Unit 12 Culture Shock Section Ⅱ Lesson 2 & Lesson 3

03精讲课时语法

[语法·预备役]

用所给词的正确形式填空，并写出分词在句中的语法功能

1. Do you know the girl ________ (stand) under the tree?

答案：standing; 定语

2. The question ________ (discuss) is of great importance.

答案：being discussed; 定语

3. This news is quite ________ (encourage)．

答案：encouraging; 表语

4. Don't keep us ________ (wait) for a long time.

答案：waiting; 宾语补足语

5. ________ (folllow) the guide, we walked through the forest.

答案：Following; 状语

6. ________ (live) in China for many years, she picked up Chinese.

答案：Having lived; 状语

[语法·讲座]

现在分词由动词加­ing形式构成，现在分词是非谓语动词之一，在句子中起形容词或副词的作用。现在分词在句中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。

一、现在分词的时态和语态

1. 现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作。

We walked along the river bank, talking and laughing.

我们沿河岸有说有笑地走着。

2．现在分词的完成式表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作。

Having failed many times, he didn't lose heart.

尽管失败了很多次，但他没有灰心。

3．现在分词的被动形式：

(1)现在分词的逻辑主语表示动作的承受者时用被动语态。

(2)现在分词一般式的被动式表示正在进行的被动动作。

(3)现在分词完成式的被动式表示在谓语动作之前发生的被动动作。

①The matter being discussed is of vital importance.

正在讨论的问题至关重要。

②Having been seriously injured in the accident, he had to be taken to the hospital immediately.

在事故中受伤很严重，他不得不立即被送往医院。

二、现在分词的语法功能

1. 现在分词作表语

现在分词作表语，相当于形容词，用来说明主语的性质或特征。

The film is very moving.

这部电影很感人。

名师点睛

现在分词作表语常见的词有：exciting, interesting, disappointing, discouraging, encouraging, puzzling, amusing, confusing等。

2. 现在分词作定语

现在分词作定语一般有两种含义，有的可置于名词前，有的需要置于名词后。

(1)形容词性的现在分词或表示进行意义的现在分词作定语，一般置于被修饰词的前面。

①He is a promising young man.

他是一个有前途的年轻人。

②Have you got some interesting story books for children?

你有一些为儿童读的有趣的故事书吗？

③China is a fast developing country.

中国是一个快速发展的国家。

(2)短语式现在分词作定语，此时必须置于被修饰词之后，其用法相当于一个定语从句。

Those wishing to join the club should sign here.

(＝Those who wish to join the club should sign here.)

想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。

3. 现在分词作宾语补足语

(1)现在分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和宾语一起构成复合宾语。

①We saw the teacher making the experiment.

我们看见老师正在做实验。

②I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.

昨天经过她的房间时，我听见她正在唱一首英文歌曲。

(2)现在分词也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, send等动词后作宾语补足语。

①The peasants had the tractors working day and night at the harvest time.

在收获的季节，农民们让拖拉机不分白天黑夜地干活。

②The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.

休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们朝前线进发。

名师点睛

have sb.doing用于否定句中时，其中的have有“容忍”之意。

③I won't have you speaking to your parents like that.

我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。

④Don't have the water running all the time.

不要让水流个不停。

4. 现在分词作状语

现在分词在句中可作时间状语、原因状语、结果状语、伴随或方式状语、目的状语和评注性状语等。

(1)作时间状语。

现在分词作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。根据需要，分词前面也可以加上when，while等连词。

Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.(＝When she was walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.)

有一天当她正沿着大街向前走时，她看见一个小女孩朝她跑了过来。

(2)作原因状语

Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it.

因为曾被蛇咬过，所以她很怕蛇。

(3)作结果状语

The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces.

杯子掉到地上，摔成了碎片。

名师点睛

不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别：

动词不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，常被only或just所修饰；

现在分词作结果状语多表示顺其自然的结果(即前面是后面的原因)。

①I hurried to his house, only to find him out.

我急急忙忙赶到他家，结果却发现他不在家。

②It rained heavily in some areas in our country, causing great damage.

我国部分地区遭遇大雨，造成了巨大的损失。

(4)作伴随或方式状语

Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.

玛丽站在学校门口等贝蒂。

(5)作目的状语

The six blind men stood there begging for a meal.

六个瞎子站在那儿要饭。

三、作评注性状语

有一类现在分词短语，没有自带的逻辑主语，句中也没有其他的逻辑主语，通常是表示说话人的态度或看法的，即现在分词在句中作“评注性状语”。

strictly speaking 严格地说

frankly speaking 坦白说来

generally speaking 一般说来

broadly speaking 泛泛地说

honestly speaking 老实说

talking of/about 谈到……

judging from/by... 根据……判断

allowing for 考虑到……

①Judging from her accent, she must be from the North.

根据她的口音判断，她一定来自北方。

②Talking of travel, have you ever been to Beijing?

谈到旅游，你去过北京吗？

四、分词独立主格结构

分词在句中作状语时，可以有自己的逻辑主语，并且和句子的主语不一致。其逻辑主语可由名词或代词主格充当，置于分词前，这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。它不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语。可放于句首或句尾，作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语等。

①The meeting being over, they went home.

会议一结束，他们都回家了。

②My homework having been done, I listened to music.

我做完家庭作业就听音乐。

③Time permitting, I shall stay here for another two days.

如果时间允许，我将在这里再呆两天。

[强化·印证]

Ⅰ. 用所给词的适当形式填空

1. Tell the boys ________ (play) over there not to make any noise.

答案：playing

2. I noticed a man ________ (run) out of the bank when I got off the car.

答案：running

3. The old scientist died all of a sudden, ________ (leave) the project unfinished.

答案：leaving

4. ____________ (wash) the clothes, she began to do some cooking.

答案：Having washed

5. The teacher came into the classroom, ________ (hold) a book in his hand.

答案：holding

6. A cook will be fired if he is found ________ (smoke) in the kitchen.

答案：smoking

Ⅱ. 句型转换

1. Do you see the girl who was dancing with your brother?

→Do you see the girl ________________？

答案：dancing with your brother

2. The students working in the country will be back tomorrow.

→The students ________________ will be back tomorrow.

答案：who are working in the country

3. The man who spoke to us the other day is our headmaster.

→The man ________________the other day is our headmaster.

答案：speaking to us

4. The building being built now will be our library.

→The building ________________ will be our library.

答案：that/which is being built now

Ⅲ. 单句改错

1. She likes sitting there, think over everything happening during the day.

_______________________________________________________

答案：think→thinking

2. Not got an answer, I decided to write another letter to him.

_______________________________________________________

答案：Not后加having

3. The boy lies under the big tree is sleeping.

_______________________________________________________

答案：lies→lying

4. The students played in the ground, laughing and talking, and going back to classroom when hearing the bell ring.

_______________________________________________________

答案：going→went

[考点·研讨]

1. The lecture ________ (give), a lively question­and­answer session followed.

答案研讨：having been given'句意：演讲之后，紧跟着一个生动的问答环节。本题考查非谓语动词。the lecture是give的逻辑主语，两者间为被动关系，且该动作发生在谓语动词followed之前，故应使用现在分词完成式的被动形式，the lecture having been given是独立主格结构，在句中作时间状语。

2. There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, ________ (stare) at the night sky.

答案研讨：staring'句意：没有比仰面躺在草地中央凝视着夜空更惬意的事情了。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。lying on my back in the middle of the grassland的逻辑主语与stare之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故答案为staring。

3. ________ (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.

答案研讨：Having spent'句意：作为一名交换生在香港度过一年后，Linda看起来比同龄人更成熟。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。分析题干可知，非谓语动词与其逻辑主语Linda之间为主动关系且非谓语动词所表达的动作发生在句子谓语appears之前，所以用现在分词的完成式。

4. There's a note pinned to the door ________ (say) when the shop will open again.

答案研讨：saying'句意：门上钉着一张便条，上面写着这家店再次开张的时间。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。note和say之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用saying作后置定语。say(用文字、数字、图画)表达，说明(信息)。

5. Today there are more airplanes ________ (carry) more people than ever before in the skies.

答案研讨：carrying'句意：和过去相比，现在空中的飞机更多了，飞机的载客量也更大了。There be sb./sth.doing sth.为固定句式，其中的现在分词短语作后置定语，相当于定语从句which/that carry more people than ever before。

[达标·演练]

Ⅰ. 完成句子

1. She sat there ________________.

她坐在那读书。

答案：reading a book

2. Your achievements ________________.

你的成就令人鼓舞。

答案：are inspiring

3. They kept me ________________.

他们让我等了好长时间。

答案：waiting for a long time

4. They stood there for half an hour ________________.

他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。

答案：watching the stars in the sky

5. ________________， girls are better at language learning than boys.

一般说来，女孩比男孩更擅长学习语言。

答案：Generally speaking

Ⅱ. 句型转换

1. After he had turned off the TV, he began to do his homework.

→________________ the TV, he began to do his homework.

答案：Having turned off

2. Because she hadn't received his reply, she decided to make a call to him.

→________________his reply, she decided to make a call to him.

答案：Not having received

3. He came and ran into the room.

→He came ________________ the room.

答案：running into

4. The car was held up by the storm and caused the delay.

→The car was held up by the storm, ________________.

答案：causing the delay

5. A number of new machines were introduced from abroad, which resulted in an increase in production.

→A number of new machines were introduced from abroad, thus ________________.

答案：resulting in an increase in production

Ⅲ. 单句语法填空(不多于3个单词)

1. Sophia got an e­mail ________ (ask) for her credit card account number.

答案：asking　句意：索菲亚收到一封电子邮件，要她的信用卡账号。分析句子结构可知，________ her credit card account number是非谓语动词短语作后置定语，且e­mail与ask for之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词的一般式作后置定语。

2. I looked up and noticed a snake ________ (wind) its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.

答案：winding　句意：我抬头注意到一条蛇蜿蜒地爬上树去捕捉它的早餐。notice sb./sth. doing sth.“注意到某人/某物正在做某事”。wind的逻辑主语为snake，且与逻辑主语为主谓关系，所以应用现在分词winding作宾语补足语表主动、进行。

3. ________ (ask) to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.

答案：Having been asked　句意：那天晚上我被告知加班，所以错过了一场精彩的电影。ask和I是动宾关系，且ask这一动作发生在missed这一动作之前，故应用现在分词的完成被动式。

4. Do you wake up every morning ________ (feel) energetic and ready to start a new day?

答案：feeling　句意：你每天早上醒来时都精力充沛，准备着开始新的一天吗？现在分词在句中作伴随状语，与句子的主语存在逻辑上的主谓关系。

5. On receiving a phone call from his wife ________ (say) she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.

答案：saying　句意：在接到妻子的电话说她摔倒的时候，戈登先生立刻从办公室冲回家。非谓语动词修饰a phone call，前后动词所表示的动作在同一时间发生，表主动进行时用现在分词的形式。

6. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, ________ (keep) on your feet.

答案：keeping　句意：埃玛，坐下！老站着，那样只会让你更累。根据语境可知该动词keep与主语you为主动关系，需用现在分词作伴随状语。

7. The next thing he saw was smoke ________ (rise) from behind the house.

答案：rising　smoke与rise之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词短语rising from...，作后置定语。

8. Sarah pretended to be cheerful, ________ (say) nothing about the argument.

答案：saying　句意：萨拉假装高兴，关于争论什么也没说。say和逻辑主语Sarah之间是主谓关系，故使用现在分词saying。

9. Recently a survey ________ (compare) prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.

答案：comparing　句意：最近一项调查比较了两个不同超市中相同商品的价格，这在市民中间引起了激烈的讨论。分析句子结构可知在主语a survey之后，谓语动词has caused之前的部分作定语修饰主语，且存在主谓关系，故应用现在分词。

10. Dina, ________ (struggle) for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.

答案：having struggled　分词短语作时间状语，其逻辑主语Dina与struggle之间为主动关系，由句中的finally可知非谓语动词表示的动作发生在句子谓语took a position之前，故用现在分词的完成主动式。

2019年高中英语Unit12CultureShockSectionLesson2&Lesson3精讲课时语法北师大版必修4（含答案）