虚拟语气语法总结
发布时间:2018-06-27 02:13:29
发布时间:2018-06-27 02:13:29
虚拟语气
在英语文法中有三种语气,即直述式语气(Indicative Mood)、祈使语气 (Imperative Mood)和虚拟语气(Subjective Mood),其中前两种我们早已熟悉了,这里则不多谈了,如: How beautiful she is! 则是直述式语气,而Hurry up! Don't hurry up 则是祈使语气。我们主要来看看虚拟语气的主要用法。虚拟语气主要是用来表达一种无法实现的愿望,一种与事实相反的情况,或者将不可能实现的,或可能性很小的事实,假想为事实予以表述。这样的动词结构称为虚拟语气。它主要有三种形式,即与现在事实相反的假设,与过去事实相反的假设,与将来事实相反的假设。它们具体结构如表8-7。
虚拟语气的构成
种类 | 条 件 句 结构 | 主 句 结 构 |
与现在事实相反 | 动词用过去式 | Should/could+动词原形 |
与过去事实相反的 | 用had+过去分词 | Should/could+have+过去分词 |
与将来事实相反 | 动词用过去式 | should+动词原形 |
虚拟语气其他习惯用法简表
种类 | 功用 | 句型 | 例句 | ||
虚拟语气 | 表示主观愿望 | 主句谓语 | 宾语从句谓语动词 | I wish we could go to the seaside today. | |
wish | 现在 | 过去式 | |||
过去 | had+过去分词 | I wish I had gone to the basketball match. | |||
将来 | should+动词原形 | I wished I could fly to the moon. | |||
would rather | 现在 | 过去式 | I would rather you came to my party tomorrow. | ||
表示虚拟比较或方式 | 状语从句 | 从句动词形式 | She looked after the orphan as if he were here own child. | ||
as if, as though, even if 从句 | 与现实相反 | 过去式 | |||
与过去相反 | had+过去分词 | They're talking as if they had been friends for many years. | |||
与将来相反 | should+动词原形 | The man looked worried, as though something would happen to him. | |||
that, so that, in order that从句 | may+动词原形 | Turn on the light so that I could see it clearly. I warned him in order that he might keep away from the danger. | |||
表示间接的命令、建议或请求 | 宾语从句 | 用于suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等之后 | (should)+动词原形 | They required that I (should) go at once. He suggested that the meeting (should) start earlier. | |
表语从句 | 主句中的主语常是:suggestion, idea, proposal, order, request等 | My suggestion is that we should tell him. Our only request is that this problem(should) be settled as soon as possible. | |||
同位语从句 | They received an order that the work be stopped. | ||||
在主语从句中表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等 | It is necessary (important, natural, strange 等) that… | 主语从句中的动词形式: | It is necessary that every member remember these rules. | ||
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder 等) that… | should+ | 动词原形 | |||
It is suggested (requested, proposed 等) that… | |||||
表示祝愿或愿望 | may+动词原形 | May you succeed! | |||
动词原形+宾语 | Long live the People's Republic of China! | ||||
其他 | It is time that+主语+should+动词原形 | It's time that you should go home now. | |||
1 语法辨析
Incorrect: If I was a girl, I would marry you
Correct: If I were a girl, I would marry you
表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时,if条件句中的be动词一律用were,这句话应译为我要是个女孩,我就嫁给你。实际上不可能是个女孩。
Incorrect: If I were you I will not worry
Correct: If I were you I shouldn't worry
现在时的虚拟语气主句要用should 或would 加动词原形,这句话应译为我要是你的话,就没有必要烦恼。要注意这种语态用在这里实际上是想把要讲出的观点表达得婉转些,有礼貌些。
Incorrect: God forgives you!
Correct: God forgive you!
这里的主语 God 是第三人称单数,之所以动词不加 s 是因为要表达一种祝愿,即人力所不能及的事情,实际上是 forgive前有一助动词should, May 等,但在口语中将其省略了。如: May you be happy 祝你幸福。
Incorrect: If the weather was nice yesterday,
we would have gone to the zoo
Correct: If the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have gone to the zoo
因句中有 yesterday 一词即表示的是与过去相反的事实,即昨天天气很不好,我们也未去动物园,所以 if 条件句应用 had+过去分词。
Incorrect: If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walk
Correct: If it was (were) not snowing right now, I would go for a walk
虚拟语态 be 动词作助动词时,则可用was来取代were, 如 was to。虚拟语态中的动词如果是表示正在进行之中也要用进行时态。
Incorrect: If you had taken my advice,
you would have been better now
Correct: If you had taken my advice,
you would be better now
这句话的意思是如果你以前要是能听我的忠告的话,你现在就会好多了。其条件句是与过去事实相反的虚拟句,而主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟句,这在语法书中叫做混合虚拟条件句。例如: If I had caught that plane, I would be dead now 即: The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killed
Incorrect: He were you, he would go home at once
Correct: Were he you, he would go home at once
Correct: If he were you, he would go home at once
在虚拟条件句中的if可以省略,但if省略后其句子的结构要采用倒装语序。
Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me What does she think?
Correct: Supposing your teacher saw you with me, what might she think?
这句话中没有if条件句,但仍要用作虚拟语态。这里因为有些分词或介词短语,起到了从句的作用。这些短语有: without, providing, supposing, but for(you)…
Incorrect: To see the girl, you will like her
Correct: To see the girl, you would like her
这里的条件句是用不定式取代了。
Incorrect: I'm sorry I did have come here by car
Correct: I'm sorry I should have come here bycar
这里的条件句被省略了,其意为我真应该坐小车来。同样在句意不会混淆的情况下,主句也有时可以被省略,如:What if we should fail! (我们万一失败了如何)。 If he could do it, why not? (如果他能做,他怎么会不干呢?)
Incorrect: If the earth were (was) to turn from east to west, I will
give you this car as a gift
Correct: If the earth were(was) to turn from east to west I would give you this car as a gift
条件句中也常用were to 来表示说话者认为可能性极小或根本不可能的事。
Incorrect: If you'd have told him early, he would have passed the exam
Correct: If you had told him early, he would have passed the exam
非正式口语中往往听见外国人讲:'d have+pp (过去分词)但仍没有人认为它是正确的句子,不易为我们效仿。
Incorrect: The little girl looked as if she would have seena ghost
Correct: The little girl looked as if she had seen a ghost
要注意的是 as if 从句中如果用虚拟语气,它的用法要与 if条件句的动词结构相同,即与现在事实相反动词用过去式,be 动词用were,而与过去事实相反的动词用had+pp (过去分词)。另外更要注意的是,并非所有 as if 从句都要用虚拟语气。如: Itlooks as if it is going to snow (看天好像要下雪)即是真实条件句。
Incorrect: I should have come here early, but I had beenbusy
Correct: I should have come here early but I wasbusy
but 是转折连词,其后的句子是真实句,而不是虚拟句。
Incorrect: To tell the truth, I wish I know her address now
Correct: To tell the truth, I wish I knew heraddress now
wish的宾语从句中要用虚拟结构,与现在事实相反的条件动词要用过去式,be动词用were,与过去事实相反的条件动词要用had+过去分词。如: I wished I had passed that exam
Incorrect: His homework was written badly
I wish he will do it better tomorrow
Correct: His homework was written badly
I wish he would do it better tomorrow
wish要用来表示对现状不满,希望将来有所改进,则要用would加动词原形。
并非wish不能表达真正的祝愿,但是不能接从句,而要用双宾语,或不定式,
如:I wish you luck (双宾语)
I wish you to be a good student
I wish to see her at once
Incorrect: I wish it will not be another failure
Correct: I hope it will not be another failure
Correct: I wish it would not be another failure
要注意 hope 与 wish 的不同用法。
2 例题解析
[例1]If he on tourists for his business, he would have to close his shop
A depends B will depend C depended Dhas depended
[答案]C. 这是与现在事实相反的假设。应译为:如果他仅靠旅游来做生意的话,他早就要关门了。
[例2]Had she been younger, she more beautiful
A had been B might have been C might be D would be
[答案]B. 因其条件句是省去if的与过去事实相反的假设。
[例3]If you that TV play last night, you wouldn't be sleepy
A haven't watched B didn't watch
C hadn't watched D wouldn't have watched
[答案]C. 因是与过去事实相反的假设。应译为:昨晚你要是不看那个电视剧,你现在也不会这么困倦了。这是混合虚拟句,主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟。
[例4]If it tomorrow, we will not go for the picnic
A will rain B had rained C rained D rains
[答案]D. 因其主句是将来时,所以条件句应用一般现在时表示将来。所以要注意的是有些真实条件句并没有虚拟的含意,不要乱用虚拟语态。
[例5]We had hoped that we go home at once
A did B will C / D would
[答案]D. had hoped 用来表达对过去未能实现的愿望,其宾语从句要用would加动词原形。
[例6]I want to see her today
I'd rather you
A didn't B do not C don't D do
[答案]A. 'd rather 其后如直接接动词则用动词原形。如加宾语从句则从句中谓语动词要用过去式。
[例7]It is very late, It's time
A we have left B we will leave
C we left D we leave
[答案]C. 要注意It is (high/about) time 其后可接 for something, 如:It is time for supper. 或 for somebody to do something 也可接从句,但从句中的谓语动词要用过去式,有时也可用should加动词原形,但should不可省略。
[例8]These typewritten papers are very neat
I wish I type too, but I don't know how
A can B may C could D will
[答案]C. 因wish在从句中表示与现在相反的虚拟,所以要用would或could。
[例9]It is important that he this work at once
A do B does C did D will do
[答案]A. 虚拟语气可以用来表示要求、建议、提议、命令、意愿等。在Itis +形容词(过去分词) +从句的结构中,从句中的谓语动词要用should加动词原形,其should在美语中经常省略。这样的形容词有: important, necessary, strange, natural。这样的过去分词有: demanded, requested, suggested, required, recommended。
[例10]The teacher ordered that the students her
A obeys B obeyed C obeying D obey
[答案]D. 因带有命令要求口气的动词其宾语从句中的谓语动词也要用should加动词原形。其should在美语中则被省略。这样的动词有:ask, advise, demand, desire, insist, order, recommend, require, request, suggest…
[例11]She rejected my suggestion that she her son the next week
A met B will meet C meet D would meet
[答案]C. 因同位语从句的谓语动词要用should加动词原形。这是因为其前面的名词是由[例10]中的那些表示愿望、命令、建议的动词转化而来的。
[例12]What's the matter with her?
I don't know but she looks she'd lost her boy friend
A that B so that C as D as if
[答案]D. 其意为她看上去好像是失掉了男朋友一样脸色不好看。
[例13]You finally passed the exam
Yes, your help. I would have not succeeded
A but that B but for C but if D thanks to
[答案]B. 由but for, without, supposing 等短语或连接词也可以引出虚拟语态。
[例14] today, he would get there by the weekend
A Would he leave B Was he leaving
C Were he to leave D If he leaves
[答案]C. 如果条件句中if被省去,则要用倒装语序。be to在虚拟条件句中应用 were to 或 was to取代。
[例15]I wish I to talk this over with him when he was here last night
A was able B were able C had been able D should be able
[答案]C. 在wish从句中要表达对过去事实的一种不可能实现的愿望时,要用 had 加过去分词。
[例16]Jane appears as though she the secret
A knows B has known C is knowing D had known
[答案]D. 这是对过去事实的假设,as though = as if
[例17]Her pale face suggested that she ill, and the teacher wanted to send her to the doctor's
A be B should be C were D was
[答案]D. 因 suggest 作建议讲时其宾语从句要用虚拟语气,但是作暗示则不要用虚拟语态。
[例18]Without electricity, human life quite different today
A is B be C will be D would be
[答案]D. 由 without 介词短语引出的虚拟条件句,其主句如表示与现在事实相反,则用should, would加动词原形。
[例19]He insisted that he do it alone
A wanted to B want to C should want to D wants to
[答案]A. 如果主句的主语与宾语从句的主语是同一个人时,insist从句中则不宜用虚拟语态。
[例20]If it so hard, we'd go home
A isn't raining B doesn't rain
C weren't raining D isn't going to rain
[答案]C.因is raining的过去时应为was raining,但在虚拟条件句中最好用were raining。