TPO1-34综合写作

TPO 1 1

1. 阅读部分 1

2. 听力部分 3

3. 范文赏析 4

TPO 2 6

1. 阅读部分 6

2. 听力部分 9

3. 范文赏析 11

TPO 3 13

1. 阅读部分 13

2. 听力部分 15

3. 范文赏析 16

TPO4 18

1. 阅读部分 18

2. 听力部分 20

3. 范文赏析 21

TPO5 23

1. 阅读部分 23

2. 听力部分 23

3. 范文赏析 23

TPO6 24

1. 阅读部分 24

2. 听力部分 24

3. 范文赏析 24

TPO7 25

1. 阅读部分 25

2. 听力部分 25

3. 范文赏析 25

TPO8 26

1. 阅读部分 26

2. 听力部分 26

3. 范文赏析 26

TPO9 27

1. 阅读部分 27

2. 听力部分 27

3. 范文赏析 27

TPO10 28

1. 阅读部分 28

2. 听力部分 28

3. 范文赏析 28

TPO11 29

1. 阅读部分 29

2. 听力部分 29

3. 范文赏析 29

TPO12 30

1. 阅读部分 30

2. 听力部分 31

3. 范文赏析 33

TPO13 34

1. 阅读部分 34

2. 听力部分 35

3. 范文赏析 37

TPO14 38

1. 阅读部分 38

2. 听力部分 39

3. 范文赏析 40

TPO15 42

1. 阅读部分 42

2. 听力部分 42

3. 范文赏析 42

TPO16 43

1. 阅读部分 43

2. 听力部分 43

3. 范文赏析 43

TPO17 44

1. 阅读部分 44

2. 听力部分 44

3. 范文赏析 44

TPO18 45

1. 阅读部分 45

2. 听力部分 45

3. 范文赏析 45

TPO19 46

1. 阅读部分 46

2. 听力部分 46

3. 范文赏析 46

TPO20 47

1. 阅读部分 47

2. 听力部分 47

3. 范文赏析 47

TPO21 48

1. 阅读部分 48

2. 听力部分 48

3. 范文赏析 48

TPO22 49

1. 阅读部分 49

2. 听力部分 49

3. 范文赏析 49

TPO23 50

1. 阅读部分 50

2. 听力部分 50

3. 范文赏析 50

TPO24 51

1. 阅读部分 51

2. 听力部分 51

3. 范文赏析 51

TPO25 52

1. 阅读部分 52

2. 听力部分 52

3. 范文赏析 52

TPO26 53

1. 阅读部分 53

2. 听力部分 53

3. 范文赏析 53

TPO27 54

1. 阅读部分 54

2. 听力部分 54

3. 范文赏析 54

TPO28 55

1. 阅读部分 55

2. 听力部分 55

3. 范文赏析 55

TPO29 56

1. 阅读部分 56

2. 听力部分 56

3. 范文赏析 56

TPO30 57

1. 阅读部分 57

2. 听力部分 57

3. 范文赏析 57

TPO31 58

1. 阅读部分 58

2. 听力部分 58

3. 范文赏析 58

TPO32 59

1. 阅读部分 59

2. 听力部分 59

3. 范文赏析 59

TPO33 60

1. 阅读部分 60

2. 听力部分 60

3. 范文赏析 60

TPO34 61

1. 阅读部分 61

2. 听力部分 61

3. 范文赏析 61

TPO1

1. 阅读部分

In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.

　　在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。然而，很多职员希望能够改为四天工作制，如果能够满足需要可以接受薪水降低。要求企业提供薪水八成工作四天的工作方式供员工选择对于国家整个经济都是有好处的，同时获益的还有个人，以及执行这个政策的公司。

　　The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits.

　　减少工作日会提高公司的利润，因为员工们会感到很轻松和精神，这样他们就会在工作中较少犯那些可能会带来损失的错误。为了完成同样的工作量将需要雇佣更多的人手，但是这不意味着需要支付更多的薪水，这是因为四天工作日只需支付给每个员工80%的工资。这样，公司花同样的钱，员工这会过于劳累和失误连连了，这样将会提高公司的利润。

　　For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate.

　　对于国家整体来说，给职员提供这样的选择选择的好处就是可以降低失业率。如果原来全职工作的人缩短了工作时间之后，他们的部分工作就需要转给其他的员工。这样，如果每个员工每周都只工作80%的时间，这样就可以以同样的工作时间来雇佣新员工了。

　　Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.

　　最后，这种四天工作日的选择对于员工个人来说也是有利的。那些可以接受用降低薪水来增加休息时间的员工可以提高他们的生活质量，因为他们有更多的时间陪家人、追求自己的兴趣、以及享受一些休闲生活。

　　以下是阅读部分最好提取的观点：

　　- Main point: A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.

　　- Sub point 1: The shortened workweek would increase company profits.

　　- Sub point 2: the country as a whole will benefits.

　　- Sub point 3: the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees.

　　如何抽取观点呢?

这篇文章没有在观点抽取的时候为我们设置障碍，Main point就乖乖地出现在首段段尾，sub points都是在段首出现的。但是需要提醒的是千万不要把support和detail作为point提取出来。在独立写作的时候，大家常犯的一个错误就是把support和detail作为point放在段首，在阅读部分也还是难以压抑对support和detail的重视。在提取point的时候不要把细节搅和进来。比如就不能说第一个sub point是员工效率更高;第二个sub point是可以降低失业率，第三个sub point是可以提高生活质量。如果用细节当point，就会在听力部分发现点对点对不上了，因为不是所有题目都是会反驳阅读部分的细节的。即便是，你貌似对上了，但是逻辑层面不对还是错的。所以，真正的理解point的含义是非常重要的，point的是观点，不提炼出来的态度，而不应该是一些起支撑作用的细节。

实际上，我们自查sub point的方法就是它是否是支持main point。有的时候sub point是main point 的一部分，这段就是一个典型，有的时候sub point从不同方面支持main point。但是如果抓到的是细节，那么就没有这样直接的逻辑关系，则不可用。这样的视角也可以用在独立写作的自查上，看看自己找的sub point到底对不对。

在听力部分，我们可以预测到的就是这个四天工作制是没有哪个方面可以从中获益的，在听的时候我们一定要注意那些表原因的词汇，这样我们才能找到重点。

2. 听力部分

Offering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.

给雇员提供四天工作日的选择不会像阅读部分上所说的对企业、经济状况和雇员个人的生活带来积极的影响的。

　　First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.

首先，采用四小时工作制可能会对导致企业支出增加，甚至大幅增加。增加新的员工意味着要在员工培训和医疗保险上花费更多的钱。别忘了，无论是四天工作制还是五天工作制，每个人在诸如保健福利金方面的花费是一样的。而新增的员工统一也需要更多的工位和更多的电脑。这些额外的支出很快就会影响到公司的利润。

　　Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.

第二，至于整个社会的就业问题，也不是像阅读部分所说的，只要有雇员选择四天工作制，就会创造更多的就业机会。鉴于我刚才说的，雇佣新员工花费颇多，很多公司都另作选择了。他们可能就是要求他们的员工加班已完成任务差额。甚至公司可能会提高它们对员工效率的预期。它们可能会要求改成四天工作制的员工完成过去他们五天完成的任务。如果这样，不但没有新的工作机会，而且现有的工作也变得不那么令人愉快了。

　　Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.

最后，虽然四天工作日给员工更多的空闲时间去安排他们的私人生活，但是他们也会冒一定风险，这些风险甚至可能会降低他们的生活质量。时间较短的工作制将会降低雇员工作的稳定性，同时阻碍他们事业的发展。在面临经济危机的时候，选择四天工作制的员工将会首当其冲地被裁掉。同时由于公司更倾向于把管理岗给那些五天工作的员工，这样四天工作制的员工将会错失进行集会。企业正阳的考虑是为了保证在整个工作周期中都有持续的管理覆盖和持续的监督机制。

听力观点：

-Main point:四天工作日不会给企业、社会经济状况和员工个人带来积极影响.

-Subpoint1:企业支出可能会大幅增加。

-Subpoint2:四天工作制并不意味着会有更多的工作机会。

-Subpoint3:虽然四天工作制会有更多的私人时间，但是也有一定的风险。这些风险会让他们生活质量降低。

　　增加你的词汇量：

　　阅读部分表达方法：passage, material

　　听力部分表达方法：lecture, the professors says

　　同意: say, argue, claim, opinion, hold the view that, figure, deem, believe, reckon, consider, opinion, proposition,

　　反对：on contrary, by contrast, argue against, refute, object, hold a totally different view, oppose, be against.

3. 范文赏析

对文章结构的解析如下：

　　第一段：要表达的内容有：passage部分的主观点，lecture部分的主观点，以及两者之间的关系。

　　第二段：passage部分的sub point 1，lecture部分对应的sub point，lecture里面相对应的support和details。

　　第三段：passage部分的sub point 2，lecture部分对应的sub point，lecture里面相对应的support和details。

　　第四段：passage部分的sub point 3，lecture部分对应的sub point，lecture里面相对应的support和details。

　　小贴士：没有必要在文章中出现passage部分的support和details，或者说不能出现。

　　综合写作对语言的要求是清晰表达，准确转述即可(其实独立写作的要求也类似)。没有必要可以的追求语言的华丽，把话说清楚最重要。有的同学语言使用的能力还有一定局限的情况下，千万不要刻意追求句式的复杂化，因为这样的后果就是写出来的句子个个都有错，个个都有表达不清。同时，那些语言能力好的同学也要注意语言的简洁，无论是何种语言，用最好的词表达最多的内容都是很厉害的呀。

　　以下是参考例文：

The passage argues that four-day work week will benefit companies, the whole economy, and individuals. But in the lecture, the professor holds a totally different view that no one will be beneficial from the new work week.

Firstly, the passage says that companies will get more profits for employees can work more effectively. However, the lecture points out that four-day workweek will lead to spend more. That is because companies have to spend more money on training, medical benefits, office positions, even new computers.

　　Secondly, the passage claims that the whole economy will benefit, for the four-day workweek is a way to reduce unemployment rates. The lecture refutes the idea completely. Admittedly, there are more available jobs, but companies will prefer to let employees work overtime to finish them for hiring new staff is too expensive. In addition, the companies may lift their expectation that staff finish five-day jobs within four-day.

　　Thirdly, the passage suggests that individual employees can benefit from it. Though the four-day workweek can provide more leisure time to employees, the lecture argues against the passage. Comparing to five-day workers, the four-day workweek employees may be the first one to be fire during economic depression. And they will have less chance to promotion because companies wish that managers could be on duty every work day.

TPO 2

1. 阅读部分

In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages.

　　在很多机构里，恰当完成一个新项目的最好方法可能是把一组人组织成一个团队。一个团队来完成一个项目有几个优势。

　　First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge, expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues.

　　首先，一组人员意味着有比任何一个个体拥有更为广泛的知识、技能以及技巧。同时，因为有更多数量人员的介入和更多资源的占有，团队工作可以以更快的速度对任务做出反应。同时，也能创造性地解决遇到的问题和争议。

　　Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.

　　由于在团队工作中个体无需承担风险，所以会倾向于作出冒险的决定。这就导致了团队工作有时候可以创造性地解决问题。这是因为团队把团队决策的责任分摊给所有的成员了，这样的话，即使决策最后证明是错的，也不会有任何个体需要对此负责。

　　Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team's overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.

　　加入一个团队对于个体成员来说是一个非常荣耀的。对于那些能够影响决策的成员来说，毫无疑问，他们在团队行为中得来的决策快感要优于他们被动地接受别人指派任务时候的感受。同时，团队中的个人有更多“闪耀”的机会，这些机会的实现是由于他们对团队的贡献不但被认可，而且是高度低认可。这种高度的认可是因为团队的成就和影响力是要要高于个体。团队可以实现个体所不完成的任务，达到个体所不能达到的高度。

　　阅读部分需要抽取的观点是：

　　- Main point: perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team.

　　- Sub point 1: A group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it

　　- Sub point 2: Sometimes these creative solutions come about.

　　- Sub point 3: Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team.

　　观点抽出方法：

　　- Main point: 主观点抽取的时候，有些同学喜欢凭感觉。可是如果感觉可靠的话，就没有那么多人失恋了。感觉是靠不住的，我们要找到根据。这篇文章的主观点算是比较好找的。阅读部分从题材上是essay，这个跟我们独立写作的作文是一致的。对于独立写作我们对开头段的要求是什么呢?那就是一个简短的drawer加上一个清晰的main point。同时如果时间不允许，那么开头直接说观点也是可以的，这篇文章呢，就是开门见山的说出了观点： perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team。而后面的一句话是过渡句，是预告下文的。也就是说，我将在团队工作的优势方面来支持我的主观点。我们在独立写作的时候，也可以把sub point整理之后提前到开头段，因为开头段存在的目的是：what I will talk about。

　　- Sub point 1: 简单的main point找到之后，大家就在第一个sub point上面折戟了，华丽丽地选择了开头句。是呀，我们都说TS前置的呀!!!但是这是考题呀，就是考我们怎么抽出观点的。同时，经过这个也可以看出来，不把TS前置是多么讨厌的事情呀。我们写文章一个要不能用废话去烦考官，另一个是不能去考考官，因为我们是弱势群体。那么，这个sub point是怎么找出来的呢?显然不是凭感觉的。我们先厘清一下一个概念，就是一段里面sub point和下面的support内容是什么关系呢?唉，是解释的关系。Support是解释sub point的，是支持sub point的。因此，所有表原因的部分，都不会是point，而会是support和details。因此“because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess”这句就华丽丽的不会是观点。而跟着它的那个主句，这很有可能是观点，但目前还不能这么草率的确定。我们沿着这个句子往前看，有个词是“also”。这个词，直译过来就是“也”。如果这样一句话：“ , 我也没吃饭，所以我们要一起去吃饭”，那么横线上的内容一定是“我也没吃饭”相平行的，要么张三，要么李四，共同组成“我们去吃饭”的原因。所以also之前的内容也是原因，而不是结果，那么就不会是观点。好了，先说到这里，接着说第二个sub point，然后回过头来这这一段结尾的那个句子。

　　- Sub point 2: 这个TS就好找多了，开头第一句嘛。但是这样就可以了吗?显然不行，我们这样的判断方法是没有普适性的，下一次不放在第一句怎么办?好吧，我们找一个很伟大的词：because。这是一个原因状语从句，在主从复合句中，如果从句放在后半部分，那么就不需要用逗号隔开，这就让我们这个because不那么明显，但是，如果我们每次看综合写作的时候都先把because念一遍，就找到了。紧接着的这句就更和谐了，“This is because”开头了。那么这句也是表原因啦。里面有个词，thus可能会给大家带来一些困扰：这不是因此吗?这不是于是吗?但是在thus前面还有一个神一样的词，是and，好吧，这and表示的时候前后的东东是并列的，所以能，前后都是表原因的。这个thus的存在表示后面这个原因，其实是and前面的这个原因衍生出来的，然后共同充当sub point的原因。好了，这一段就只剩下第一句话的主句了，就是creative solution了。这时候，我们再回过头看第一段的最后一句，好像也提到了creative solution了，但同时也看到了and。And前后的东西是并列的，那么creative solution是一个sub point，则and前面的句子也是sub point的，验证了我们前边的推论。至于这里提到的creative solution是对下面的预告。我们总是就接用linking word是用fist好还是first and foremost好，但是很多时候，地道的表达会用句子来做linking。

　　- Sub point 3: 这段的观点也是出现在了开头，rewarding。好了，我们再也不要用感觉去判断了。我们找到一个叫also的词，它会告诉我们前后的两句是同等地位的，鉴于每段之后一个point，那么这两句都被排除了。那么除了第一句我们好像也没有更好的选择了。可能有的同学会找到because，然后认为because前面的那半句是point。但是，因为also的存在粉碎了这样的观点，同时我们要知道，在使用推理论证的过程中，因果是可以不止一层的，很可能是AàBàCàD的过程。我们不能because A，B 就误认为B是point。其实独立写作和综合写作时互通的，在独立写作中学到的论证方法可以帮住我们阅读，而阅读中学到的表达方式和行文风格也可以借鉴到独立写作之中。

　　现在观点找到了，我们开始简单猜一猜听力部分的分论点吧。这个嘛，不会太精确，但是可以给我们指出一个大概分方向。说阅读部分有多重要，可能需要重新开一篇文章了，但是我们先记住它主要就好了。

　　三个sub point分别是：quickly, creative solution, rewarding。

那么反驳的时候，就是不quickly、不creative solution和不rewarding。第一个和第三个是没有问题的，但是对于creative和solution的反驳却有三个角度，一个是不creative，一个是不solution，一个是两个都反驳。就这篇文章的听力部分来说，是既反驳的creative，又反驳了solution。如果在听力部分听不到这个点，那就是一定会丢点的。很多学生都觉得自己听懂了，觉得这个无论是语速还是词汇都远小于单独的听力部分测试。但是，这两者之间是很有很大区别的，听力测试是有题目和选项的，更多的是要求大家抓到主干即可，如果要考细节，那么就会有重听。但是综合写作却考的是精听，要你听到观点和分论点之后，还有写出support。有的学生说听懂之后，我让他来复述，都会漏掉很多的细节，因为听的时候要么不记笔记，要么记句子，这些都是不可取的。这部分应该和文章阅读一起单独跟大家说一说。

2. 听力部分

Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.

　　现在我要给大家讲讲在一个公司考虑以团队工作的形式进行项目时候的发现吧。这几个项目是以团队的形式负责和完成的。六个月之后，公司来验收项目进行的如何。

　　On virtually every team, some members got almost a “free ride” . . . they didn't contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.

　　实际上，在每个团队都会有一些成员选择“搭便车”。这些成员并没有对团队的工作有任何贡献，但是如果整个团队很好地完成了任务，他们也会从团队所获得的认可中获利。那么对于那些在团队中努力工作，为团队所面临的问题和正义提供很多简介的人呢?没有人知道他们的名字。当这些真正的贡献者被问及团队工作的感受是，他们的态度则是和阅读部分所预计的相反的。你应该不会对这样的态度感到意外的。

　　Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along.

　　另一个发现就是，一些项目进行的速度不是很快。为什么呢?这是因为团队需要很长的时间达成一致意见，他们需要开很多会才能在成员之间对于如何进行项目达成共识。

　　On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said “That will never work” about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was “highly creative.” And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.

　　在另一方面，有些证据表明在团队中会有一到两个人会对整个团队非常有影响力。有时候，当他们对团队中正在运行的想法说了一句“这是行不通”的时候，这个想法就会在没有进行深入谈讨论之前就被放弃了。同时，还会存在这样一种情况：这些有影响力的人笃定他们相处的方法是“非常有创造性的”。这时候，即便有些成员会试图提醒其他成员项目现在正在沿着一个错误的方向进行，甚至有可能失败的。但是他们的声音会被其他的成员所忽略。你能猜到这个故事的结局吗?结局就是，当这个项目失败的时候，责备会被所有团队成员一同承担。

　　观点抽出方法：

　　听力部分的观点顺序不一定跟阅读部分是完全一致的，这一点还是比较常见的。在篇文章里，听力部分的第二段，反驳的就是rewarding这个点，第三段反驳的是quickly，而第四段则分别反驳了creative和solution。先说好的idea可能不经深入讨论就drop了，这样creative就无从实现了，接着说在influential的影响下可能在错误的方向上进行，进而失败，以驳斥了solution。

　　笔记内容：

　　需要注意的标志词：

　　Another, on the other hand, because, and then there was another occasion

　　在听力部分，because后面的话可就变得重要了。

　　笔记上的重点词：

　　记笔记是一定要的，因为考的是精听，细节记不下来就会失分。但是不要记句子，而是记单词。就这篇文章来讲，你的笔记上需要出现以下词：

　　- didn't contribute, benefit, no names were named, opposite of reading prediction

　　- didn't move very quickly, long to consensus, many meetings

　　- influential, never work – dropped, high creative – warn, direction not work – ignore, fail, blame on all members.

在实际记笔记的过程中，你可以选择自己特有的简写方法，那么你的笔记将会更加简洁。听的时候不要因为一个两个词的纠结影响大片信息的提取。

3. 范文赏析

文章结构：

　　第一段：要表达的内容有：passage部分的主观点，lecture部分的主观点，以及两者之间的关系。

　　第二段：passage部分的sub point 1，lecture部分对应的sub point，lecture里面相对应的support和details。

　　第三段：passage部分的sub point 2，lecture部分对应的sub point，lecture里面相对应的support和details。

　　第四段：passage部分的sub point 3，lecture部分对应的sub point，lecture里面相对应的support和details。

　　TIP：没有必要在文章中出现passage部分的support和details，或者说不能出现。

The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened in reality.

First, some members got free rides. That is, some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people who worked hard were not given recognition they should have gotten. In other words, they weren’t given the opportunity to “shine”. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This was another place where experience contradicted theory.

Third, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might become less flexible in its thinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed.

Rating annotation：

Once you can read past what seem to be the results of poor typing, this Benchmark 5 does an excellent job of presenting the points about the contribution and recognition of group members as well as about speed of group decisions. The final paragraph contains one noticeable error (“influent”), which is then used correctly two sentences later (“influential”). Overall, this is a successful response and scored within (though perhaps not at the top of) the 5 level.

TPO 3

1. 阅读部分

Rembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt.

　　伦勃朗是十七世纪荷兰最富盛名的画家。然后，对于有些画作是否确实出自他手却是颇有争议的。有一副有争议的画归于伦勃朗名下是因为其风格属于伦勃朗，同时画上女子的面庞也同伦勃朗其他画作中的人物非常类似的。然而，这幅画中存在的一些问题却表明这幅画不是伦勃朗的作品。

　　First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’ clothing, would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency.

　　首先，这幅画上的一个问题就是画中女子的衣着有些不协调。她带着一个白色的亚麻帽子，这是一种仆人才会戴的帽子。但是穿的衣服却有一个奢华的皮草领子，这样的衣服是仆人阶层所不能承受的。以关注作品服饰细节著称的伦勃朗是不会在作品中发这样的错误的。

　　Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting these elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such an error.

　　第二，伦勃朗是光影大师，但是在这幅作品中光影却是不协调的。人物的面庞被来自下面的光照亮了，但是面部下面却是深色的皮草领子。这个深色的皮草领子应该是吸光而不是反光的，所以面部应该呈现的是半明半暗的状态，而不是全部都是亮的。伦勃朗是绝不会犯这样的错误的。

　　Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made of several pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels, no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood.

　　最后，对于画作背侧的检查发现这幅画的木板是有几块木头粘在一起的。尽管伦勃朗常常会在木板上作画，但是尚未发现伦勃朗使用几块拼接的木板作画。

　　For these reason the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the 1930s.

　　因为上述原因，这幅画在1930年代从伦勃朗的官方画作目录中移除了。

　　阅读部分需要提取的观点是：

　　Main point: The painting is not a work by Rembrandt.

　　Sub point 1: There is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed.

　　Sub point 2: Light and shadow do not fit together.

　　Sub point 3: Panel made of several pieces of wood glued together which is never done by Rembrandt.

　　观点抽出方法：

　　这篇文章的阅读部分可以说是非常和谐的，无论是main point还是sub points都是非常清晰明了的。

　　但是需要注意的是这篇文章段内展开是需要仔细看的。很多的时候大家都认为只要知道point就够了，其他的就听就行了。但是，三分钟的时间我们真的足够可以把这篇文章仔细看完，甚至做好笔记。如果你听力足够好，不看可以，但是什么样才是足够好呢?听力部分TPO满分算吗?答：不算。听力部分是泛听，还有题目和套路去辅助你。但是综合写作部分就没有这么好，这么慢的速度，这么短的文章，怎么可能听个大概就放过你们呢?

　　如果阅读部分的展开是基于事实的，那么一定一定要认真看，对于我们听力部分有很好的促进作用。事实是不能被反驳的，有黑色的领子是不会变的，光影不协调是不会变的，拼接木版是不会变的。那么在听力部分只能是基于这些事实进行explanation。这样，谈的话题都会是离不开阅读部分的细节的。不看的话就以为这你要在听力的时候记相当多的内容。

　　听力部分有人问要不要记笔记。如果你是个正常人，不是超长的，那么就要记。因为不是听个大概就可以了，要有细节和reasoning，正常人是记不住的。

　　很奇怪吗?lecture部分也有reasoning?当然，你要反驳一个观点，没有推理怎么可以?不是你堆砌听到内容就可以了，写出的文章要经得起问why。

　　在听力部分，我们可以猜到的是这幅画还是伦勃朗的画作。但是passage部分的理由都是基于事实且非常充分。看来，无论怎样，这些细节都是lecture部分绕不过去滴。

2. 听力部分

Everything you just read about “Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet” is true, and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting, a panel of experts has recently concluded that it’s indeed a work by Rembrandt. Here is why.

　　刚才你读到的关于“戴白帽的老妪”的说法都是真的。但是经过专家小组对这幅画彻底的检查，最近确定这幅画确实是伦勃朗的作品。原因如下：

　　First, the fur collar. X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn’t part of the original painting. The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made. Why? Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady.

　　首先是皮草领子。专家小组用X光检查并分析了画上的颜料，发现这个皮草领子不是原画作的组成部分。这个皮草领子是在成画后一百年之后直接画在原画上面的。这么做的目的是什么呢?可能是有人想让这幅画看起来像是一个贵族女子的正式画像，以为这样可以提高画的价值。

　　Second, the supposed error with light and shadow. Once the paint of the added fur color was removed, the original painting could be seen. In the original painting, the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth. The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminated part of the woman’s face. That’s why the face is not in partial shadow. So in the original painting, light and shadow are very realistic and just what we could expect from Rembrandt.

　　第二，所谓的光影问题。只要把这个后加上来的皮草领子移除，我们就能看到原画。在原画上，这个女人穿的是一个有这单领的浅色袍子。这个带领子的浅色袍子能够把光反射到女人的脸上。这是为什么这个女人的脸上没有呈现出半明半暗的状态。所以呢，原画上的光影是具备伦勃朗应该具有的写实风格的。

　　Finally, the wood panel. It turns out that when the fur collar was added, the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grand and more valuable. So the original painting is actually painted on a single piece of wood, as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting. And in fact, researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of “Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet” is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt, his “Self-portrait with a Hat”.

　　最后，木板的问题。研究发现，在加上皮草领子的同时，木板也是被认为的增大了。有人在原画的上边和侧面粘上了木板，以期望可以使这幅画看起来更大和更贵重。所以这幅话最初是画在一个单块木板上的，这样就符合我们对伦勃朗风格的期待了。同时，研究人员发现这幅“戴白帽的老妪”上所使用的木材同伦勃朗的另一幅画所使用的木板来自同一颗树。这幅画是他的“戴帽子的自画像”，这一点更有力地说明了这幅画是伦勃朗所作。

3. 范文赏析

第一段：要表达的内容有：passage认为这幅画不是伦勃朗所作;lecture部分认可passage部分说陈述的事实，但是这幅画确实是伦勃朗的作品。

　　第二段：passage指出这幅画作的人物的衣着不协调，而这不是伦勃朗的风格(具体说存在的不协调)。Lecture部分说这个别扭的领子是后人加上去的，其目的是提高这幅画的价值。(要谈到目的)

　　第三段：passage指出这幅画作上光影有问题(具体说存在的问题)。Lecture对这个问题做了解释，是由于深色的皮草领子造成的，如果移除之后可以发现原画衣着的颜色是可以在脸上造成相同的光影效果的。

　　第四段：passage指出这幅画是几块木板拼接的(要说明这不是伦勃朗的风格)。Lecture部分分了两点来支持自己的观点。首先，原画是单块木板的，拼接是后人加上去的，其目的是提高价值。其次，这幅画同伦勃朗的“戴帽子的自画像”是源自同一棵树的。

　　TIP：这篇文章在成文的过程中不可避免的要对passage部分进行一定的转述，仅仅写TS是不够的。这是因为这些要转述的细节是lecture反驳的基础，如果回避了，就无法逻辑清晰了，因为会给读者天外飞仙之感。在成文的过程中，lecture部分的细节是重中之重，一定要把那些回答why的内容体现出来。这就是为什么要求精听了。听了个大概，然后开始猜细节，这样的结果只有一种，那就是死的很惨。所以，不要随便说自己听懂了，如果试着一句一句的听写出来，或者仔细看看lecture部分的文本，是很容易发现自己漏掉了一些好像很小但是却很重要的部分。

The lecture revises the idea presented in the text, that Rembrandt was not the artist who painted the famous painting "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet”. 

The inconsistency between the white cap, which identifies the woman as a servant, and the expensive fur collar she wears dissolves as the Professor explains that the fur collar was apparently painted over the original painting to increase its worth by displaying an aristocratic woman. 

In addition, the assumption that light and shadow in the painting do not fit together is refuted by the fact that in the original painting, the woman wears a light cloth that illuminated her face. Thus the presentation of light and shadow was indeed very realistic and accurate, as it is characteristic of Rembrandt’s paintings. 

Finally, the mystery of the panel consisting of patches glued together is also solved in the lecture. Actually, the wood panel was later enlarged to make it more grand and valuable, but the original painting was painted on a single panel, as Rembrandt would have done it. Furthermore, the wood is of the same tree used in other Rembrandt paintings, like the "Self-Portrait with a Hat”. 

All this information points to Rembrandt as the painter of the controversial painting. 

TPO4

1. 阅读部分

Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37℃, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.

　　中文：恒温动物是指诸如现代鸟类和哺乳动物这种可以保持体温恒定的动物。比如，人是恒温动物，无论环境温度是怎样，体温都维持在37℃。因为恐龙属于爬行动物，而现代的爬行动物都不属于恒温动物，所以长期以来恐龙都被当做是变温动物。然而，恐龙在很多地方都同现在的爬行动物不一致。同时，现在有大量的证据表明恐龙其实是恒温动物。

　　Polar dinosaurs

　　One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.

　　中文：极地恐龙

　　主张恐龙属于恒温动物的原因是在极地发现了恐龙。只有能够很好维持体温的动物才能在如此寒冷的地方生存。

　　Leg position and movement

　　There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.

　　腿的位置和运动方式

　　中文：恒温动物和腿的位置及运动方式有一定联系。恒温动物的生理结构允许它们进行持续的物理运动，比如奔跑。但是，只有当腿长在身体的下部而不是两侧的时候才能快速地奔跑，而像鳄鱼或者很多蜥蜴的腿，都是长在身体两侧的。所有现代恒温动物的腿都是长在身体下部的，而恐龙的腿也具有同样的特点。这很有力地说明了恐龙是恒温动物。

　　Haversian canals

　　There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly; and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.

　　中文：哈弗森管

　　恒温动物和骨结构之间也有相应的关联。很多恒温动物都有一种名为哈弗森管的骨结构。这种哈弗森管可以保护神经和血管以保障动物快速地生长，而快速生长恰恰是恒温动物的一个特征。哈弗森管的存在可以有力的说明该动物属于恒温动物，而恐龙的骨骼化石中常常可以观察到哈弗森管。

　　从材料里可以提取的观点是：

　　- Main point: 恐龙是恒温动物

　　- Sub point 1: 恐龙的化石在极地发现，而极地只有恒温动物生存，所以恐龙是恒温动物。

　　- Sub point 2: 恐龙有跟恒温动物一样的腿结构，所以恐龙是恒温动物。(这个是有逻辑漏洞的，一会在听力部分我再解释)

　　- Sub point 3: 恐龙跟恒温动物一样的哈弗森管，所以恐龙是恒温动物。

　　观点是这样被抽取出来的：

　　这篇文章的观点抽取上难度不是很大，但是问题的关键是要看到这个论证的逻辑链，而找到的逻辑链有助于我们在听力的时候快速精准地提取有用信息。

　　分论点一的逻辑是：只有恒温动物能适应极地的寒冷气候，而恐龙能适应，所以恐龙是恒温动物。这个只有让这个逻辑关系合格，所以只能翻过极地的状态和恐龙的状态了，、

　　分论点二的逻辑是：是什么?是"所有现代恒温动物的腿都是长在身体下部的，而恐龙的腿也具有同样的特点"吗?不是的，腿长在身体下部是恒温动物的"必要不充分条件"。段内的逻辑是这样的：腿长在身体下部à可以快跑à可以持续剧烈运动à是恒温动物。然后呢?把恐龙带进去。哪个地方是有可能反驳的呢?听力部分一定是要打碎这个逻辑链。

　　分论点三的逻辑是：有哈弗森管à可以保护血管和神经à可以快速生长à恒温动物。而恐龙恰好有恒温动物。反驳的时候一定也是打碎逻辑链啦。

　　这种科学类的题目，很多都是建立在推测的基础上的，所以推理论证就是最常用的方式啦。因为，反驳的时候也一定用打碎逻辑链的方式。

2. 听力部分

Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.

　　中文：很多科学家对你们刚刚听到的文章持有不同意见。他么认为这些理由不能支持恐龙是恒温动物。

　　Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the Polar Regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the Polar Regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in Polar Regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.

　　先说一下极地恐龙的观点。当恐龙存在的时候，极地，也就是这些发现化石的地方比现在要暖和很多。而且当极地很冷的几个月里，这些极地恐龙会迁徙到暖和的地方或者像现在爬行动物一样选择冬眠。所以，在极地发现恐龙化石不能证明恐龙是恒温动物。

　　Well, what about the fact those dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles. That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structure supports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we don't need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.

　　那么，恐龙的腿在身体下方而不是两侧是怎么回事呢?这个是不足以证明恐龙是可以进行奔跑类剧烈运动的恒温动物。腿生长在身体下部对于恐龙是别有的意义的。这样的结构可以支撑更多的重量。所以腿长在身体下部可以让恐龙长到非常大。对于恐龙来说，巨大的重量是非常有意义的，所以没有比用要用恒温动物和奔跑来解释为什么恐龙进化出这样的身体结构的。

　　Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, and that is true. The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth, and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool.

　　恩，那么骨结构呢?很多恐龙确实有哈弗森管，这是事实不能否认。但是与此同时，恐龙还有生长环。生长环上比较厚的环节说明当时恐龙生长的缓慢。因此，生长环证明了恐龙在冷的时候生长缓慢甚至停止生长。这是一种周期性生长：一段时间不生长或者生长缓慢，然后接着快速生长。拥有这样生长方式的动物不是恒温动物。真正的恒温动物可以一年四季保持恒定的体温，因此可以在天气很冷的情况下快速生长。

　　听力笔记内容：

　　Main point：don't

　　Sub point one: warmer, migrated, hibernated

　　Sub point two: doesn't necessarily, for running, more weight, advantages

　　Sub point three: Haversian canals, growth ring, slowly or stop V.S. rapid, periodic

注意：

　　1 在开始听前要画好表格，这样写出来的不会乱，要不笔记就是一坨坨

　　2 阅读时候要做好笔记，记住，一定要用词而不是句子记笔记。用句子是非常不好的习惯，很耽误时间，如果不会误解的话，半个单词也好。同时也不要因为写作文的时候可以看到原文，因为原文很多时候是帮助听力的。比如之前伦勃朗的以事实论证的，以及这篇用推理论证呢的，都能很大程度上帮助听力部分的理解。

　　3 注意要记下概念性或人名类生词，这些词不知道具体意思没有关系，但是听力部分如果听到了，不知道是指哪里就不好了。所以这个要记全词。

　　4 一定要记笔记，不要以为自己听懂的就不用记。综合写作没有题目提醒你，细节又显得十分重要，而且就算记忆再好，写上十分钟也就忘得差不多了，而十分钟你第二点还没写完呢。

　　新托福综合写作对语言的要求是清晰表达，准确转述即可(其实独立写作的要求也类似)。没有必要一味地追求语言的华丽，把话说清楚最重要。

3. 范文赏析

The professor actually contradicts the statements made in the passage. She is of the view that dinosaurs are not endotherms i.e. they were not able to keep their body temperature at a constant rate.

The professor contradicts the issue of dinosaurs being endotherms based on the availability of fossils being available in the polar regions, she say that the polar regions in those days were not as cold as they are today i.e at least warm enough for dinosaurs to live. During harsh winters she says that there is a possibility of the dinosaurs actually migrating to warmer regions.

The issue of leg position and movement being used as a reason to classify the dinosaurs as endotherms does not please the professor either. She says that dinosaurs had legs under their bodies to support their huge bodiesi.e the legs under the body of the dinosaur were actually to

support the huge weight of the dinosaur and not to provide it with a body structure like endotherms(which is actually suited for running).

The professor acknowledges the presence of haversian canals but also points out that that the fossils show the presence of growth rings. These rings occur due to the thickening of the bone.

The thickening indicates that the dinosaurs weren’t actually growing continuously but were experiencing periods of rapid growth and periods of no growth in succession. This pattern. She says is characteristic of non endothermic animals.

Thus it can be inferred that the professor challenges the passage by giving reasons as to why she thinks that the dinosaur is not an endotherm.

TPO5

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO6

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO7

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO8

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO9

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO10

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO11

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO12

简·奥斯汀(Jane Austen，1775年12月16日-1817年7月18日)是英国著名女性小说家，她的作品主要关注乡绅家庭女性的婚姻和生活，以女性特有的细致入微的观察力和活泼风趣的文字真实地描绘了她周围世界的小天地。

1. 阅读部分

　　Jane Austen (1775-1817) is one of the most famous of all English novelists, and today her novels are more popular than ever, with several recently adapted as Hollywood movies. But we do not have many records of what she looked like. For a long time, the only accepted image of Austen was an amateur sketch of an adult Austen made by her sister Cassandra. However, recently a professionally painted, full-length portrait of a teenage girl owned by a member of the Austen family has come up for sale. Although the professional painting is not titled Jane Austen, there are good reasons to believe she is the subject.

　　简·奥斯汀是最有名的英国小说家之一。时至今日，她的作品变得更受欢迎了，有数部被好莱坞改编成电影了。但是对于她的长相却没有太多的记录。很长一段时间以来，唯一被认可的奥斯汀的画像是她妹妹卡桑德拉画的。但是这幅成年奥斯汀素描并不是出自于专业画家。然而，最近一副奥斯汀家族成员持有的画像想要出售。这幅出自专业画家之手的全身画像上面是一个少女奥斯汀。尽管这幅专业画作上并没有写有简·奥斯汀，但是我们还是有足够的理由相信画上的人就是她。

　　First, in 1882, several decades after Austen’s death, Austen’s family gave permission to use the portrait as an illustration in an edition of her letters. Austen’s family clearly recognized it as a portrait of the author. So, for over a century now, the Austen family itself has endorsed the claim that the girl in the portrait is Jane Austen.

　　首先，在1882年，在奥斯汀去世几十年后，奥斯汀家族曾经授权这幅画作为她出版的书信集上本人画像。奥斯汀家族当然能够确认这幅画就是作者。所以，一个多世纪过去了，奥斯汀家族还是为这幅画背书，认为这个女孩就是简·奥斯汀本人。

　　Second, the face in the portrait clearly resembles the one in Cassandra’s sketch, which we know depicts Austen. Though somewhat amateurish, the sketch communicates definite details about Austen’s face. Even though the Cassandra sketch is of an adult Jane Austen, the features are still similar to those of the teenage girl in the painting. The eyebrows, nose, mouth, and overall shape of the face are very much like those in the full-length portrait.

　　第二，这幅画上人物的面容和卡桑德拉画的那幅画很相似，而卡桑德拉的画作上的人物确定是奥斯汀。尽管卡桑德拉的画作略显业余，但是还是很好地描绘了奥斯汀面部的细节的。尽管卡桑德拉的画描绘的是成年简·奥斯汀，但是面部细节还是同这幅画上少女奥斯汀非常相似的。眉毛、鼻子、嘴和整个轮廓都跟这幅全身画作非常相似。

　　Third, although the painting is unsigned and undated, there is evidence that it was painted when Austen was a teenager. The style links it to Ozias Humphrey, a society portrait painter who was the kind of professional the wealthy Austen family would hire. Humphrey was active in the late 1780s and early 1790s, exactly the period when Jane Austen was the age of the girl in the painting.

　　第三，机关这幅画没有署名也没有日期，但是确信这幅画的绘制时间是奥斯汀少女时期。这幅画从风格上看是奥扎厄斯·汉弗里的作品。他是一个专门受雇于奥斯汀这样富有家族的上流社会肖像画家。汉弗里活跃时期是1780末到170年初，而这个时期恰好正是简·奥斯汀十几岁的时期。

　　阅读部分需要提取的观点是：

　　- Main point: 有一副画上面的人物是简·奥斯汀

　　- Sub point 1: 这幅画得到了奥斯汀家族的认可

　　- Sub point 2: 面容同简·奥斯汀的另一幅画很像

　　- Sub point 3: 风格上看是奥扎厄斯·汉弗里的作品，此人活跃时期简·奥斯汀的年龄同画作相符

2. 听力部分

The evidence linking this portrait to Jane Austen is not at all convincing. Sure, the painting has long been somewhat loosely connected to Austen’s extended family and their descendents, but this hardly proves it’s a portrait of Jane Austen as a teenager. The reading’s arguments that the portrait is of Austen are questionable at best.

　　所有证明这幅画上人物是简·奥斯汀的证据都是不足信的。当然，这幅画长期以来同奥斯汀家族极其后代保持着某种意义上的联系。但是，这都不足以证明画中问人是少女简·奥斯汀。

　　First, when the portrait was authorized for use in the 1882 publication of her letters, Jane Austen had been dead for almost 70 years. So, the family members who asserted that the painting was Jane had never actually seen her themselves. They couldn’t have known for certain if the portrait was of Austen or not.

　　首先，当奥斯汀家族在1882年授权在她书信集中使用这幅肖像画的时候，简·奥斯汀已经过时差不多70年了。所以，声称画中人物是简·奥斯汀的家庭成员其实从来没有见过她本人。他们其实不能确信这幅画是不是奥斯汀。

　　Second, the portrait could very well be that of a relative of Austen’s, a fact that would explain the resemblance between its subject and that of Cassandra’s sketch. The extended Austen family was very large and many of Jane Austen’s female cousins were teenagers in the relevant period or had children who were teenagers. And some of these teenage girls could have resembled Jane Austen. In fact, many experts believe that the true subject of the portrait was one of those relatives, Marianne Kempian, who was a distant niece of Austen’s

　　第二，至于为什么这幅画上人物同卡桑德拉画的那副长得很像，可以解释为这幅上上的任务是简·奥斯汀的一个亲人。奥斯汀家族非常庞大，在画作成画时期，很多简·奥斯汀的堂姐妹还是十几岁的年纪，或者她堂姐妹的孩子是十几岁。这些女孩子们很多跟简·奥斯汀长得很像。事实上，很多专家认为这幅画中的人物实际上是这些人之一。她叫玛丽安· 凯佩恩，是简·奥斯汀的一个远方侄女。

　　Third, the painting has been attributed to Humphrey only because of the style. But other evidence points to a later date. A stamp on the back of the picture indicates that the blank canvas, you know the actual piece of cloth on which the picture was painted, was sold by a man named William Legg. Record showed that William Legg did not sell canvases in London when Jane Austen was a teenager. He only started selling canvases when she was 27 years old. So, it looks like the canvas was used for the painting at a time when Austen was clearly older than the girl in the portrait.

　　第三，认为这幅画是汉弗里作品的根据仅仅是风格。但是，有其他证据证明这幅画的成画时间实际要稍晚一些。画布背面的印章表明这幅画的空白画布是一个叫威廉姆·莱格卖出的。记录表明简·奥斯汀少女时期，威廉姆·莱格并没有在伦敦卖画布。他开始卖画布的时候，简·奥斯汀已经27岁了。所以，这幅画完成的时候，简·奥斯汀本人的年纪是大于画中人物的。

　　听力笔记内容：

　　Main point: 这幅画中人物不是简·奥斯汀

　　Sub point one: 虽有家族人的背书，但是这些人都没有见过简·奥斯汀本人

　　Sub point two: 同简·奥斯汀面容相似的原因可能是画中人物是简·奥斯汀的亲人

　　Sub point three: 画布背面的印章表明这幅画成画时，简·奥斯汀年龄大于画中人物问题

　　提示：

　　- endorse背书。本意是指在支票后面签字，引申为赞同,认可,支持(意见,活动,某人等)。

　　新托福综合写作对语言的要求是清晰表达，准确转述即可(其实独立写作的要求也类似)。没有必要一味地追求语言的华丽，把话说清楚最重要。

3. 范文赏析

The reading passage suggests that three pieces of evidence provide support that a portrait recently commissioned for sale by a member of Jane Austen’s family is of Jane Austen herself when she was a teenager. However, the lecturer rejects such evidence and argues that the painting could not be a portrait of Jane Austen. 

First, the lecturer argues that the portrait was approved for publication by the Austen family 70 years after Jane Austen’s death, suggesting that members of her extended family might have published the portrait without having actually seen her in person. Therefore. the fact that the portrait had been endorsed by her family members does not necessarily prove that it is a portrait of Jane Austen.

Second, the lecturer argues that the resemblance between the portrait and an authentic sketch of the adult Jane Austen could be explained by the hypothesis that the portrait is of a relative of Jane Austen when the relative was a teenager. 

Finally, the lecturer argues that despite the style of the painting, which links it to the exact period when Jane Austen was a teenager, the stamp on the back of the canvas suggests that the portrait was painted at least 27 years after Jane Austen’s birth, indicating that the portrait was of someone else who was much older than the teenage Jane Austen.

TPO13

1. 阅读部分

Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteen century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public.

　　私人化石收藏家们从十八世纪就开始涉足化石买卖。所谓化石是指那些古代有机体的石化物。然而最近几年，化石买卖，尤其是恐龙和其他大型脊椎动物的化石的买卖变得繁荣起来了。稀有而重要的化石现在以百万计的价格在私人搜藏家之间流通。这种现象无论对于科学家还是对于公众来说，都不是一件好事情。

　　The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity.

　　化石不在捐赠给博物馆而是由私人收藏家持有，而不是像过去那样捐赠给博物馆。私人收藏家不会让公众看他的藏品，而博物馆里的展品却是人人有机会看到的。这样对于公众来说是受损的。接触化石的机会变少会让大众失去对化石的兴趣的，而这一点显然是令人遗憾的。

　　More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannot compete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers.

　　更重要的是，科学家将错失很多研究珍贵化石的机会，进而可能同一些关于灭绝生物的重大发现失之交臂。富有的化石购买者因为对稀有而重要化石的强烈渴望，将会不计成本地想得到这些化石。科学家和他们所服务的博物馆和大学都无力同那些身价百万的化石购买者竞争，也只能坐视失去化石。

　　Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained or uninterested in carrying out the careful field work and documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptors fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones.

　　而且，商业化石收藏家常常会破坏他们挖掘出的化石中有科学价值的部分。多数商业化石收藏家常常没有接受过专业的训练，同时对谨慎研究记录化石没有兴趣。而这些研究和记录可以揭示过去生活在地球上的生命最重要的信息。科学家就是通过对筑巢的偷蛋龙的研究就是这种方法：通过对偷蛋龙化石的埋在地下的精确位置以及邻近的其他化石的状态来获知其生物特性的。私人化石搜藏家万网不关注化石埋藏的唯一以及大型化石边上那些小型的化石。

　　阅读部分需要提取的观点是：

　　- Main point: 私人化石买卖无论对科学家还是对公众都是一件坏事情

　　- Sub point 1: 公众将失去接触化石的机会，进而失去兴趣

　　- Sub point 2: 科学家也将失去接触化石的机会

　　- Sub point 3: 化石包含的珍贵数据可能遭到破坏

2. 听力部分

Of course, there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.

　　当然，在商业市场上买卖化石是有一些负面影响，但是这些负面影响在阅读部分被夸大了。化石买卖的优点大大的超过其缺点。

　　First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low-level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.

　　首先，私人化石买卖合法之后，公众接触化石的机会不是变少了，而是增加了。私人化石买卖让更多的化石进入流通领域。这样，甚至等级较低的公共机构，比如公立学校和图书馆也有能力通过正规渠道购买化石，并向公众展示了。

　　As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really important fossils, that’s not realistic either. Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn’t, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So, even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientific experts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that’s out there.

　　至于说科学家将错失接触重要化石机会的说法，也是站不住脚的。不论是谁，在给一组化石定价之前，都一定是需要科学家来鉴定的，是不是?那么，唯一能够鉴定化石，唯一能够说出化石是否有价值的人是科学家。是科学家通过对细节的检查和测试来决定化石的价值的。所以，即使化石最终归于私人收藏家，但是还是要首先经过科学家的手的。这样，科学团体就不会错过化石上的任何重要信息了。

　　Finally, whatever damage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do, if it weren’t for them, many fossils would simply go undiscovered because there aren’t that many fossil collecting operations that are run by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn’t it better for science to at least have more fossils being found even if we don’t have all the scientific data we’d like to have about their location and surroundings than it is to have many fossils go completely undiscovered?

　　最后，私人化石收藏者的确会损坏化石，但是如果没有他们，很多化石就会永远埋在地下了。这是因为大学和其他科学研究机构没有足够多的化石采集项目。对于科学发展来说，能够发现更多的化石比让化石长眠于地下要好，不是吗?尽管我们可能确实一些诸如化石位置其周围伴生化石的信息。

　　听力部分需要提取的观点是：

　　- Main point: 私人化石买卖利大于弊

　　- Sub point 1: 公众不会失去接触化石的机会，反而更多(greater exposure, available purchase, low-level public institution buy).

　　- Sub point 2: 科学家也不会失去接触化石的机会(before buy, scientific identify, only people, even if, pass through)

　　- Sub point 3: 尽管化石的珍贵数据可能遭到破坏，但是要好过让大量化石长眠于地下(damage, not them, undiscovered, not many collecting operations, better be found, not all data, than undiscovered)

3. 范文赏析

The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about the problems involved in the booming business of commercial fossil trading. In her opinion, the benefits of this new development outweigh its negative consequences.

The professor does not agree with the first point made in the reading—that private collectors keep their fossil collections away from the public. She contends that the commercial trading of fossils actually makes them available to a wider public, because everyone with a budget, such as private schools and libraries, can purchase them for study and exhibition.

The speaker goes on to refute the claim in the reading that fossil trading business prevents scientists and public museum from benefiting from fossil finds, as these parties cannot compete with wealthy private buyers to acquire important fossils for research purpose. On the contrary, she argues, scientists themselves are the first to evaluate any important fossil before it can be sold in the commercial market at a price, so the academic community does not miss any opportunity to study privately traded fossils.

Additionally, the lecturer challenges the final downside of fossil trading mentioned in the reading. The lecturer reminds us that the damages, if any, caused by private collectors in their field operations are more than offset by the effort these individuals have made to increase the number of fossils available to the public that would otherwise remain undiscovered.

TPO14

1. 阅读部分

Every year, forest fires and severe storms cause a great deal of damage to forests in the northwestern United States. One way of dealing with the aftermath of these disasters is called salvage logging, which is the practice of removing dead trees from affected areas and using the wood for lumber, plywood, and other wood products. There are several reasons why salvage logging is beneficial both to a damaged forest and to the economy.

　　每年，在美国西北部，森林火灾和一些严重的暴风雨会给森林造成严重的损害。而处理这些灾难造成的损害的方法之一被称为回收性砍伐。回收性砍伐是指把受损地区的已经死亡的树木一走，用作制作木料、胶合板或者其他木材产品。有一些理由让我们相信回收性砍伐无论对于受损的森林还是对于经济发展都是有好处的。

　　First, after a devastating fire, forests are choked with dead trees. If the trees are not removed, they will take years to decompose; in the meantime, no new trees can grow in the cramped spaces. Salvage logging, however, removes the remains of dead trees and makes room for fresh growth immediately, which is likely to help forest areas recover from the disaster.

　　首先，每次森林火灾之后，森林都被死树堵住了。如果不把这些树移走，那么它们需要数年的时间才会腐化。在这个时间里，就不会有新的树木能够在这些狭窄的空间发芽生长了。然而，回收性砍伐则可以把这些死树移走，迅速地位新生的树木提供生长的空间。这样做，有助于帮助森林从火灾中恢复。

　　Also, dead trees do more than just take up space. Decaying wood is a highly suitable habitat for insects such as the spruce bark beetle, which in large numbers can damage live, healthy spruce trees. So， by removing totting wood, salvage logging helps minimize the dangers of insect infestation, thus contributing to the health of the forest.

　　同时，已死的树对森林的损害不仅仅是占用空间。腐烂的木头同时也是昆虫很好的栖息地，比如杉皮甲虫。大量的杉皮甲虫会对健康生长的杉树造成损害。所以，通过移走这些腐烂的木头，回收性砍伐可以降低虫害侵袭的危险，进而保护森林的健康。

　　Third and last, salvage logging has economic benefits. Many industries depend upon the forests for their production, and because of this a fire can have a very harmful effect on the economy. Often, however, the trees that have been damaged by natural disasters still can provide much wood that is usable by industries. Furthermore, salvage logging requires more workers than traditional logging operations do, and so it helps create additional jobs for local residents.

　　最后，回收性砍伐是有经济收益的。很多的产业的产品生产都依赖森林，因而森林大火对于经济的发展是非常有害的。但是，很多时候这些因为自然灾害死亡的树木还是可以能够为工业生产提供很多木材的。而且，回收性砍伐比传统的砍伐活动需要更多的人力，所以这可以为当地居民提供更多的就业机会。

　　阅读部分需要提取的观点是：

　　- Main point: 回收性砍伐对于森林和经济发展都好处

　　- Sub point 1: 可以为新生树木提供生长空间

　　- Sub point 2: 可以避免虫害伤害森林

　　- Sub point 3: 有助于经济发展

2. 听力部分

Salvage logging may appear to be an effective way of helping forests recover after a destructive fire or storm, but it can actually result in serious loner-term environmental damage. Its economic benefits are also questionable.

　　回收性砍伐看起来似乎是个帮助森林从破坏性大火或者暴风雨中的损害中恢复的有效方法，但是事实上却会带来长期的环境损失。而它的经济利益也是存疑的。

　　First, cleaning up a forest after a fire or storm does not necessarily create the right conditions for tree growth. In fact, the natural process of wood decomposition enriches the soil and makes it more suitable for future generations of tree. The rapid removal of dead trees can result in soil that lacks the nutrients necessary for growth.

　　首先，在大火或者暴风雨之后的清理并不一定会给树的生长提供合适的生长环境。事实上，树木腐烂的自然过程可以使土壤变得肥沃，更适合以后树木的生长。迅速地移除死去的树木可能会导致土壤缺失树木生长所必须的营养物质。

　　Second, it’s true that rotting wood can increase insect population, but is this really bad for the forest? In fact, spruce bark beetles have lived in Alaskan forest for nearly hundred years without causing major damage. And of course dead trees do not provide habitats only for harmful insects. They are also used by birds and other insects that are important contributors to the long-term health of forests. In the long run, therefore, salvage logging may end up doing more harm to forests than harmful insects do.

　　第二，的确那些腐烂的树木会让昆虫的数量增加，但是这就一定对森林不好吗?事实上，杉皮甲虫已经在阿拉斯加森林里生活了近百年，但是从来没有造成严重的灾害。而且，死树不是仅仅为害虫提供栖息地，鸟类和其他昆虫也会居于与此，这些鸟类和昆虫对于森林的长期健康是有利的。因而，从长远看，回收性砍伐最终给森林带来的危害要大于害虫。

　　And third, the economic benefits of salvage logging are small and don’t last very long. In severely damaged forests, much of the lumber can be recovered only by using helicopters and other vehicles that are expensive to use and maintain. Furthermore, jobs created by salvage logging are only temporary and are often filled by outsiders with more experience or training than local residents have.

　　第三，回收性砍伐的经济利益是很微小的而且不具有持久性。在严重受损的森林里，木材必须使用直升飞机或者其他交通工具才能回收，而这些的使用和保养费用都非常昂贵。而且，回收性砍伐提供的工作岗位都是临时的，同时这些工作岗位往往都被受过训练而且富有经验的外地人获得，本地人并不具有竞争力。

　　听力部分需要提取的观点是：

　　- Main point: 回收性砍伐弊大于利

　　- Sub point 1: 回收性砍伐会使森林土壤失去营养(not create condition, decomposition enrich soil, more suitable for future, rapid removal, lack nutrients)

　　- Sub point 2: 回收性砍伐会使鸟类和有益的昆虫失去栖息地，长久看来对森林无益(true, increase insect, bad? Spruce bark beetle, Alaska, nearly 100 years, no damage, dead tree, habitat for insect, birds and other insect, contributors to long –term health).

　　- Sub point 3: 回收性砍伐经济利益很小(benefit small, recovered by helicopter, expensive to use/maintain, job are temporary, outsiders, more experience)

3. 范文赏析

The lecturer and the reading passage hold completely different views toward the practice of salvage logging, which is the removal of dead trees from a forest after a fire or a storm. 

First, the lecturer states that removing dead trees is not good for the health of a forest because it deprives it of the nutrients necessary for future tree growth, which dead trees release into the soil as they decompose. In contrast, the reading passage states that removing old trees provides more space in which new generations of fresh trees can grow more healthily. 

Second, the lecturer argues that some insects and birds that inhabit dead trees are beneficial for tree growth, and a few that are thought to be harmful have shown no evidence of causing significant damage to the forest. So by eliminating both harmful and beneficial birds and insects, salvage logging may cause unwanted damage to the forest in the long run. The reading, however, mentions only harmful insects and the spruce bark beetle in particular. It points out that because clearing the forest of dead trees also destroys the habitat of these harmful insects, it ensures the healthy recovery of a forest after a fire. 

Finally with regard to economic impact, the lecturer argues against salvage logging because the dead trees can only be salvaged at a very high cost, and the employment associated with salvage logging is often temporary and taken by non-native residents. On the other hand, the reading argues that this practice provides many industries with the wood necessary to sustain their production and offer employment opportunities to local people. 

TPO15

1. 阅读部分

The cane toad is a large (1.8 kg) amphibian species native to Central and South America. It was deliberately introduced to Australia in 1935 with the expectation that it would protect farmers’ crops by eating harmful insects. Unfortunately, the toad multiplied rapidly, and a large cane toad population now threatens small native animals that are not pest. Several measures have been proposed to stop the spread of the cane toad in Australia.

　　蔗蜍是一种原产于中南美洲的两栖动物，个头很大，重大1.8公斤。蔗蜍是在1935年由人工引进至澳大利亚的。因为它们可以吃害虫，所以希望借由它们保护农作物。不幸的是，蔗蜍繁殖迅速。而且，数量巨大的蔗蜍群体已经开始威胁一些对农业无害的小型本土生物。现在提出了几个解决蔗蜍在澳大利亚蔓延的方法。

　　One way to prevent the spread of the toad would be to build a national fence. A fence that blocks the advance of the toads will prevent them from moving into those parts of Australia that they have not yet colonized. This approach has been used before: a national fence was erected in the early part of the twentieth century to prevent the spread of rabbits, another animal species that was introduced in Australia from abroad and had a harmful impact on its native ecosystems.

　　第一个阻止蔗蜍蔓延的方法是建立一个全国范围的围栏。用围栏控制蔗蜍增长的方式是通过阻止它们迁徙实现的，这样它们就不会聚集到那些尚未被它们控制的地区了。这种方法以前就用过。在二十世界初期，澳大利亚就从用这种围栏阻止兔子的过度增长。兔子由澳大利亚从他国引进后，给当地的生态平衡造成了巨大的灾难。

　　Second, the toads could be captured and destroyed by volunteers. Cane toads can easily be caught in simple traps and can even be captured by hand. Young toads and cane toad eggs are even easier to gather and destroy, since they are restricted to the water. If the Australian government were to organize a campaign among Australian citizens to join forces to destroy the toads, the collective effort might stop the toad from spreading.

　　第二，可以招募志愿者抓蔗蜍。简单的陷阱就可以抓到蔗蜍，甚至徒手都可以抓到。至于蝌蚪和卵因为是生活在水里的，更是容易抓到和消灭。如果澳大利亚政府组织一个由澳大利亚公民参与的运动去消灭蔗蜍，那么可能会达到阻碍其蔓延的目的。

　　Third, researchers are developing a disease-causing virus to control the cane toad populations. This virus will be specially designed: although it will be able to infect a number of reptile and amphibian species, it will not harm most of the infected species; it will specifically harm only the cane toads. The virus will control the population of cane toads by preventing them from maturing and reproducing.

　　第三，研究人员正在研究一种用于控制蔗蜍数量的致病病毒。这种病毒是专门为控制蔗蜍研制的。尽管这种病毒也可以感染相当多数量的爬行动物和两栖动物，但是这种感染基本是无害的。它只会影响蔗蜍。这种病毒通过阻碍蔗蜍的蔗蜍的成熟和繁殖实现控制其数量的目的。

　　阅读部分需要提取的观点是：

　　- Main point: 提供了三个控制蔗蜍数量的方法

　　- Sub point 1: 建立全国范围性的围栏

　　- Sub point 2: 组织志愿者抓

　　- Sub point 3: 研制某种特殊病毒，阻碍蔗蜍的成熟和繁殖

2. 听力部分

The cane toad won’t be as easy to get rid of as the reading suggests. The measures proposed by the reading are likely either to be unsuccessful or to cause unwanted environmental damage.

　　蔗蜍不会像阅读部分说的那么容易出去的。阅读部分提供的观点不但是不会奏效，甚至会对环境造成损害。

　　First of all, a national fence probably won’t stop the spread of the toad. That’s because young toads and toad eggs are found in rivers and streams. No matter where the fence is located, at some point there will be rivers or steams flowing from one side to the other. These waterways will be able to carry the young toads and their eggs to the other side. Since it’s only necessary for a few young toads or eggs to get though the fence in order to establish population on the other side, the fence is unlikely to be effective.

　　首先，一个全国范围内的围栏不会阻止蔗蜍的蔓延。这是因为蝌蚪和蔗蜍卵是生活在河水和溪流中的。不管围栏怎么安排，总会有跨过河流和小溪的地方。在这些地方，流水可以越过围栏。蝌蚪和蔗蜍卵可以通过这些水流穿过围栏。只要有很小数量的蝌蚪和蔗蜍穿过围栏，它们就可以建立起一个种群。所以，这种围栏的方法是无效的。

　　Secondly, a massive group of volunteers could have success trapping and destroying toads. But it’s likely that these untrained volunteers would inadvertently destroy many of Australia’s native frogs some of which are endangered. It’s not always easy to tell the cane toad apart from native frogs especially when it’s young.

　　第二，人数众多的志愿者队伍的确可以抓住和消灭蔗蜍。但是这些没有经过训练的志愿者很可能会无意间杀死很多澳大利亚原产的青蛙，而其中的一些已经是濒危物种的。蔗蜍和澳大利亚原产青蛙并不容易区分，尤其是在它们都是幼体的时候。

　　Third, using the virus is a bad idea because it could have terrible consequences for cane toads in their original habitat in Central and South America. You might be wondering how can virus released in Australia cause harm in the Americas. Well, Australian reptiles and amphibians are often transported to other continents by researchers or pet collectors for example. Once the animals infected by the virus reach Central and South American, the virus will attack the native cane toads and devastate their populations. That would be an ecological disaster because in the Americans cane toads are a native species and a vital part of the ecosystem. So if they are eliminated the whole ecosystem will suffer.

　　第三，病毒可能会对蔗蜍原产的中南美洲的生态环境造成严重的破坏，所以使用病毒也是一个坏主意。你们可能很好奇为什么投放在澳大利亚的病毒会破坏美洲的环境。恩，研究者或者宠物饲养者常常会被澳大利亚的爬行动物和两栖类动物带到其他的大洲。一旦感染此病毒的动物被带到了中南美洲，那么这种病毒就会感染当地的蔗蜍，使得其数量锐减。因为蔗蜍在美洲是原生物种，是生态系统的重要组成部分，所以其数量锐减将会是生态灾难。所以，如果蔗蜍灭绝了，那么美洲的生态系统也会受到破坏。

　　听力部分需要提取的观点是：

　　- Main point:三个方法是无效甚至是有害的

　　- Sub point 1:蔗蜍的蝌蚪和卵可以通过流水穿过围栏，方法无效(won’t stop, young toad, eggs, river, stream, carry to the other side, a few young/egg, establish population, unlikely effective)

　　- Sub point 2:尽管志愿者可以抓到蔗蜍，但是可能会错抓当地濒危的原产青蛙(success, untrained volunteers, destroy native frogs, not easy, tell cane toad & native frogs (young).)

　　- Sub point 3:使用病毒可能会破坏蔗蜍原产地中南美洲的生态平衡(: terrible consequence, original habitat, Central & South America, Australia ->Americas? Reptiles, virus, attack native cane toads, ecological disaster, vital part, eliminate, suffer.)

3. 范文赏析

　The lecturer argues against the three measures mentioned in the reading passage to reduce the population of the cane toad, a species introduced to the Australian continent. 

　　The lecturer argues that the first measure, a national fence, would not prevent the flow of streams or rivers and, therefore, would allow young toads or toad eggs to travel to the other side of the fence. The reading passage, however, argues that such a fence would effectively cut off the Route that animals use to establish colonies and expand in population.

Regarding the second measure, recruiting a large group of volunteers, the lecturer explains that volunteers often have difficulty distinguishing between cane toads and native frogs, an endangered species. Therefore, volunteers might kill members of both species. The Reading passage gives the opposite view. Organizing a large group of volunteers to join an extermination campaign would speed the destruction of cane toads. 

　　Finally the lecturer objects to the third measure—using an infectious virus. She points out that a virus intended to eliminate Australia’s cane toad population could be transmitted through animal transportation to other continents where cane toads are an essential part of the ecosystem. This is indirect contradiction with the claim in the reading passage that an infectious virus could be developed to stop the reproduction of cane toads without harming other species.

TPO16

1. 阅读部分

The United Kingdom (sometimes referred to as Britain) has a long and rich history of human settlement. Traces of buildings, tools, and art can be found from periods going back many thousands of years: from the Stone Age, through the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the time of the Roman colonization, the Middle Ages, up to the beginnings of the industrial age. Yet from most of the twentieth century, the science of archaeology – dedicated to uncovering and studying old cultural artifacts – was faced with serious problems and limitations in Britain.

　　英国(有的时候被称为不列颠)在人类居住建筑方面有久远丰富的历史。建筑、建筑工具以及建筑艺术的遗迹的历史可以追溯到数千年。从石器时代开始，历经青铜时代、铁器时代、罗马殖民时代、中世纪，一直到工业时代的初期。但是在20世纪的大部分时间里的英国，致力于挖掘和研究古代文化遗迹的考古学面临着严峻的问题和局限性。

　　First, many valuable artifacts were lost to construction projects. The growth of Britain’s population, especially from the 1950s on, spurred a lot of new construction in British cities, towns, and villages. While digging foundations for new buildings, the builders often uncovered archaeologically valuable sites. Usually, however, they proceeded with the construction and did not preserve the artifacts. Many archaeologically precious artifacts were therefore destroyed.

　　首先，建筑工程破坏了很多有价值的估计。从1950年以来愈加明显的人口增加导致了英国建筑业的迅猛发展，无论是在城市、乡镇还是村庄。在给新建筑打地基的时候，建筑者常常会挖掘到一些有价值的文物遗迹。然而，常常建筑工人会继续进行工作，而不是保护这些文物。很多很多珍贵的考古文物就因此遭到了破坏。

　　Second, many archaeologists felt that the financial support for archaeological research are inadequate. For most of the twentieth century, archaeology was funded mostly through government funds and grants, which allowed archaeologists to investigate a handful of the most important sites but which left hundreds of other interesting projects without support. Furthermore, changing government priorities brought about periodic reductions in funding.

　　第二，很多考古学家都感觉到考古学研究的经费不足。在二十世纪的大部分时间里，考古的经费大多来自于政府的基金和拨款。经费的不足导致考古学家只能研究很少了的最重要的遗迹，而数以千计的其他有意义的项目都缺乏经费。而且，政府预算优先权的改变也导致了经费的周期性减少。

　　Third, it was difficult to have a career in archaeology. Archaeology jobs were to be found at universities or with a few government agencies, but there were never many positions available. Many people who wanted to become archaeologists ended up pursuing other careers and contributing to archaeological research only as unpaid amateurs.

　　第三，考古事业难以为继。只有在大学和很少数的政府部门才能找到考古学相关的工作。但是职位总是供不应求。很多想成为考古学家的人都放弃了，选择了其他的领域，仅仅把考古学研究当做一个没有收益的业余爱好。

　　阅读部分需要提取的观点是：

　　- Main point: 英国考古学的发展面临着严峻的问题和局限性

　　- Sub point 1: 建筑工程破坏考古遗迹

　　- Sub point 2: 考公项目缺乏资金支持

　　- Sub point 3: 考古学家的考古事业发展困难

2. 听力部分

In 1990, new rules and guidelines were adopted in the United Kingdom that has changed the whole field of Archaeology in that country. The new guidelines improved the situation in all there areas discussed in the passage.

　　在1990年，英国颁布了新的法规和指南，从而改变了英国整过考古学领域。新的指南改善了阅读部分提到的所有领域出现的问题。

　　First, the new guidelines state that before any construction project can start, the construction site has to be examined by archaeologists to see whether the site is of archaeological interest or value. If the site is of archaeological interest, the next step is for the builders, archaeologists and local government officials to get together and make a plan for preserving the archaeological artifacts, either by building around them or by excavating and documenting them properly before the construction is allowed to proceed.

　　首先，新的指南要求所有建筑工程开工之前都要经由考古学家检查以确定该地是否有考古价值的遗迹。如果有考古价值，那么下一步就是建筑者、考古学家和当地政府的联合行都了。他们要在一起制定一个保护考古遗迹的计划。要么在周围的地方建房子，要么在开工之前把文物妥善地挖掘保存起来。

　　Second, an important part of the new guidelines is a rule that any archaeological work done on the construction site will be paid for by the construction company not by the government. The construction company has to pay for the initial examination of the site, and then for all the work carried out under the preservation plan. This is a whole new source of financial support. The funding from construction companies has allowed researchers to study a far greater range of archaeological sites than they could in the past.

　　第二，新指南很重要的一部分就是规定对于建筑工地的考古学检查的费用由建筑公司而不是政府支付。建筑公司要为工地最初的检查付费，同时随之而来的全部保存计划都由建筑公司付费。这是一个全新的资金来源。来自建筑公司的资金保证研究人员可以进行逼以往更为深入的考古研究。

　　Last, the new guidelines provide a lot of paid work for archaeologists, work that didn’t exist before. Expert archaeologists are now hired at all stages of the process to examine the site for archaeological value, then to help draw up the preservation plan to do the research in a professional scientific manner and finally to process the date and write reports and articles. The increased job and career opportunities in Archaeology have increased the number of professional archaeologists in Britain, which is now the highest it’s ever been.

　　最后，新的指南为考古学家提供了很多新的就业机会，而这在以前是不可能的。整过的考古研究过程都需要雇佣考古专家。从检查地基的考古学价值，然后帮助制定符合专业科学研究的保护机会，到最后处理数据、撰写报告和文章，这些都需要考古学家。增加的考古类工作岗位和事业发展机会使得现在英国有了更多的专业考古学家，而这是有史以来最多的时候。

　　听力部分需要提取的观点是：

　　- Main point: 阅读中提到的所有问题都可以通过新的法规和指南加以解决

　　- Sub point 1: 开工之前让考古学家进行检查，可以避免建筑工程破坏考古遗迹

　　- Sub point 2: 考古费用由建筑公司承担

　　- Sub point 3: 整个考古过程会提供很多新的工作机会

　　新托福综合写作对语言的要求是清晰表达，准确转述即可(其实独立写作的要求也类似)。没有必要一味地追求语言的华丽，把话说清楚最重要。

3. 范文赏析

While the reading passage points to the current problems andlimitations in archaeological researches in Britain, the professor provides three new guidelines presently employed, which could alleviate such setbacks.

First, the reading reveals the problem of accidental destruction of archaeological artifacts as the result of growing population and increasing number of construction project in UK. Luckily, according to the new guideline, a preliminary research on the construction site’s possible archaeological value is enforced and aplan is to be made before nay construction goes underway to make sure such loss will be reduced.

Secondly, as far as financial support is concerned, the old situation of the government being the sole fund and grants provider will be greatly improved, as the new guideline requires the construction company to be the additional financial resource for archeological research. And the range of research projects will be consequently expanded to cover sites, which have been formerly neglected.

Last, the reading passage exposes the limitation for career opportunities in UK for archaeologists. The professor feels almost optimistic that the situation has been ameliorated as more funding pours into the field of archaeology, so have more paid archaeological jobs been created. Now more professional archaeologists are estimating values, drawing plans of preservation, processing data into reports and articles, etc. the amateur days of archaeology in UK are behind it.

TPO17

1. 阅读部分

In the past century, the steady growth of the human population and the corresponding increasing in agriculture and pesticide use have caused much harm to wildlife in the United States – birds in particular. Unfortunately for birds, these trends are likely to continue, with the result that the number of birds in the United States will necessarily decline.

在过去的一个世界，人类数量的增加以及随之而来的农业生产的发展和杀虫剂的增加使得很多美国的野生动物受到了影响，而这种问题在鸟类上表现得更为明显。更加不幸的是，由于人口数量、农业生产和杀虫剂使用的趋势不会改变，美国的鸟类数量将会必然地随之下降。

First, as human populations and settlements continue to expand, birds’ natural habitats will continue to disappear. Forests, wetlands, and grasslands will give way to ever more homes, malls, and offices. As the traditional areas suitable for birds keep decreasing, so will the size of the birds’ populations that depend on those vanishing habitats.

首先，随着人口数量和居住面积的不断扩张，鸟类天然的栖息地持续地减少。森林、湿地和草原都变成的住宅、商场和写字楼。随着那些传统的适宜鸟类栖息的地方持续减少，失去赖以生存栖息地的鸟类，数量自然是减少的。

Second, agricultural activities must increase to keep pace with the growing human population. The growth of agriculture will also result in the further destruction of bird habitats as more and more wilderness areas are converted to agricultural use. As a result, bird populations in rural areas will continue to decline.

第二，为了能够满足增长的人口数量，农业活动也必须随之增加。农业的增加的代价是进一步破坏鸟类的栖息地，越来越多的荒地变成了农业用地。因而，鸟类在乡村的数量也随之持续减少。

Third, as human settlements expand and agriculture increases, the use of chemical pesticides will also increase. Pesticides are poisons designed to kill agricultural and home garden pests, such as insects, but inevitable, pesticides get into the water and into the food chain for birds where they can harm birds. Birds that eat the poisoned insects or drink contaminated water can die as a result, and even if pesticides do not kill birds outright, they can prevent them from reproducing successfully. So, pesticides have significantly contributed to declines in bird population, and because there will continue to be a need to control agricultural pests in the future, this decline will continue.

第三，随着人类居住地的扩展和农业的发展，化学农药的使用也增加了。农药是用来杀死诸如昆虫之类的生长在农田或者菜园的害虫的有毒物质。不可避免的是，这些农药会进入水系和食物链，进而伤害鸟类。鸟类会吃被毒死的昆虫或者喝污染了的水。这样会导致鸟类的死亡，即便不会不会导致鸟类的立刻死亡，也会影响鸟类的繁殖。所以，杀虫剂会对鸟类的数量有非常严重的影响。同时，因为即便是在将来，还是需要杀虫剂来控制农业害虫，所以，鸟类数量减少的趋势难以改变。

阅读部分需要提取的观点是：

- Main point: 三个原因导致鸟类数量减少

- Sub point 1: 人类居住地的增加

- Sub point 2: 农业用地的增加

- Sub point 3: 杀虫剂的使用

2. 听力部分

The passage claims that there will be fewer and fewer birds, but the arguments used to support this claim are unconvincing.

阅读文章声称鸟类的数量会越来越小，但是所使用的理由都是没有说服力的。

First, it’s true that urban growth has been bad for some types of birds, but urban development actually provides better and larger habitats for other types. So much so, that city and suburban dwellers often complain about increased bird populations – seagulls at landfills, pigeons on the streets and so on. Even birds like hawks and falcons can now be found in cities, where they prey on the increasing populations of pigeons and rodents. So, it’s not going to be a story of uniform decline of bird populations in the future. Some populations may shrink, but others will grow.

首先，确实城市的发展对于一些鸟类是不利的，但是城市的发展事实上也为其他的鸟类提供了更大更好的栖息地。这样发展，城市的居民常常抱怨鸟类数量过多：堆填区的海鸥，大街上的鸽子，等等等等。甚至那些不常出现在城市里的鸟类，比如鹰类也出现在城市，这是因为他们可以捕捉数量不断增加的鸽子和啮齿类动物。所以，将来不会是所有鸟类的数量都在减少。有一些的数量在减少，但是其他的在增加。

As for agriculture, it’s true that it too will increase in the future, but not in the way assumed by the reading passage. The truth is, in the United States, less and less land is being used for agriculture every year. Increases in agricultural production have resulted from and will continue to result from the introduction of new, more productive varieties of crops. These new crops produce more food per unit of land, and as a result, there’s no need to destroy wilderness areas.

对于农业来说，确实需求会越来越大，但是农业的增长并不是以阅读所提及的方式实现的。在美国，实际上用在农业领域的土地每年都在减少。农产品产量的增加是因为引进了新的、产量更高的农作物品种，而这种趋势将会持续。这些新的农作物有更高的亩产量，因而，就没有必要破坏原有荒地用作农耕了。

And third, while it’s certainly true that traditional pesticides have been destructive to birds, it’s incorrect to project this history into the future. Now that, people are aware of the possible consequences of traditional pesticides, two changes have occurred. First, new and much less toxic pesticides have been developed, and that’s important. Second, and perhaps more importantly, there is a growing trend to develop more pest resistant crops, crops that are genetically designed to be unattractive to pests. Pest resistant crops greatly reduce the need for chemical pesticides, and best of all, pest resistant crops don’t harm birds at all.

第三，尽管传统的杀虫剂的确会给鸟类带来损害，但是用过去推测未来的想法是站不住脚的。现在人们已经意识到了传统杀虫剂可能带来的危害，因而采取了两个措施。首先，已经研究出了新型的、毒性更小的杀虫剂，这是很重要的一个改变。而第二点可能是更为重要的，就是现在正在研究能够抵抗虫害的作物。通过设计，使得农作物在基因上具有不吸引害虫的能力。抗虫害作物能够极大的减少对化学杀虫剂的需求。更为重要的是，抗虫害作物对鸟类是完全无害的。

听力部分需要提取的观点是：

- Main point: 阅读部分的主张是站不住脚的

- Sub point 1: 人类的居住地的扩张不会导致所有鸟类数量的下降，有的会增加

- Sub point 2: 因为新品种作物的种植，农业用地会越来越少

- Sub point 3: 新型杀虫剂的毒性变小，并且正在研制新型抗虫害作物，将来杀虫剂不会继续伤害鸟类

3. 范文赏析

TPO18

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO19

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO20

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO21

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO22

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO23

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO24

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO25

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO26

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO27

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO28

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO29

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO30

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO31

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO32

1. 阅读部分

Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Alantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called the sounds “quackers” (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines’ sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.

从20世纪60年代开始一直到80年代，俄罗斯潜艇海员在北大西洋和北冰洋巡逻的时候偶尔会听到一些奇怪的声音。这些水下的声音经常会让船员们想到青蛙呱呱的叫声，所以他们就把这种声音叫做”quackers（俄罗斯语音译）”。这种声音的声源似乎是以一种极快的速度和极高的敏捷性来运动的；然而，潜艇的声呐（一种水下检测目标的方法）在该区域却检测不出来任何运动的物体。关于什么引起这个奇怪的声音有几个理论。

The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female ocra whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a male are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.

第一种理论认为这个奇怪的声音实际上是雌雄虎鲸求偶行为的叫声。我们都知道虎鲸是生活在潜艇发现这个怪声的地方。人们已经广泛的研究它们，而且认为它们在试图吸引雄性的时候所发出来的声音跟潜艇所探测到的声音是很类似的。

A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squids are giant marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.

第二个观点认为这个声音是由巨型鱿鱼引起的。巨型鱿鱼是生活在海洋深处的无脊椎动物，它们都以大鱼为食。因为它们的软体并没有骨骼，所以声呐是很难探测到它们的。人们并不知道太多巨型鱿鱼的行为，但是其复杂的大脑表明它们是很聪明的动物。它们是有不发出声音的这种能力的，它们接近潜艇有可能只是出于好奇。

A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from some military technology, like another country’s submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectable by sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.

第三个理论认为俄罗斯的潜艇是探测到了一些军事技术杂散的声音，比如像另一个国家的潜水艇秘密的巡逻这个区域。也许是这个外国的潜水艇没有在声呐里注册，因为他们使用了一种专门设计的技术让他们的声呐不被探测到。这个奇怪的类似蛙的声音可能是这些外国潜艇无意间发射出来的。

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO33

1. 阅读部分

2. 听力部分

3. 范文赏析

TPO34

1. 阅读部分

A huge marine mammal known as Steller’s sea cow once lived in the waters around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by Georg W. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first Europeans to see one. In 1768 the animal became extinct. The reasons for the extinction are not clear. Here are three theories about the main cause of the extinction.

一种叫做海牛的大型海洋哺乳动物曾经在西伯利亚海边的白令岛生活。 1741年乔治描述了这一种动物，他是欧洲第一个看到海牛的自然学家。但是1768年海牛就开始灭绝。然而他们灭绝的原因却不清楚，这里有三个关于海牛灭绝原因的三个理论。

First, the sea cows may have been overhunted by groups of native Siberian people. If this theory is correct, then the sea cow population would have originally been quite large, but hundreds of years off too much hunting by the native people diminished the number of sea cows. Sea cows were a good source of food in a harsh environment, so overhunting by native people could have been the main cause of extinction.

首先，海牛可能遭到了西伯利亚本地族人的过渡捕杀。如果说这个理论是正确的话，那么海牛的种群数量最初应该是非常庞大的，但是由于数百年来本地族人的捕猎让海牛的数量锐减。因为海牛在比较艰苦的环境下是一种很好的食物来源，所以本地人的过渡捕杀很可能是造成它们灭绝的一个主要原因。

Second, the sea cow population may have become extinct because of ecosystems disturbances that caused a decline in their main source of food, kelp (a type of sea plant). Kelp populations respond negatively to a number of ecological changes. It is possible that ecological changes near Bering Island some time before 1768 caused a decrease of the kelp that the sea cows depend on.

其次，海牛灭绝可能是因为生态系统破坏导致了它们食物来源，也就是海藻的下降。大量生态的改变给海藻带来了一些不好的影响。而这些白令岛附近的生态1768年之前的改变很可能就导致了海藻数量的下降，而这些都是海牛平时都是的食物。

Third, the main cause of extinction of the sea cows could have been who came to the island after 1741. It is recorded that the fur traders caught the last sea cow in 1768. It thus seems reasonable to believe that hunting by European fur traders, who possessed weapons that allowed them to quickly kill a large number of the animals, was the main cause of the sea cow’s extinction.

第三，可能是1741年以后来到这个岛的人们引起了海牛的灭绝。据记载，皮毛商人在1768年最后接触过海牛。因此，被欧洲商人捕杀的这个说话似乎听起来挺合理的，因为他们有枪能让他们迅速地杀死大量的动物。所以它就是引起海牛灭绝的主要原因。

主要观点：海牛灭绝的三个主要原因。

1. 西伯利亚本地族人的过渡捕杀。

2. 生态系统破坏导致了它们食物来源，也就是海藻的下降。

3. 1741年以后来到这个岛的人们引起了海牛的灭绝

2. 听力部分

The truth is we don’t know what the main cause of extinction of Steller’s sea cow was. There are problems with each of the theories that you read about.

真实的情况是，我们并不知道虎头海牛灭绝的主要原因是什么。阅读中的每一个理论都是存在一些问题的。

First, the sea cows were massive creatures. They were up to nine meters long and could weigh over ten tons, just enormous. A couple of sea cows could feed a small Siberian village for months. And the population of the native Siberian people wasn’t very large. So while the Siberians certainly did hunt the sea cows, they didn’t need to hunt a lot of them. So it’s unlikely they were the ones who brought the sea cows to the point of extinction.

首先，海牛是非常庞大的生物。它们通常都会达到9米长，而且重达10吨。几个海牛就够一个西伯利亚小村庄吃几个月了，况且西伯利亚本地人的人口也不是很大。所以就算是西伯利亚人当时的确捕杀了海牛，那他们也不会捕很多。由此看来他们并不是造成海牛灭绝的原因。

Second, about a hypothetical decrease in kelp caused by ecological disturbances, well, if something severe really happened in the ecosystem near Bering Island sometime before 1768, it would have affected not just the kelp but also other parts of the ecosystem. For example, it would have caused the decline in other marine animals like whales. But fishing ships in the area did not report a whale decline. Since there is no indication of broader ecosystem problems, the kelp was probably growing just fine and the sea cows did not experience food shortage.

其次是关于生态干扰造成的海藻减少的这个假设。如果说1768年之前，白令岛附近真的发生了严重的生态问题，那么这个问题所影响的就不仅仅是海藻了，生态系统里的其他生物一定也会受到影响。比如说它就会造成其他海洋动物，像鲸鱼数量的下降，但是该地区的捕鱼船只并没有给出鲸鱼数量下降的报告。由于并没有更广泛的生态问题，海藻很可能就生长的很好并且海牛也没有经历食物短缺。

Third, it might seem like the European traders were responsible because the sea cows became extinct soon after the Europeans arrived. But, actually, by the time that the Europeans arrived, the sea cow population was already quite small. We have evidence that the sea cow population was at its largest hundreds of years before the 1700s. So something was causing a serious and on-going decrease in the sea cow population long before the Europeans arrived in the Bering Island area. Whatever this something was, it should be considered the main cause of the extinction, not the European traders who were just the last to arrive.

第三，因为海牛在欧洲人到来不久就灭绝了所以欧洲商人的这个理由看起来似乎看起来挺合理的。但是实际上，在欧洲人到来之前海牛的数量已经非常的小了。现在有证据表明海牛在16世纪之前的水浪达到了它的顶峰。所以在欧洲人到达白令岛之前，一定有一个东西引起了海牛数量严重、持续的下降。不管这个东西是什么，它都应该是海牛灭绝的主要原因，而不是欧洲商人。

听力观点：阅读中的三个理由都不成立。

1. 海牛很庞大，而且本地人口很少，就算是他们的确捕杀了海牛，也不至于造成它们灭绝。

2. 如果真的有生态干扰了，那么一定会有很多生物都受到了影响，而事实与这个假设是相反的

3. 有证据表明别的东西在欧洲人到达白令岛之前就引起了海牛数量严重、持续的下降，而不是欧洲人

3. 范文赏析

The author of the reading passage proposes three theories about the main reason of Steller’s sea cow’s extinction. The lecturer, however, points to the problems in each of the theory.

The first theory mentioned in the reading, overhunted by groups of native Siberian people, is rejected by the lecturer. He explains that the sea cows were huge creatures with nine meters long and could weigh over ten tons. Also, thepopulation of native Siberian people are quite small.As a result, several sea cows could feed the whole village for months. That’s to say, the Siberians did not need to hunt lots of them.

Secondly, the reading argues that ecosystem disturbances could be another reason to the extinction. The professor, however, contends that it would have affected other marine animals besideskelp if something severe really happened before 1768. For example, it might cause the decreasing of whales, whereas no evidences showed thatwhales was declining at that time.

Finally, the instructor acknowledges that European traders seems to be a reasonable cause since sea cows became extinct soon after the Europeans arrived, but also points out that the population of sea cows was quite small already by the time the Europeans arrived. Furthermore, there are evidences show that the population of sea cowsreached its peak hundreds of years before the 1700s. Therefore,it must be something else, but not the European traders, that cause the extinction.

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