think sympathetically about a situation . Each advertisement is paid for by a person , a group , an organization , or a business enterprise seeking to advance his or its goals 广告是一种为大众传播信息的方式,其目的是为了销售产品、提供服务、宣传思想。信息是通过印刷文字和广播方式来传播的。也许它以一句有关事实的简单话来表示,但更常见的是以多姿多彩的甚至富有感情的语言来表示的。所有广告的目的都在刺激人们某件具体的事,比如购买产品、寻求服务、加入组织、参加会议、或出于同情而考虑某种情况,每个广告都是以个人、集体、组织、商贸企业为达到其目的而付费的。

In a modern society , everyone uses advertising in one way or another . A personmay obtain a job by answering a classified ad , In choosing food products and other items of daily living , he is usually guided or influensed by advertising . Advertisements may also influence his choice of a va-cation spot , restaurant , or recreational activity在现代社会里,每个人都以这样那样的方式使用广告。某个人可能通过回答专栏广告而得到工作。在选择食品其他日用品时他通常受广告的指导或影响。广告也可能影响他对度假地点、饭店、或娱乐活动的选择。

Product advertising is closely related to selling and , in most cases , is part of an overall sell-ing program . Such advertisements are intended to make people familiar with products and eager to buy them . This type of advertising is an indirect selling tool , because the actual selling job is done later in a retail store or by a salesman who calls on the buyer . However , advertisements are also used for direct selling . Mail—order advertisements are intended to do the complete selling job without the help of salesmen , Almost all product advertising is profit –seeking business operation .产品广告与其销售密切相关,在大数情况下,是整体销售计划的一部分。此种关高是为了让人们熟悉产品而渴望购买它们。这类广告是间接销售工具,因为实际销售工作是由以后的零售商店或拜访顾主的销售员完成的。但是,关高还用于直接销售。邮购广告旨在没有推销员的帮助来完成任务。几乎所有的产品广告都是寻求利润的商业性操作。

Many services , such as televsion repair , product introduction and so on are advertised for profit –making purposes . On the other hand , organizations and governmental agencies devoted to public welfare advertise certain services with no thought of profit许多服务,比如维修电视,产品介绍等等,都以赚钱为目的的广告。相反,一些组织和政府机构在为公益事业做某些服务广告时是不考虑赚钱的。

The shortcomings inherent in patent protection may be avoided by using copyrightand trade secret protection , which are better suited to meet the needs of the software industry , and are a preferable protection for most software 专利保护固有的缺点可以通过使用版权和贸易秘密保护加以避免。这两种保护能更好地满足软件产业的需求,对多数软件来说,它们是更为可取的保护措施。

Trade secret protection is a product of the common law and arises in the contexts of property rights , contract rights , and protected or confidential relationships . It is not constitutionally based and , for the most part , is not even statutory , unlike copyright and patent

protection . Trade se-cret protection is available both mdomestically and internationally , thus avoiding the territorial lim-itation of patent , and to some extent copyright, protection 贸易秘密保护是常规法的产物,它产生于有关财产权利、合同权利和受保护的或秘密的相互关系文件的字里行间。贸易秘密保护与版权和专利保护不同,它不以宪法为基础,甚至大部分都不是依照法令的。贸易秘密保护在国内国际都是有效的,因而避免了专利的地域限制,在某种透明度程度上也避免了版权的地域限制。Computer programs and softwart are protectable subject matter under trade secretlaw . Thade secret can protect the idea , the information , the invention , the design , and the expression of the idea . Trade secrets are not protected against independent discovery 计算机程序和软件都是贸易秘密保护法的受保护对象。贸易秘密能保护设想、信息、发明、设计和设想的表达方式。但是保护贸易秘密并不是要阻止独立的发现。

The copyright Act of 1976 extended the privilege of copyright to computer programs and data bases , in both unpubished and published form 美国1976年的版权法案把版权这个特权扩大到未出版的计算机程序和数据库。

copyight protection of softwart is effective and should be pursued by any proprietorwishing to protect his interest in software/firmware . proprietors , however , should understand the limita-tions of copyright , as well as trade secret protecyion and use a combination of both to cover the shortcomings in each . The combination of trade secret protection under state law and copyright protection under the 1976 Act will provide the maximum amount of legal protection for a comput-er program shor of patent 软件的版权保护现已生效,因此,任何希望保护自己软件/固件利益的所有人都应采取版权保护。然而,所有人应该了解版权保护和贸易秘密保护的局限性,利用两者的结合来克服各自的缺点。(美国)州法里的贸易秘密保护和1976年法案里的版权保护这两者的结合,将最大限度地对尚未获得计算机程序提供法律保护。

The interplay of trade secret and copyight in a dual protection scheme provides ideal syner-gy(协同作用) . Whereas trade secret protection can be diminished by marketing absent restric-tions by contract or confidential relationships , a copyright can provide protection even in the case of unrestricted sales that would forfeit(丧失)trade protection . Conversely , although a copyright is not diminished by marketing , it dose not protect the idea , which trade secret protection guards 在双重保护方式下,贸易秘密和版权之间取长补短提供了理想的协同作用。当贸易秘密的保护因没有以合同关系或保密关系加以限制而在营销中受到削弱时,版权也能提供保护。甚至是在有可能丧失贸易保护的自由买卖的情况下提供保护。反之,即使版权未被销售所削弱,它也不保护贸易保护所维护的设想。

Each civilization is born , it culminates , and it decays . There is a widespreadtestimony that this ominous fact is due to inherent biological defects in the crowded life of cities . Now , slowly and at first faintly , an opposite tendency is showing itself . Better roads and bertter vehicles at first induced the wealthier classes to live on the outskirts of the cities . This tendency is now spreading rapidly downwards . But a new set of conditions is just showing itself . This new ten-dency is to place the home in the immediate suburbs , but concentrte manufacturing activity , business relations , government , and pleasure in the centers of the cities . Apart from the care of children and periods of sheer rest , the active lives were spent in the cities . In some ways the con-centration of such activities was even more emphasized , and the homes were pushed outwards even at the cost of the discomfort of commuting . Still more , the reasons for the choice of sites for cities sre also altering . Mechanical power can be transmitted for hundreds of miles , men can communicate almost instantaneously by telephone , the chiefs of great organizations can be trans-ported by airplanes , the cinemas can produce plays in every village . Music and speeches can be broadcast . Almost every reason for the growth of cities , concurrently with the growth of civiliza-tion has been profoundly modified各种文明都经历过诞生,鼎盛和衰亡。一个普遍的证据证明了这个不吉祥的事实归因于拥挤的城市生活中所固有的生态缺陷。现在,一种相反的趋势正在慢慢地而且起初不易为人察觉地显示出来,较好的道路及较

好的车辆首先吸引富有的阶层的人往到市郊去。现在这种趋势正在迅速地蔓延到下层,但是,一系列新情况正在出现。这种新趋势就是把家安置到城市近郊,把生产活动,贸易往来,政府部门及娱乐活动都集中在市中心。除了照顾小孩和纯粹的休息时间之外,生气勃勃的生活都是在市内度过,在某些方面集中进行这种活动的做法甚至更被强调。不少家庭甚至不惜忍受往返的不便,把家往外搬。再者,选择城市位置的理由也在改变。机械动力可以被传送到数百英里之外,人们几乎可以用电话随时交谈。大型机构的头头们可以用飞机运送,电影院可以在每个村庄放影片,音乐,讲演可以播送。在文明发达的同时几乎城市发展的每一个理由都得到了极大的修正。

Today American science leads the world ,but we have no assurance that this stareof affairs will continue , For one thing : research in pure science is still handicapped by the oid feeling , left over from our pioneer days . For another thing , far too much of American scientific effort is going into engineering fancier automobiles , smaller vacuum cleaners , and the like . Better consumer products are all very well , as long as we remember that progress in applied science depends in the long run on research in pure science . without new basic discoveries , engineering efforts sometimes result in useless fads . Finally , the United States is running short of people trained in science 今天,美国的科学在世界上首屈一指,但我们没有把握认为这种状况会持续下去。第一,理论科学的研究仍然从移民时期移留下来的旧观点的影响。第二,美国在科学方面所作的努力,过多地消耗在制造式样更新奇的汽车,体积更小的真空吸尘器等等上面。生产质量更好的消费品当然是好事,但是我们应当记住,应用科学的发展,最后取决于理论科学的研究。如果没有新的基本发展,技术方面的努力有时只能搞出风行一时,但无实用价值。最后一点,美国越来越缺少训练有素的科学人才。

Although starting salaries of scientific men are excellent , it must be admitted thaqt the high-est-paid jobs in American industry are those of executives in sales , advertising , and production departments , Rarely does a scientist or an engineer become president of the firm . Although now there is a small improvement in this direction , men from other departments usually pass him by on the promotion ladder虽然科学人员在开始工作时薪金十分丰厚,但必须承认,在美国企业中薪金最高的职位却是推销,广告和生产部门的经理,科学家或工程师很少成为公司的总经理。虽然现在这方面情况稍有改善。但其它部门的人员通常比他们优先选得到提升。

Nor are all scientists equally fortunate in their careers . Those with specialities for which the demand is shrinking find themselves unemployed . Some find themselves in linesof work that may be labeled ―research‖but that actually involves dull , routine drudgery(单调乏味) of little interest or importance. However , if a scientist picks an expanding line of work and is well-suied to his job , he is one of of the luckjest of mortals . His work is also his play , He can spend all his working time doing what he most enjoys而且,并非所有的科学家们在他们的事业中都同样走运,有些科学家发现由于社会对他们的专长需求日益减少而失业了。另一些科学家发现他们所从事的那一行工作,名为“研究”,但实际上却是单调无味的繁琐事务,既不能引起多大兴趣,也没有多大重要性,然而,

如果一个科学家选上了一项正在发展的工作,而自己又能胜任,他就是世界上最幸运的人。他的工作也就是他的爱好,他能把所有工作时间都用来做最感兴趣的事。

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Greenspace facilities are contributing to an impotant extent to the quality of the urban en-vironment , Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lectyre or every book about this sub-ject has to start with the proof of this idea . At present it is generally accepted , although more as a self evident statement than on the base of a closely –reasoned scientific proof . The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way , this does not mean , however , that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces . As to this rather complex sub-ject I shall enter into one aspect only , namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities绿色空间设施在很大程度上,对于一个城市的环境质量做着贡献。幸运的是,讲座和书本再不用一开始就证明这个观点。虽然是更多的作为一个不证自明而没有过细的进行科学推理的观点,但现在它已被普遍接受了。认识到绿色空间在城市环境中的重要作用,为改善环境迈出了第一步,虽然这并不意味着人们对绿色空间在城市的功能,或者对居民们利用这些空间方式的详细情况有所了解。对这一相当复杂的问题,我只想阐述一个方面,那就是绿色空间设施的娱乐消遣功能。

The theoretical separation of living , woring , traffic and recreation whichfor many years has been used in town-and-country planning , has resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home , whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of rec-reative possibilities in the direct neighborhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right , because an important part of the time that we do not pass in sleeping or working , is used for activities at and around home . So it is obvious that recration in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house . The urban environmen has to offer as many recreation activities as possible , and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can al-so have a recreative aspect 对于城镇规划中被长期利用的生活区,工作区,交通区和娱乐区分开建造的理论导致了许多人认为各种娱乐形式应远离家庭,而很少注意改善附近家庭社区娱乐设施。我们得出一个结论,这个认识是不正确的,因为我们除了睡觉和工作以外,很大一部分时间都花在室内或屋子周围的活动上,显而易见,室外的娱乐设施就应该设在住所邻街大门附近。城市的环境应该提供尽可能多的娱乐活动。在做这些设计时,应想到更多的义务性活动也应有其娱乐性的一面。

The very best standard of living is nothing , if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district , if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets because the risks of traffic are too great , if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a

moment the nice weath –er . In short , you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you . 如果无法愉快地在社区内散散步,如果孩子们因为交通太危险而不允许在街上玩耍,或者在买东西时,你找不到一个地方欣赏一下美妙的天气,那么最好的生活标准也算不上什么了。总而言之,你应在出门后还有一种和在家一样舒服的感觉。

petroleum is essentially a nonrenewable natural resource , an almost useless conglomerate(混合物) comprised of very useful substances . It exists underground in liquid , solid , semisolid , and gase ous states . The name ―petroleum‖ is derived from the Latin words petra and oleum , mean-ing ―rock oil.‖石油基本上是一种不可再生的自然资源,是一种几乎没有什么用处的混合物,但是组成石油的各种物质却非常有用。石油以液态,固态,半固态,气态的形式积存于地下。石油这个名称来源于拉丁语“petra”“岩石”和‖oleum‖“油”两个词,意思是“岩石油”

Created only by nature but exploited by man , petroleum is a nonrenewable resource because people consume it approximately one million times faster than nature can create it . Timber is a renewable natural resource ; it can be harvested , replanted , then reharvested in a few decad es . In a sense , petroleum ?seeds‖ are being planted today because the natural processes that create pe-troleum occur continuously . However , the results cannot be harvested for many millions of years. The petroleum that man ―harvests‖ today was ―plarted‖30-6000 million years ago! That is why petroleum is considered nonrenewable石油只能是由自然界生成,而由人开发利用。人类消耗石油的速度比自然界生成石油速度快100万倍,所以石油是一种不可再生的自然资源。树木是可再生的自然资源,树木可以砍代,再种植,几十所后又可以砍伐了,从某种意义上来说,现在正在播种石油的“种子”,因为生成石油的过程是连续发生的。然而其结果要过几千万年以后才可以收获。人们现在“收获”的石油是3000万年到60亿年前“种值”的,这就是为什么说石油被认为是不可再生的原因。

Petroleum is composed of various complex combinations of hydrogen and carron atorns . these combinations are called Hydrocarbons . Hydrocarbons are immisble(不可容混的) in wa-ter ; that is , the hydrocarbons will not readily mix with water . Often the hydrocarbons foune in nature are not pure substances . They may have other elements and compounds assonted with them , such as sulfur , carbon dioxide , water , and nitrogen 石油是由氢原子和碳原子的各种复杂的化合物组成的。这些化合物叫做“碳氢化合物”。碳氢化合物不溶于水,即碳氢化合物与它掺杂在一起,像硫,二氧化碳,水的氮。

Less is known about the effects of noise on performance outside the laboratory than is the bcase with ligting and heating . It has been recognized for a very long while that construed expo-sure to noise of high intensity would lead to loss of hearing . In recent years , the deveopment of sensitive and accurate measuring equipment has made it possible to measure the acuity of hearing of any individual at

different frequencies . Other equipment has been devised which andyses noise into the various frequencies of the sounds of which it is made up and records the loucness at the different frequencies . High intensity in the higher frequencies does much more demage than high intensity at the low frequencies . It is probably fairly generally accepted at present that , if the sound pressure level exceeds 85 decibels and the ear is to be subjected to noise at this level contin-uously , then protection of the ear to reduce sound pressure on it is necessary , This level is some-where between that created by very heavy street traffic and that caused by the arrival of an un-derground train in a station人们对实验室外的噪音对人的行为影响要比光和热的影响了解得少。人们早已认识到持续不断地接触高强度的噪音会导致耳聋。近几年研制出的灵敏度高而精确的测量设备,能测出任何人在不同频率下的听力敏锐度。设计出的另外一些设备能够将构成该噪音的各种音响频率加以分析,并将不同频率响度记录下来,频率较高而强度也高时所引起的破坏要比频率低而强度高时厉害得多。目前也许人们已经相当普遍地认为,如果声压级超过85分贝而且耳朵又不断承受这一声压级的噪音时,则必需降低声压以保护耳膜。这个声压级大约介乎街道上极为拥挤的交通和地铁地站时所引起的噪音之间。

Nuclear power stations differ from ordinary power stations only in the source of heat . In place of coal or oil-fired boilers , they use a nuclear reactor to provide the heat . The reactor is con-tained in a giant pressure vessel , a spherical vessel about seventy feet in diameter , Inside the pre-ssure-drum are thousands of graphite blocks(石墨块) ;standing in channels between the blocks are bars of uranium metal an inch or so in diameter , sheathed in an alloy of magnesium . Heat is developed in the uranium metal by the fission or splitting of some of the atomic nuclei and is car-ried away by carbon dioxide gas under pressure which is blown through the channels past the ura-nium bars . The hot carbon dioxide is carried through pipes to tall towers called heat exchangers which contain hundreds of tubes filled with water . The carbon dioxide is cooled and the water heated so that it turns to steam . The steam is carried through pipes to steam turbines which drive the electric generators . The cool carbon dioxide from the heat exchanger is qumped back to the reactor to be heated once more核电站与一般电站只是在热源方面有所不同。核电站用核反应堆代替燃煤锅炉或燃油锅炉提供热能量。反应堆安置在一个巨大的高压容器中,这是一种球形容器。直径大约为70英尺。在耐压圆筒内有数以千计的石墨块,在石墨块的沟槽中插着直径为一英寸左右,用镁合金屏蔽的金属铀棒。由于一部分原子核的裂变,金属铀棒产生热量,热量由受压的二氧化碳气体经沟槽吹过铀棒时带走。炽热的二氧化碳通过输送管送入称为热交换器的高塔中,塔内装有数百个注满水的管子。二氧化碳冷却时,水受热后变成蒸汽,蒸汽经过输送管进入汽轮机,汽轮机再带动发电机。从热交换器出来的冷却了的二氧化碳用泵压回反应堆,以便再次加热。

To be able to produce in huge quantities , a corporation must have access to vastamounts of capital . Since the corporate form of

management can bring together such amounts of capital , and because it offers attractive legal protections , this type of organization has become effectively dominant in American business一家股份有限公司要能够进行大批量生产。必须具有获得巨额资金的途经。由于股份有限公司这一管理形式能够集中如此巨额资金,同时由于这一形式能够颇具吸引力的法律保护。因些,这种组织形式在美国企业中有效地占据了统治地位。

When many people bring together their financial resources in a corportion , theresult is not just a loose association of inverstors . In the eyes of the law the corporation becomes a person . 当许多人将其财源集中到某一家股份有限公司后,其结果只不过是投资者的松散结合。然而从法律观点来看,这家股份有限公司成了法人。

The corporate form of business organization has at least four distinct advantages.First , it safeguardsits owners , relieving them of legal responsibility as individuals when they act as agents of the business这种企业组织的股份有限公司形式至少具有四大显著的优点。首先,它保障公司所有人的权益。当所有人作为企业代理人的身份时可以免除其作为个人的法律责任。

Second , the owner of shares of stock has limited liability : that is , he cannot lise more money than he invests . He has no personal responsibility for the debts of that ―person‖ the corporation . If he has 10 shares of stock for which he paid $100 and the c orporation goes bankrupt , he is apt to lose the $100 he invested but is not liable for the large unpaid debt of the corporation第二.持股人只负有责任:即,其经济损失不会超过其投资,对它所投资的“法人”,即股份有限公司所负的债务,持股人不承担个人责任。假定某人用100美元购买了某家股份有限公司的10股股票而公司出现破产,那么,他只损失他所投资的100美元。而对公司所负的巨额债务,他没有偿还责任。

Tcorporate stock is transferable . An owner of stock can sell his holdings at anytime . If the owner dies , the stock is passed along to his heirs . Thus , the corporation is not damaged by the death or disinterest of a particular person . It has perpetual life of its own apart from people who happen to own shares of stock at a given time 第三,股份有限公司股票可以转让,持股人可以随时抛售所持股票。如持股人死亡,其股票即为其继承人所继承。这样公司就不会因为某一特定持股人死亡对公司漠不关而受到损害。股份有限公司本身具有永久的生命。而与在某一特定时间偶尔拥有股票的人无关。

Finally , the corporation can raisse large amounts of capital by selling stock 最后,股份有限公司能够通过抛售股票来筹措大量资金。

How exactly does science work ? How do scientists go about ―doing‖ science ? Ordinarily we think science proceeds in a straightforward way . Ideally scientists make observations , formulate hypotheses , and then test those hypotheses by making further

observations . When there is dif-ference between what is observed and what is predicted by the hypothesis , the hypothsis is re-vised科学到底是如何发挥作用的呢?科学家们如何进行科学研究的呢?我们一般认为科学是以明确的方式发展的。理想的方式是科学家们进行观测。形成假说,然后通过进一步的观测来验证假说。由假说所预测到的和观测到的结果有差别时,就要对假说进行修正。

But this idealized version of how one ―does‖ scien ce is na?ve . Although science demands proof that observations made by one observer be observers using the same methods , even when confronted with identical phenomena , different observers will by no means report identical observations . And it is most certain that , even if the same observations are made , the conclusions as to the result of the observations frequently differ 但这种关于人们怎样进行科学研究的理想化的描述是很天真的。虽然科学要求能证明一个者的观测结果也能被其它观测者用同样的方法观测到,但是,即使面对同样的现象,不同的观测者的观测报告绝不会相同,并最有可能的是即使观测相同,由观测结果得出的结论常常是不同的。

Our idea that science proceeds on an utterly objective and straightforward basis ignores the distortions of reality imposed by our own perceptual apparatus . In many cases we see what we have been trained to see what we are ueed to seeing . If a subject is fitted with special glasses that are designed to invert the visual field , at first the subject sees everything upside down . After a period of time , as the glasses continue to be worn , a correction is made by our perceptual mecha-nism and the image he sees is flipped , so that the world once again apopears erect我们认为科学的发展完全符合规律,不会有任何曲折,这种观点忽视了我们的感觉器官对客观现实的扭曲。在很多事例中,由于我们所受到的训练,我们所看到的只是我们习惯看到的。如果一个实验对象載了专门设计用来产生颠倒视觉的特殊眼镜,起先,他看到的所有物体是上下颠倒的。经过一段时间后,虽然还是戴着那种眼镜,我们视角器官会进行矫正,那末他看到听形象会翻转过来。最终这个世界看来又是竖立的了。

we‘ve alway s been taught that oxygen in our atmosphere is supplied by green plants using the process of photosynthesis . we know that plants take in carbon dioxide and through activation by sunlight , to make starches and cellulose , and give off oxygen . In this way the whole chain of plant and animal life is sustained by energy from the sun . When the vegetable or animal products are eaten , burned , or allowed to decay they combine with oxygen and return to the carbon dioxide and water 我们一直被告知,大气中的氧气是由绿色植物通过不断光合作用提供的。我们知道植物吸入二氧化碳,与太阳光进行光合反应,生成淀粉和纤维,释放出氧气,这样太阳能维持了动植物的生命链。当这些蔬菜或动物产品被吃掉,烧毁,或腐烂,它们都是与氧气合成,重新变成二氧化碳和水。

What is strange is that most of the oxygen in the atmosphere doesn‘t come fromphotosyn-thesis . The evidence is now

overwhelming that photosynthesis is just inadequate to have produced the amount of oxygen that is present in our atmosphere . The amount of oxygen produced by pho-tosynthesis is just exactly enough to convert the plant tissue back to the carbon dioxide and water from which it came . Thew gain in oxygen due to photosynthesis is extremely small . The oxygen in the atmosphere had to come from another source . The most likely possibility involves the photo-dissociation of water vapor by high energy rays from the sun奇怪的是,大部分大气中的氧气不是来自于光合作用。确凿的证据表明,光合作用不足以产生大气中现有的氧气量。光合作用产生的氧气量仅仅能够把植物纤维转化为产生它的二氧化碳和水。由光合作用获得的氧气非常少。大气中的氧气必须从其他途径获取,很可能是光解作用,即由太阳反射的高能射线分解水蒸汽。

Prices determine how resources are to be used . They are also the means by whch products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers . The price system on the United States is a very complex network composed of the price of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myiad (无数方面的) of services , including labor , nofessional , transportation , and public ut ility services . The interrelationships of all these prices rake up the ―system‖ of prices . The price of any particular prod uct or service is linked a broad , complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else价格决定资源的使用方式。价格也是将有限的产品供应与服务在买方中的配给手段。美国的价格体系是极其复杂的网络系统。包括经济体系中的一切产品的买卖体格。也包括名目繁多的各种服务,诸如劳动力,专职人交通运输,公共事业等服务的价格都与这个庞大而复杂的体格体系密切相关,在这个体系中,每样东西或多或少地依赖其它东西。

Price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transartion . This definition is , of course , valid as far as it goes . For a complete understanding of a price in any par-ticular transaction , much more than the amount of money involved must be known . Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount , but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged , the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made , the form of money to be used , the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction , guarantees on the product or service , delivery nerms , re-turn privileges , and other factors . In other words , both the buyer and the seller shoued be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the toal ―package ‖ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price. 价格就是市场交易中人们认同的产品或服务的货币价值。该定义就本身来说自有道理。但要获得对价格在任何一桩特定交易中的完整认识,就必须认识到价格总量以外的因素。买卖双方不但要清楚交易中的钱额,而且要通晓被交易的产品或服务的质量的数量,进行交易的时间,地点,支付的款项,采用何种形式付款,交易中的信用条款和折扣,以及对产品或服务的保证,交货条款,退赔

权利等其它的因素。也就是说,为了能估算某一特定的价格,买卖双方必须充分通晓一切因素,即构成交易所索取款额的通盘交易。

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry . One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is cartied out , the other the lack of freecom of the indivdual research worker . In so far as any inquiry is a secret one , it naturally limits all those en-gaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities , or even , often enough , in other departments of the same firm . The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably . Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret . Yet a great many processes depending in such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out . Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes有两个因素严重地妨碍着工业方面的科研效率。一个是普遍的保密气氛,科研就是在这种气氛下进行,另一种是个体的研究工作者缺乏自由。就研究工作是保密的来说,这自然会限制所有从事科研的人们与其它国家的,或者大学的,甚至常常在同一公司的其它部门的同行科学家们有效的接触。自然,保密的程度甚为不同。一些较大公司所从事的研究工作具有普遍性和基础性,所以对他们来说科研工作不保密确实有利。可是,很多依赖这种科研的根本就不会取得专利权,然而也要保密。

英译汉

There is an increase in damand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our coun-trry. 译为:我国各地对各种消费品的需求量正大大增加。

We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectoymned to pur-sue it .译为我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门工业化。

They are deeply convinced of the ourrectness of this pocicy and firmly determined to pur-sue it. 译为:我们深信这一政策是正确的,并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。

Weseek a deep-rooted understanding through the multiplication of our economic, cultur-al,scientific , techn ical and human ties.译为:我们要通过加强我们之间的经济、文化、科学、技术和人员等方面的交流来加深彼此的了解。Rockets heve found applications for zhe exploration of the universe译为:火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom ,it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics 译为:如果我们不知道原子的结构,我们我们就不可能研究核子物理学。

Electronic control techniques can be designed to take full advantage of quick response in-herent in a gas tu rbine proulsion system译为:电子控制技术可以充分地利用燃气轮机推进系统固有的反应快的优点。

His treatise aims at discussing the propertiesof the newly discovered elements译为:他着篇论文的目的是讨论新发现元素的特征。

These pumps are featured by their simple operation ,easr maintenance, low power con-sumption and durable serv ice译为:这些水泵的特点是操作简便,维护容易,耗电量少,经久耐用。

No one has ever seen a single atom or molecule even with the most powerful microscope译为:即使用倍数最高的显微镜,也没有人看到过一个单个的原子或分子。

Cargo insurance is to protect the trede foum losses that many dangers may cause.译为:货物保险就是保护贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的种种损失。

English is the language of commerce and second language of many countnes whicih for-merlr had French or germa n in that position译为:英语是国际贸易中通用的语言,在许多国家已取代法语或德语成为第二语言。

Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man ;and writing an exact man译为:阅读使人充实,会话使人敏捷,写作使人精明。

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中石化职称英语复习题