Implementation of ST FSK Detection Based on

Decoupled Maximum Likelihood Detection

Gao Yuan-yuan Shen Yue-hong Hu Xian-bin

(Department of Radio Communication /CE, PLAUST, Nanjing 210007, China)

Abstract This paper presents a decoupled maximum likelihood(ML) detection algorithm, which utilizes the orthogonal

characteristic of signal, decoupled the combined ML detection into separated one, under the assumption that CSI is known

at the receiver. Utilizing appropriate channel estimation algorithm, the decoupled algorithm not only sharply reduces the

computational complexity compared to the noncoherent ML detection, but also improves the performance. Simulation

results confirm the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Key words Space-Time Frequency Shift Keying(ST-FSK), Unitary design, Decoupled Maximum Likelihood (ML)

detection, Coherent maximum likelihood detection

Preface

The FSK makes a way is high because of its power utilization, be subjected to the limit letter way in the power thus

Win to get extensively applied, if the military corresponds by letter to correspond by letter and satellite, cultural heritage have another antenna

The empty hour codes the technique and FSK to make a technique to combine together, acquiring many antennas to bring The cent gathers to increase a benefit, in the benefit decline the letter way under condition didn't need letter way information, can adopt not Concern with of biggest however(ML) the detector f}l. Cultural heritage[2)put forward to use matrix is hand over train g le Re solve((QR)calculate way, Be DO I n g not lose the premise of the system function under, lower an operation

Quantity, simplify to carry out the complexity of that ML detector.

This text puts forward a kind of separation ML signal examination method, being believing an appearance in f or ma t o n The F know of under assumption make use of to send out signal is hand over sex characteristics, make many receive

The ML consociation of the quantity examination the problem separate for some vectors alone the ML examination ask .In operating quantity not only consumedly low in above two kinds of not mutually thousand examinations, and get G e t the exaltation of the function big in 3 d B o s

Adoption's separating the main characteristics of the ST FSK of[with] the ML examination method BE:(1) a do p t Use the real amount full speed rate is hand over a design, be to send out the antenna

Acquire the full marks gathers to increase a benefit;(2)ST-FSK with is hand over FSK to make to have a homology e s p e c I ally O rd e r, then when enter to make a number to tend in endless, can approach the mountain agriculture extreme limit, but with sacrifice The bandwidth usefulness for price;(3)the wood text put forward of the separation ML examination method and text Dedicate[1,2] in of concern with the examination method to compare not, one is a function to is big in 3 dB of good Place , can make to translate the code complications moreover from with send out antenna the index number relation to reduce for Present 、

In order to concerning with an examination to need to know the letter way an appearance information, the above-mentioned operation measure of let up Didn't consider letter way to estimate value operation to measure, consider M to send out the antenna N to receive a day Line of the MIMO flatness decline the letter way, letter way the variety is opposite to compare slowly, letter way the estimate of adopt While using according to the calculate way of train the sequence, complications and MN that believe a way to estimate to be worth a machine become just Ratio still is the line sexual behavior namely: if synthesize to consider the letter complications that estimates value to bring,

In the antenna count with the FSK enter make number to compare a hour, concern with complications of the examination not slightly low ,Along with the antenna number with enter to make to count of increase, complications that concern with an examination is obviously low in not Concern with an examination.

Mathematics sign meaning: With mean respectively the matrix or vector turn to place With grip to turn to place totally ;the ⑩ mean the K r one product;}}.II; mean Fr ob e n us Number; ma cal element;[month, mean the row vector k chemical element: the IN mean N rank unit matrix .Want to send out the signal matrix to carry on to all to be whole before not adopt the simplification calculate way Search, again because of the full speed rate design, P=M, as a result complications along with send out antenna

And enter increment of make the number to present index number to add doubly. Our adoption and the cultural heritage 川 is similar to of the letter way model. Consider a MIMO System, have M to send out antenna, the N receives antenna, the assumption is sending out T The letter way of antenna inside the time length of the sign for flat decline(the frequency chooses not

Sex)the letter way.

The vector of the signal mean form is :BE receive antenna" the last TXI receive signal row The quantity, the x, sends out antenna, the last TX t sends out signal row vector .Spirit. Mean From send out the falling off path that the antenna m arrives an of receive the antenna n to increase a benefit; 'for receive Antenna .Ascend of add sex voice, can distinguish model to change in to all be worth for., The square is bad for cloud, The independence of the hour distributes together of reply Gauss to change quantity random.

The matrix of the signal means the form is a Y-XH+E, its towel X

BE the IXN flatness to decline letter a way characteristic matrix

The TXN adds sex voice matrix .At the matrix Y, in the X and E, the level direction mean empty Distribute, the perpendicular direction means time distribute.

The S is 1= FSK'}BE a contented real amount is hand over design of empty hour make, then send out signal The matrix satisfies Ax is a signal horoscope diagram among them .Adopt the K enters to make FSK to make, defining a FSK wave form to gather for The horoscope diagram of the ST FSK is Become the P row vector, each chemical element in the row vector draw from Send out signal matrix

Make with empty hour code of process .At each a FSK wave form sent out to send out in the signal matrix the number is a P.A, is positive for the P x M real amount Hand over the design matrix, send out the corpse a FSK wave form in the P the time length, because of This is the full speed rate the empty hour code, each form contains a sign, the signal of ST FSKD the size of the set as T-PK

Al at to is hand over empty the ML of the code receive make use of BE hand over characteristic, separate the consociation ML the examination problem of several vectors thus for some Is mutually the ML examination of the independent AWGN letter way is inspire by that method,

Const Pass by to deduce the separation ML signal examination method of the ST FSK 3 according to the ST-FSK receiver structure of the ML standard

When assumption the letter way the H is to have already know, at this time of however function can such as cultural heritage Medium say. Biggest however translate the code standard i, among them k the vegetable take 1, other vegetables is 0.Can draw on these ST FSK according to separate the receiver structure that the ML standard concerns with an examination, such as figure e In order to receive antenna to receive vector, the v difference Y BEN the vector constitute of receive the signal matrix, carry on to the formation we

Can think matches it to receive, chasing different AN according to the above rule, the generation go acquire receive the signal matrix to resolve for the corpse independent row sigh, , to carry on the ML examination respectively all the way each time, can immediately be correspond of FSK

Send out a form and send out sign to estimate a value, enter to make a conversion through K/2, get originality two Enter to make a data to flow of estimate a value a function is analytical

From the type((4)with figure 2 medium can see, the wood text put forward of the examination method make ML examination mountain the consociation of several vectors examination the problem separate for the

The respectively examine of the quantity problem, namely to each vector Cr that has been re- constructed. P The P carry on biggest however examination, we know in a send out the signal matrix FSK wave form of send out the number is a P, then receiving to carry to need to carry on a ML examination,

FSK wave form can be estimate directly. Compute complications and P presents line Relate to, also be with send out antenna few Ms to present the line sexual behavior, along with send out the big line number The increment of the quantity, with concern with an examination not}I, z}and the adoption all search of concern with examination to compare, Let up 3 complexity of the receiver structures and the calculation complications consumedly, but its premise

The condition is to need to know the letter way an appearance information, so need to carry on to believe an estimate of. When Separate the examination method adoption according to the best method trained a sequence[}e}carry on believing a way to estimate a value Hour, its complications will have increment, supposing at this time from send out training sign to constitute

The matrix is a X, , correspond of receive the signal matrix as Yr, then estimate letter way for H=Y, take sentencing a FSK wave form as standard, comparison

The separation examination method and cultural heritage that this text put forward[concern with an examination and adopt not in 1,2] whole Search of concern with an examination to translate the code complications, the result

From table 1 can see, be adoption all search to concern with examination it translates code the degree and cultural heritage of concern with an examination not equal; cultural heritage[2] in of not mutually thousand examination The method compare above two kinds of complications have to lower ;however this 3 kinds of methods of the operations re miscellaneous degree all becomes a direct proportion with KM, namely with send out the antenna number to present the index number relation; but adoption cent

Leave the ML receiver structure, operate complications with send out antenna to present line sexual behavior;

Among them mean according to train the sequence letter way complications for estimate.WithK-4, M=4(P=4), N=1 is example, only consider multiplication operation, 4 kinds of squares Method from go to bottom up of operation quantity respectively is 17408. 15872. 17408 and 2628.Can see complications of a separation ML examination calculate way reduce the I piece quantity class.

Among them p=the M /hour for each a receive the letter ratio of the antenna((SNR),

Under the sort circumstance There is the direct relation expression type, therefore very difficult function compared both directly. But text

Dedicate[3] give function that have already known H under the certain condition compare and don't know H about Hour of function like 2 doubly, to single importation list output the FSK make of imitate true enunciation, at Medium etc. letter the compare the hour concern with examination compare not concern with examination function good about 3 dB So IC an estimate to under general circumstance the advantage concerned with an examination to bring should be big in the list Antenna of 3, but can't attain so good function of 2 M N s, either. Moreover accurate Of estimate of can Be giving to settle under the parameter circumstance, compute an all strange values to acquire. Such as for M=2} Ns=1 of circumstance, adopt the most in common use of hour postpone the best whole hand over a design actually,

Of biggest be worth for the 1/x/2.Again from A}arrive

To k' all combinations carry on a calculation, can get X most Greatly strange value is ten thousand, while attain the same mistake code function top boundary, comparison the type and type, can be concern with the examination letter ratio and concern with an examination letter a ratio not

Several of the relation of }=P}/}Z(1+2 pus)} be, concern with the examination ratio to concern with the examination function not on the wood can good 6 dB o But because of type(9) is according to the comparison of the mistake code function top boundary, the both sexes can ascend the boundary

Loose tight the degree is different, so with actual the function contain certain difference, passing a following calculation The machine emulation imitated to really give confirmation, the a function difference is or so in the 3 dBs.Request.6 be over languages Imitate a true result

We verified the wood text to put forward first of the separation ML examination calculate way and adopt whole Hour of the ML examination search of the function is completely consistent, agreeing with the theories analysis .Then We to M=2(as a result P=2) and K=2(as a result T=4) of the ST FSK ado p t The function that concerns with of[with] the separation ML examination method that the examination and this text put forward not make

Imitate a true comparison. For simple rise to see in all l y imitate really all suppose receive the antenna number for1, the letter way is an AWGN flat benefit comedown the letter way, and protect in time length T Hold constantly, separate the ML examination method among them respectively imitate really believe a way and estimate in the idea l A cc the letter way under condition of function. Imitate a true results h as figure,3 show .See from the diagram,

Ideal letter way under circumstance concern with examination compare not concern with the function of the examination good about3 one 4 dB When adoption according to train a sequence of the letter way estimate a value, and train a sequence to have hair

Send the sign ratio to concern with the examination function for the l/20:00 than under ideal circumstance the function Lose small in 1 dB .The diagram is 4 right nesses of Ms=4, P=3 and K=2(as a result T=6) of ST FSK

Of imitate true enunciation, medium etc. letter ratio hour ideal letter way under circumstance concern with examination the r 匕 not mutually

The wood text puts forward a kind of ST-FSK of according to separate the ML signal examination calculate way ,Not only can simplify the receiver structure consumedly with lower to translate the code complications, and get can Get the exaltation of the function .When the letter truth thinks the F know, the flat benefit declines

Believe a way to descend with concern with the examination calculate way It z not 1 compare to acquire of the function increase a benefit big in 3 dB

If adoption according to train sign of the letter way estimate value calculate way, separate ML examination of complications The degree still can reduce, but the loss of the function is not big, even still the good to concerns with not Examination

翻译：

空时频移键控(ST FSK)的分离ML信号检测方法

摘要 该文提出一种分离最大似然(ML)信号检测方法，在信道状态信息已知的假设下，利用信号的正交性特点，使多个接收矢量的ML联合检测问题分离为若干个矢量的单独ML检测问题。若采用合适的信道估值算法，在运算量上不仅大大低于非相干检测，还能获得性能的提高。仿真实验验证了算法的有效性。

关键词 空时频移键控((ST FSK)，正交设计，分离最大似然信号检测，相干最大似然检测

引言

FSK调制方式因其功率利用率高，从而在功率受限信道中得到广泛应用，如军事通信和卫星通信，文献【1]把多天线空时编码技术与FSK调制技术相结合，获得了多天线带来的分集增益，在瑞利衰落信道条件下无需信道信息，可采用非相干的最大似然(ML)检测器f}l。文献[2)提出用矩阵正交三角分解((QR)算法，在没有损失系统性能的前提下，降低了运算量，简化了实现该ML检测器的复杂性。

本文提出一种分离ML信号检测方法，在信道状态信息己知的假设下，利用发送信号的正交性特点，使多个接收矢量的ML联合检测问题分离为若干个矢量的单独ML检测问题。在运算量上不仅大大低于前述两种非相千检测，而且获得性能的提高大于3dB。

采用分离ML检测方法的ST FSK的主要特点是:(1)采用实数全速率正交设计，当发送天线M= 2,3,4,5,6,7,8时均可获得满分集增益;(2)ST-FSK与正交FSK调制具有相同的特点即当进制数趋于无穷时，可以逼近山农极限，但是以牺牲带宽有效性为代价;(3)木文提出的分离ML检测方式与文献[1,2]中的非相干检测方法相比，一是性能有大于3dB的好处，另外可以使译码复杂度从与发送天线成指数关系减少为呈线性关系，大大减小运算量;(4)分离ML检测方式是在ML准则下恒等推出的，因此与未经分离的相干检测方式性能完全一致，即检测方法大大简化，而性能没有任何损失;(5)由于相干检测需要知道信道状态信息，上述运算量的减小没有考虑信道估值运算量，考虑M个发送天线N个接收天线的MIMO平坦衰落信道，信道变化相对较慢，信道估计采用基于训练序列的算法时，信道估值器的复杂度与MN成正比，即仍为线性关系:若综合考虑信道估值带来的复杂度，在天线数和FSK进制数较小时，非相干检测的复杂度稍低，随着天线数和进制数的增多，相干检测的复杂度明显低于非相干检测。

数学符号含义: 和分别表示矩阵或矢量的转置和共扼转置;⑩表示Kronecker乘积;}}.II;表示Frobenius范数;!川，，表示矩阵的第(m,n)个元素;[月，表示列矢量k的第P个元素:INxN表示N阶单位矩阵。在不采用简化算法前，要对所有Kr个发送信号矩阵进行全搜索，又因为全速率设计，P=M，因而复杂度随着发送天线及进制数的增加呈指数倍增加。

我们采用与文献川类似的信道模型。考虑一个MIMO系统，具有M个发送天线，N个接收天线，假设在发送T个符号的时间长度内天线之间的信道为平坦衰落(频率非选性)信道。

信号的矢量表示形式为:是接收天线上的TXI接收信号列矢量，x，是发送天线，上的TX t发送信号列矢量。气。表示从发送天线m到接收天线n之间的衰落路径增益;‘为接收天线。上的加性噪声，可分别模型化为均值为。，方差为云，时的独立同分布的复高斯随机变量。

信号的矩阵表示形式为Y--XH+E，其巾X 是IXN平坦衰落信道特性矩阵TXN加性噪声矩阵。在矩阵Y, X和E中，水平方向表示空间分布，垂直方向表示时间分布。S1=FSK}'}是满足实数正交设计的空时调制，即发送信号矩阵满足其中Ax为信号星座图。采用K进制FSK调制，定义FSK波形集为ST FSK的星座图为成Pxl列矢量，列矢量中的每个元素取自

发送信号矩阵调制和空时编码的过程。在每一发送信号矩阵中发出的FSK波形数为P.A，为PxM实数正交设计矩阵，即在P个时间长度内发出尸个FSK波形，因此是全速率空时编码，每一波形含K个符号，ST FSK信号分组的大小为T--PK}Alamouti ''}及Tarokh}s}在对正交空时码的ML接收时利用了正交特性，从而把多个矢量的联合ML检测问题分离为若干

个相互独立的AWGN信道的ML检测，受该方法的启发，

经过推导得ST FSK的分离ML信号检测方法3基于ML准则的ST-FSK接收机结构当假设信道H是已知时，此时的似然函数可以如文献【3]中所述。最大似然译码准则为量其中的第k个兀素取1，其它兀素为0。据此可以画出ST FSK基于分离ML准则相干检测的接收机结构，如图2所示。其中.v.,...>.vN分别为接收天线的接收矢量，Y是N个矢量组成的接收信号矩阵，对Y进行的变换我们可以认为是对它的匹配接收，根据以上规则把不同的A，代入可以获得把接收信号矩阵分解为尸个相互独立的列矢量Cl,叹，，对每一路分别进行ML检测，即可获得相应的FSK发送波形及发送符号的估值，经过K/2进制转换，得到原始二4进制数据流的估值序列。

性能分析，木文提出的检测方法使得ML检测山多个矢量的合检测问题分离为P个相互独立矢量的分别检测问题，即对每一个经过重新构造的矢量Cr. P =p， ...， P进行最大似然检测，我们知道在一个发送信号矩阵中发送的FSK波形数为P，则接收端只需进行P次ML检测，就可以直接获得估计的FSK波形。计算复杂度与P呈线性关系，也就是与发送天线数M呈线性关系，随着发送大线数量的增加，与非相干检测}I,z}及采用全搜索的相干检测相比，大大减小3接收机结构的复杂性及计算复杂度，但是其前提条件是必须知道信道状态信息，因此需要进行信道估计。当分离检测方法采用基于最佳训练序列的方法[}e}进行信道估值时，其复杂度会有所增加，这时假设由发送训练符号组成的矩阵为X,，相应的接收信号矩阵为Yr，则估计信道为H=Y,以判决出一个FSK波形为标准，比较本文提出的分离检测方法与文献〔1,2]中非相干检测及采用全搜索的相干检测译码复杂度。由表1可以看出，当采用全搜索相干检测时其译码复杂度与文献中的非相干检测相当;文献[2]中的非相千检测方法比前述两种复杂度有所降低;然而这3种方法的运算复杂度均与KM成正比，即与发送天线数呈指数关系;而采用分离ML接收机结构，运算复杂度只与发送天线呈线性关系;其中7}(2M+M表示基于训练序列信道估计的复杂度。以K--4, M=4(P=4), N=1为例，仅考虑乘法运算时，4种方法从上至下的运算量分别是17408. 15872. 17408及2628.可以看出分离ML检测算法的复杂度减少了I个数量级。其中p=M武/时为每一接收天线上的信噪比((SNR) ,

一般情况下有直接的关系表达式，因此很难直接比较两者的性能。但文献[3]给出在一定的条件下，已知H时的性能大约比未知H时的性能好2MN倍，对单输入单输出FSK作的仿真表明，在中等信噪比时相干检测比非相干检测性能好约3dB。因此我们可以估计到一般情况下相干检测带来的好处应该大于单天线时的3dB，但也不能达到2MN这样好的性能。另外精确的估计可以在给定参数情况下，计算出所有的奇异值获得。如对于M=2} N=1的情况，采用最常用的时延最佳全速率实正交设计，的最大值为1/x/2。又由A}到对k'所有的组合进行计算，可以得到X最大奇异值为万，在达到同样的误码性能上界时，比较式和式，可以得到相干检测信噪比与非相干检测信噪比几之间的关系为P}=P}/}Z(1 +2pu)} 当Pu > 5时，基木上相干检测比非相干检测性能可以好6dBo但由于式(9)是基于误码性能上界间的比较，两性能上界间的松紧程度不一，因此与实际性能有一定差异，通过以下计算机模拟仿真给予了证实，一般的性能差异在3dB左右。

结束语

仿真结果

首先我们验证了木文提出的分离ML检测算法与采用全搜索的ML检测时的性能完全一致，与理论分析相符。然后我们对M=2(因而P=2)且K=2(因而T=4)的ST FSK采用非相干检测与本文提出的分离ML检测方法之间的性能作了仿真比较。为简单起见在所有的仿真中均假设接收天线数为1,信道为AWGN平坦瑞利衰落信道，且在时间长度T内保持不变，其中分离ML检测方法分别仿真了在理想信道及估计信道条件下的性能。仿真结果如图3所示。从图中看出，理想信道情况下相干检测比非相干检测的性能好大约3一4dB。当采用基于训练序列的信道估值，且训练序列占发送符号比率为l /20时的相干检测性能比理想情况下性能损失小于1dB。图4对M=4, P=3且K=2(因而T=6)的ST FSK的仿真表明，中等信噪比时理想信道情况下相干检测r匕非相

木文提出一种ST-FSK的基于分离ML信号检测算法，不仅可以大大简化接收机结构和降低译码复杂度，而且获可得性能的提高。当信道理想己知时，平坦瑞利衰落AWGN信道下与非相干检测算法It z1相比获得的性能增益大于3dBo若采用基于训练符号的信道估值算法，分离ML检测的复杂度仍然可以减少，而性能的损失不大，甚至仍然好于非相干

检测。

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13. 基于单片机的泵管内壁硬度测试仪的研制

14. 基于单片机的自动找平控制系统研究

15. 基于C8051F040单片机的嵌入式系统开发

16. 基于单片机的液压动力系统状态监测仪开发

17. 模糊Smith智能控制方法的研究及其单片机实现

18. 一种基于单片机的轴快流CO〈,2〉激光器的手持控制面板的研制

19. 基于双单片机冲床数控系统的研究

20. 基于CYGNAL单片机的在线间歇式浊度仪的研制

21. 基于单片机的喷油泵试验台控制器的研制

22. 基于单片机的软起动器的研究和设计

23. 基于单片机控制的高速快走丝电火花线切割机床短循环走丝方式研究

24. 基于单片机的机电产品控制系统开发

25. 基于PIC单片机的智能手机充电器

26. 基于单片机的实时内核设计及其应用研究

27. 基于单片机的远程抄表系统的设计与研究

28. 基于单片机的烟气二氧化硫浓度检测仪的研制

29. 基于微型光谱仪的单片机系统

30. 单片机系统软件构件开发的技术研究

31. 基于单片机的液体点滴速度自动检测仪的研制

32. 基于单片机系统的多功能温度测量仪的研制

33. 基于PIC单片机的电能采集终端的设计和应用

34. 基于单片机的光纤光栅解调仪的研制

35. 气压式线性摩擦焊机单片机控制系统的研制

36. 基于单片机的数字磁通门传感器

37. 基于单片机的旋转变压器-数字转换器的研究

38. 基于单片机的光纤Bragg光栅解调系统的研究

39. 单片机控制的便携式多功能乳腺治疗仪的研制

40. 基于C8051F020单片机的多生理信号检测仪

41. 基于单片机的电机运动控制系统设计

42. Pico专用单片机核的可测性设计研究

43. 基于MCS-51单片机的热量计

44. 基于双单片机的智能遥测微型气象站

45. MCS-51单片机构建机器人的实践研究

46. 基于单片机的轮轨力检测

47. 基于单片机的GPS定位仪的研究与实现

48. 基于单片机的电液伺服控制系统

49. 用于单片机系统的MMC卡文件系统研制

50. 基于单片机的时控和计数系统性能优化的研究

51. 基于单片机和CPLD的粗光栅位移测量系统研究

52. 单片机控制的后备式方波UPS

53. 提升高职学生单片机应用能力的探究

54. 基于单片机控制的自动低频减载装置研究

55. 基于单片机控制的水下焊接电源的研究

56. 基于单片机的多通道数据采集系统

57. 基于uPSD3234单片机的氚表面污染测量仪的研制

58. 基于单片机的红外测油仪的研究

59. 96系列单片机仿真器研究与设计

60. 基于单片机的单晶金刚石刀具刃磨设备的数控改造

61. 基于单片机的温度智能控制系统的设计与实现

62. 基于MSP430单片机的电梯门机控制器的研制

63. 基于单片机的气体测漏仪的研究

64. 基于三菱M16C/6N系列单片机的CAN/USB协议转换器

65. 基于单片机和DSP的变压器油色谱在线监测技术研究

66. 基于单片机的膛壁温度报警系统设计

67. 基于AVR单片机的低压无功补偿控制器的设计

68. 基于单片机船舶电力推进电机监测系统

69. 基于单片机网络的振动信号的采集系统

70. 基于单片机的大容量数据存储技术的应用研究

71. 基于单片机的叠图机研究与教学方法实践

72. 基于单片机嵌入式Web服务器技术的研究及实现

73. 基于AT89S52单片机的通用数据采集系统

74. 基于单片机的多道脉冲幅度分析仪研究

75. 机器人旋转电弧传感角焊缝跟踪单片机控制系统

76. 基于单片机的控制系统在PLC虚拟教学实验中的应用研究

77. 基于单片机系统的网络通信研究与应用

78. 基于PIC16F877单片机的莫尔斯码自动译码系统设计与研究

79. 基于单片机的模糊控制器在工业电阻炉上的应用研究

80. 基于双单片机冲床数控系统的研究与开发

81. 基于Cygnal单片机的μC/OS-Ⅱ的研究

82. 基于单片机的一体化智能差示扫描量热仪系统研究

83. 基于TCP/IP协议的单片机与Internet互联的研究与实现

84. 变频调速液压电梯单片机控制器的研究

85. 基于单片机γ-免疫计数器自动换样功能的研究与实现

86. 基于单片机的倒立摆控制系统设计与实现

87. 单片机嵌入式以太网防盗报警系统

88. 基于51单片机的嵌入式Internet系统的设计与实现

89. 单片机监测系统在挤压机上的应用

90. MSP430单片机在智能水表系统上的研究与应用

91. 基于单片机的嵌入式系统中TCP/IP协议栈的实现与应用

92. 单片机在高楼恒压供水系统中的应用

93. 基于ATmega16单片机的流量控制器的开发

94. 基于MSP430单片机的远程抄表系统及智能网络水表的设计

95. 基于MSP430单片机具有数据存储与回放功能的嵌入式电子血压计的设计

96. 基于单片机的氨分解率检测系统的研究与开发

97. 锅炉的单片机控制系统

98. 基于单片机控制的电磁振动式播种控制系统的设计

99. 基于单片机技术的WDR-01型聚氨酯导热系数测试仪的研制

100. 一种RISC结构8位单片机的设计与实现

101. 基于单片机的公寓用电智能管理系统设计

102. 基于单片机的温度测控系统在温室大棚中的设计与实现

103. 基于MSP430单片机的数字化超声电源的研制

104. 基于ADμC841单片机的防爆软起动综合控制器的研究

105. 基于单片机控制的井下低爆综合保护系统的设计

106. 基于单片机的空调器故障诊断系统的设计研究

107. 单片机实现的寻呼机编码器

108. 单片机实现的鲁棒MRACS及其在液压系统中的应用研究

109. 自适应控制的单片机实现方法及基上隅角瓦斯积聚处理中的应用研究

110. 基于单片机的锅炉智能控制器的设计与研究

111. 超精密机床床身隔振的单片机主动控制

112. PIC单片机在空调中的应用

113. 单片机控制力矩加载控制系统的研究

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