Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)

Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.

FDI外国直接投资: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country. / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.

Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.

Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.

Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.

Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty

Franchising特许经营: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.

Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.

Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.

Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.

Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.

International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.

International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.

GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.

GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.

GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.

GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.

Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policy.

Customs union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policy./除Common market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.

Economic Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.

Host country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.

…东道国：The country where an affiliate MNC locates.

MNE跨国企业: Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.

International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.

Tariff关税: A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a custom area.

Quota配额: A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.

Import duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an area

Export duties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leDrawback退税: Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.

aving an area 对离境Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all siTariff barriers 关税壁垒: The traditional protectionism measure

gnatories any tariff concessions granted to any Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.

Quotation报盘: Estimate of how much something will cost

Counter offer还盘: New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer

participating country./A first enquiry首次询价: An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt with

A contract一个合同: An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties

A firm offer实盘: is a promise to sell goods at a staBarter易货贸易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.

Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.

Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.

ted price.Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.

Drawer出票人: The person who draws the draft (usually the exporter)

Drawee受票人: The person to whom the draft is drawn.

Payee收款人、领款人: The person receiving the payment.

Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.

Usance draft远期汇票=Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.

Clean draft光票: The draft without documents

Documentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.

Documentary collection跟单托收: It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.

Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each other

Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)

Opening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit

Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is opened

Correspondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exporter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to it

Advising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.

Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.

The letter of Credit (L/C、L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.

Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.

Negotiating bank议付行: The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.

Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.

Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证: The credits can not be amended or revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned.

Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank

Sight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank.

Usance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of afteTransferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.

Non-transferable credit不可转让Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation（提示/陈述） of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.

Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated（规定/保证） that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.

The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.

信用证: The credit can not be transferredr sightCommercial invoice

商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter.

Packing list装箱单: The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.

Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.

Common carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.

Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).

Transportation and freight transportation运输和货物运输: In broad sense, transportation is defined as movement of freight and passengers from one location (place) to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.

Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.

Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.

Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.

Indemnity赔偿原则: It holds that a contract of insurance is one, which restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was before the loss occurred.

Insurable interest可保利益: It holds that no one may insure anything unless he has and interest in it.

Principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原则：The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.

Contribution分摊原则: It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers.

Proximate cause of the loss近因原则（导致损失的直接原因）: It means that when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered.

Force majeure不可抗力: Social or Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency.

Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.

Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.

Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.

natural calamities that take place beyond Quota of IMF份额: The deposit paid by each member to the IMF.

SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.

the control of a contraction partyGreenfield strategy绿地战略: The firm builds new facilities on land bought or leased in a foreign country before starting its new operation.

Most-favored nation treatment最惠国: A treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.

GSP普惠制Generalized System of Preferences: Under the system, developed countries grant developing countries favorable lower tariffs without granting them to developed members. And the developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatment to the developed countries. So the GSP is an important exception to the non-discrimination principle of MFN.

国际商务英语名词解释