主动语态和被动语态的转换

语态 (Voice) 是动词的一种形式，它表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。语态通常分为主动语态和被动语态。被动语态 (Passive Voice) 表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。主动语态则表示主语是动作的执行者。

（1）各种时态的被动语态

1）一般现在时的被动语态

We sweep the floor every day. The floor is swept every day by us .

We clean the windows every week. The windows are cleaned every week by us.

2）现在进行时的被动语态

Miss Chen is teaching me English now. I am being taught English by Miss Chen now.

I am writing my homework. My homework is being written by me.

The girl is watering flowers. The flowers are being watered by the girl.

3）现在完成时的被动语态

We have bought a new house recently. A new house has been bought recently by us.

We have planted a lot of flowers in the classroom.

A lot of flowers have been planted in our classroom.

4）一般将来时的被动语态

I shall/will do a better job next time. A better job will be done next time.

My father is going to stop smoking. Smoking is going to be stopped by my father.

He is going to help me tomorrow. I am going to be helped by him tomorrow.

Where are you going to put these tables? Where are these tables going to be put by you?

You are to deliver these flowers before ten. These flower were to be delivered before ten.

I am to find an interesting story. An interesting story was to be found .

Many people are about to lose their jobs. Their jobs ____________________ lost.

I am about to finish my homework when he comes in.

My homework ________________________when he comes in.

一般将来时的动词形式

1.主动语态：shall/will +v. 被动语态：shall/will be +v-ed.

2.主动语态：am/is /are going to +v. 被动语态：am/is /are going to be +v-ed.

3.主动语态：am/is /are to +v. 被动语态：am/is/are to be +v-ed.

4.主动语态：am/is /are about to +v. 被动语态：am/is/are about to be +v-ed.

注意:只有及物动词和及物动词短语才可以有被动语态。不及物动词，不及物动词短语或系动词没有被动语态。

5）一般过去时的被动语态 哪些句子可以变成被动语态？

A ram(公羊) saw a fence built with bamboo and wood in front. The fence blocked its way. It cast a sidelong glance at the fence, lowered its neck and lunged(刺) at the fence, hoping to knock it down. The fence remained intact but the ram injured its own horns.

A ram(公羊) saw a fence built with bamboo and wood .

A fence built with bamboo and wood was seen by a ram.

The fence blocked its way. Its way was blocked by the fence.

It cast a sidelong glance at the fence. A sidelong glance was cast at the fence by it.

The ram injured its own horns. The ram’s horns were injured by itself.

6）过去进行时的被动语态

He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. His car was being cleaned by him then.

I was doing my lessons then. My homework was being done then .

7）过去完成时的被动语态

They had already opened the new railway. The new railway had alredy been opened.

The vegetables didn’t taste good. They had been cooked (cook) for too long.

8）过去将来时的被动语态

He knew his mother would punish him for it. He knew ______________________ for it.

She said _________________________ you. She said you would be looked after by her.

Judy was going to meet us, but she was ill and couldn’t come.

Her mother was going to take care of her.

花在十点前送到。You were to deliver these flowers before ten.

These flowers were to be delivered before ten.

I was to find an interesting story. An interesting story ______________________.

Many people were about to lose their jobs. Their jobs __________________________lost.

过去将来时的动词形式

1.主动语态：would +v. 被动语态：would be +v-ed.

2.主动语态：was/were going to +v. 被动语态：was/were going to be +v-ed.

3.主动语态：was/were to +v. 被动语态：was/were to be +v-ed.

4.主动语态：was/were about to +v. 被动语态：was/were about to be +v-ed.

（2）含情态动词的被动语态

You _________more trees in this area. The trees must be planted in this area.

You mustn’t pick the flowers in the park. The flowers __________________in the park.

We should improve the environment. The environment ______________________ .

（3）什么时候用被动语态：

1）不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者。Many houses will be built here.

2）说话人对宾语的兴趣大于对主语的兴趣(这时可用by引导出动作的执行者)。

The plan was supported by those who wished to have more chances to speak English.

3）动作的执行者有较长的修饰语。

You are requested to attend the meeting.

4）出于礼貌, 不愿意说出动作的执行者。

Fill in the blanks with the right form of the words given.

填空：

1. Rice ________ (grow) in the south of the States.

2.Nowadays, English __________ (find) very useful.

3.The work ______________ (finish) tomorrow.

4.The flowers _______________ (water) by them now.

5.The railway ______________ (build) this time last year.

6.The railway ______ already _________ (build).

7.The new railway ____________ (build) by the end of last year.

8. He told me the sports meeting _____________ (hold) the next month.

（4）不能用于被动语态的情况

1）某些表示“静态”的及物动词（表示状态而不是动作，而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词）如have, fit, suit, hold(容纳), cost, suffer, last(持续)等不能用于被动语态。

They have a nice car．他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。

My shoes don't fit me．我的鞋不合适。

My brain can't hold so much information at one time．我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。

How much／What does it cost？这值多少钱？

Our holiday lasts 10days．我们的假期有十天。

This food will last (them) (for) 3days．这食物足够(他们)(吃)三天。

2）不是所有带介词的动词都能用于被动结构。若是构成成语动词通常有被动态，若不构成成语动词则无被动态。试比较：

They arrived at a decision． A decision was arrived at．他们作出了决定。

They arrived at the station．他们到达车站。(不说：The station was arrived at.)

He looked into the question．The question was looked into．他调查了这个问题。

3）动词leave(离开), enter(进入), join(参加)不可用于被动语态。

The car left the road and hit a tree．车子离开了道路，撞上了树。

4）某些及物动词可作不及物动词用, 特别是后加副词（如well，easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义, 这类动词常见的有sell, write, wear, wash, cook, open, close, lock, read, record等。

His new novel is selling well．他的新小说很畅销。The cloth washes well．这布很耐洗。

This material won't wear．这种材料不耐穿。His play won't act．他的戏剧不会上演。

The window won't shut．这窗关不上。 The door won't open．这门打不开。

The door won't lock．这门锁不上。 This poem reads well．这首诗读来很好。

5）feel, look, appear, sound, taste, smell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词, 后接形容词作表语, 不可用于被动语态。

Tell me if you feel cold．你要是感到冷就告诉我。

You're looking very unhappy—what's the matter？你看来很不高兴—怎么回事儿？

The soup tastes wonderful．这汤味道好极了。

Those roses smell beautiful．那些玫瑰好闻极了。

She appears to be friendly．她看上去很友好。

6）宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不可用于被动语态。

Peter hoped to meet her．彼得希望遇见她。

Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter．史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。

7）宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不可用于被动语态。

She can dress herself．她可以自己穿衣服。

We could hardly see each other in the fog．在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。

8）宾语是同源宾语时，不可用于被动语态。

They live a happy life．他们过着幸福的生活。

The girl dreamed a sweet dream．那女孩做了个甜美的梦。

9）宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时，不可用于被动语态。如：

The old man broke his（＝the old man's）legs．那老人把自己的腿弄断了。

The girl shook her（＝the girl's）head．那女孩摇了摇头。

（6）主动含义表被动含义的情形

1）某些动词的主动形式表被动含义

英语中有很多动词如act, break, catch, cut, clean, drive, draw, let, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash, wear等, 当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时, 其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。另外，像 owe, beat, cook, bake, print, build, make等, 有时可以用主动形式表达被动含义。

This kind of radio doesn't sell well．这种收音机不太畅销。

The shop opens at eight o'clock．这个商店八点开门。

The pipe does not draw well．这烟斗不太通畅。

These plays act wonderfully．这些剧演得好。

Kate's book reads like an interesting novel．凯特的这本书读起来像本有趣的小说。

注意：主动表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。

The door won't lock．门锁不上。（指门本身有毛病）

The door won't be locked．门不会被锁上。（指不会有人来锁门）

His novels sell easily．他的小说销路好。（指小说本身内容好）

His novels are sold easily．他的小说容易销售。（主要强调外界对小说的需求量大）

2）某些动名词的主动形式表被动含义

a.在need, want, require, deserve和bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动含义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。

My clothes need washing（to be washed）．我的衣服需要洗了。

b.形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。

The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）这本画册很值得一读。

Such a man as Mr．Smith is not worth helping．（＝Such a man as Mr．Smith is not worthy to be helped．）像史密斯先生那样的人不值得帮助。

3）某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义

a．当nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。

Japanese is not difficult to learn．日语并不难学。（指日语被学）

The water is unfit to drink．这水不适合喝。（指水被喝）

The piece of music is pleasant to hear．这首音乐听起来很悦耳。（指音乐被听）

This book is easy to read．这本书读起来很容易。（指书被读）

b．当动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

I have a lot of work to do today．我今天有很多工作要做。（work to do指被做的工作）

He has three children to look after．他有三个孩子要照看。（children to look after指孩子被照看）

注意：如果以上句型用动词不定式的被动形式，其含义有所区别。

I have some clothes to be washed．我有些要洗的衣服。（衣服不是自己洗）

c．在there be．．．句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动或被动式，其含义没有什么区别。

There is a lot of homework to do（to be done）．有很多家庭作业要做。

There are some clothes to wash（to be washed）．有些衣服要洗。

4）由介词for, on, above, under等构成的短语有时可以表达被动含义。

His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon．＝His paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon．他的油画作品明天下午展出。

5）表示感官意义的连系动词如smell, feel, taste, look, sound等在句子中常表达被动含义。

How nice the music sounds！这音乐听起来多悦耳！

Good medicine tastes bitter．良药苦口。

Our school looks more beautiful than before．我们学校看上去比以前更漂亮了。

主动语态和被动语态的转换