段中位置题的思考点(二)——因果、转折、例证关系

[典例]　(2017·北京高考片段)

...

One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 72 We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing (加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.

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A．We should also try to sleep well the night before.

E．That’s why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.

[解析]　选E　此题从行文逻辑上判断属因果关系。空前一句的意思是，有一种观点认为，睡眠有助于增强新的记忆，选项E(那就是为什么学生如果能在学习之后有机会睡觉的话，他们就会在考试中发挥更好)是上文产生的结果。该项中的That指代的就是前面的观点，因此正确答案为E。

[增分技巧]　表示因果关系的词有：so/therefore, thus, consequently(结果), as a result (of), so/such ...that ..., so that ...等。

[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ片段)

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Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. 37 ， they can get a little complex. But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.

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A．While all of them are useful

C．If you’re experimenting with a color

[解析]　选A　此题属转折关系，前句讲的是“有几种技巧帮助设计者”，空后句意为“它们会有一点复杂”，显然前后句意有“转折”，故A项符合语境。

[增分技巧]　表示转折或对比关系的词有：but, however, yet, while/though, or/otherwise, on the contrary, instead, nevertheless(然而), still, yet, on the contrary, in contrast/comparison 等。

[典例]　(2016·全国卷Ⅰ片段)

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There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”

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B．In any language, some letters are used more than others.

E．You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

[解析]　选E　本题采用的思维方式是演绎(从观点到例子)，空格后的句子是例子，即“For example, the first letters of ‘My elephant eats too many eels’ spell out the hidden message ‘Meet me.’”。故选E项。

[增分技巧]　例证关系表示前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。常见的表示例证关系的标志词有：for example, for instance, in fact/as a matter of fact, actually, in other words/that is to say等。

[小结]

上下文逻辑关系语句是对段落中的细节信息的考查，属于句子与句子间的逻辑顺序的排列。做此类试题要注意文章的语句间的组合，一是要判断语句间的逻辑意义关系：并列、顺承、递进、因果、转折、例证等关系。二是借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握，因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间的基本关系。

铺阴影的题目为段中逻辑关系题

A

Can we be really happy and content with our life? Actually, we rarely come across a person who can claim to be perfectly content with what he has. We all wish to have more than what we already have. Soon we would want something more or something different.

Why are humans never satisfied? One of the reasons is comparing with others. When comparing ourselves with others, we tend to rarely focus on our own unique talents and abilities, or what we already have. 2

Curiosity can also make us not satisfied with our life because it makes us pay more attention to things we don’t know about or don’t have. 3 Thus, we never feel completely content.

4 We enjoy anything that’s unexplored. A good change in our life does keep up happy for some time, but soon the unavoidable boredom jumps in, and once again we wish for some more changes in life, which keeps us dissatisfied with our life.

Though humans can never really be completely content, we can be much more satisfied with ourselves if we try to determine how much is enough to keep ourselves happy, and limit ourselves to the pursuit (追求) of only that much. 5 As a result, we can finally make ourselves more content. In addition, it’s better to live in the present moment and do things we really want to do.

A．Human curiosity is a double­edged sword.

B．We never feel content also because we want to change.

C．We do so many things just to improve others’ opinions about us.

D．We always want to find out more about what we aren’t familiar with.

E．But even if all our wishes came true, the satisfaction wouldn’t last a very long time.

F．So we tend to become unhappy, thinking about what others have but we do not have.

G．Setting up achievable goals can keep us away from disappointments and regrets.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了人们不满足的原因，并提出了一些如何让我们保持快乐、满足的建议。

1．选E　上一句说“我们都想拥有更多”，本空紧接着说“即使是所有的愿望都实现了，满足感也不会持续很长时间”，前后句之间是句意上的转折关系。

2．选F　“当我们与别人作比较时，就很少注意自己独特的才能”，这样的结果就是“我们变得沮丧，开始想别人拥有我们却没有的东西”。

3．选D　本空进一步阐述“好奇心会让我们对自己的生活不满意”。

4．选B　从下一句的内容“我们都喜欢未探索过的事情”以及“A good change ...”可知，我们不满足还因为我们想要改变。

5．选G　本空是对前面一句的总结：设立一个可以达到的目标，我们就不会有那么多的失望和懊悔。

B

Being mindful is the practice of actively paying attention and making the effort to be purposely aware of your surroundings and the people with whom you communicate. Becoming more mindful needs a lot of practice and it isn’t something that happens overnight. 6

•Slow down. Deadlines are everywhere, and many of us feel like we need to hurry through each thing in order to experience the next. The truth is that moving too fast leaves us open to mistakes, both personally and professionally. 7 Slow down and pay attention to what you are doing. You are likely to be more successful and also find more enjoyment.

•Be aware. Consider the people you see and what they are doing, the smells that surround you, and the sounds that you hear. It seems basic, but this is where you are right now. Have you really noticed all the aspects of your present experience?

•Think deeply in silence. The act of quieting your mind is a powerful way to gain control and focus. 9 A few minutes a day is enough to allow you to feel centered and calm.

We move fast each day and feel it necessary to “get it all done”， so many of us find ourselves stressed and anxious. 10 Measuring each day by how many things you have finished on your list isn’t truly living.

A．This doesn’t have to take long.

B．Check out these tips for ways to get started.

C．The art of being mindful is being lost quickly.

D．At different points in your day, stop and just look around.

E．We can’t possibly fully enjoy the present moment in this way.

F．And experiences that happen in a rush are not fully experienced.

G．By being mindful, we can focus on the things making life worth living.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。每天人们似乎总是急于把事情做完，因此对当下周围的人和事不够专注。本文给出了几条建议帮助我们静下心来留意经历过的每件事情。

6．选B　本空引出下文的内容。下文介绍了如何在生活中做一个有心之人。

7．选F　根据上一句中的“The truth is that moving too fast leaves us ...”可知，太匆忙会让我们出错，并且匆忙中得来的体验并不能被充分地感受到。这两句共同说明匆忙的不利之处。因此下一句内容告诉我们要慢下来，专注于当下做的事情。

8．选D　下一句内容举例说明我们要留意周围的事情，因此本空是说在一天中的不同时刻，停下来，向四周望望。

9．选A　根据下一句“A few minutes a day is enough”可知，冥想并不会花费我们很长时间，一天中只花几分钟的时间用来冥想就足以使我们保持集中和冷静。

10．选G　G项意为：保持留心使得我们能集中精力做那些让我们的生活更有意义的事。本空与下句构成对比，都提到了living。

C

Competition is all around us. It’s responsible for bringing the best out of people and enabling us to survive a fast­paced world. Sometimes we see young boys crying because their teams lost in inter­school tournaments. Sometimes we find young teenagers lie and cheat just to win. So it’s important to develop healthy competition in children.

When it comes to encouraging healthy competition in kids, the first thing to do is set goals for them to work towards. 13 If you burden them with too high a goal they can’t achieve; they’ll lose confidence.

In addition, children may be easily affected by wrong ideas from popular media. Sportsmanship and team spirit will help them grow into sound human beings who aren’t easily annoyed by small losses or too excited by vietories. They may also dislike cheating or lying. So give the examples where one of the family members refused to cheat to win.

15 After they take an exam, don’t ask about how much they expect to score; instead, ask what they wrote about. If your son played a basketball match at school, don’t ask him whether his team won or lost; ask him how many scores he got and encourage him to score higher next time.

A．You mustn’t push them too hard.

B．These are all effects of unhealthy competition.

C．It makes the strong stronger and the weak weaker.

D．However, children can be worst hit by competition.

E．Sending your children the right signals in life is also important.

F．Therefore, it’s up to you to develop in them, the right kind of spirit.

G．Let your kids know that you’re more interested in how they performed.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。父母应该如何引导孩子正确对待竞争呢？本文给出了几条建议。

11．选D　本空前的内容说明了竞争的积极作用，而本空后的两个例子告诉我们有时候青少年不能用平常心对待竞争，因此本空内容承上启下，告诉我们竞争会对青少年有消极的影响。

12．选B　本空是对空前两句话的总结：这些是不正当的竞争对青少年的消极影响。因此，良性竞争很重要，故作者在下文提出了几条建议来引导孩子正确对待竞争。

13．选A　根据本空后的内容可知，如果给他们定太高的目标，他们就会失去信心。因此作者在本空给的建议是：不要太强逼孩子。

14．选F　因为孩子们很容易被大众媒体传播的一些错误思想影响，所以你要教他们什么才是正确的精神。本空前的内容是原因，本空内容为结果。

15．选E　本空为本段的中心句：生活中给孩子传递正确的讯息也很重要。

2019版二轮复习英语练酷版练习：专题二 习题讲评 课四 Word版含解析