上海新世纪英语高一课文讲解一

本讲义包括：1）每一课文翻译，粗体及划线部分是重要词组（必考点），绿色及句前有@是重点句子，翻译和写作时用到。

2）重点词组例题讲解

3）基础语法：（初三衔接高中）

4）重点语法

5）Additional Reading的讲解词汇

1. People from all walks of life

@When a person grows up, he will take up different occupations in various work places. A society is thus made up of all walks of life. What kind of person do you want to be in the future? The following introductions may give you some idea.

TEACHER Teachers are professionals. They work in schools, colleges, universities and other educational institutions. They try their best to help students gain（get）new knowledge and become useful people in society. @Teachers are involved in many tasks, such as explaining lessons, giving homework and correcting papers. At the end of every term, they mark test papers and give grades to their students. Actually teachers do more. Often their impact on students stays all through their lives.

SURGEON Surgeons, like teachers, are also professionals. As a special group of doctors, surgeons operate on sick people and repair the organs that no longer work properly. Hospitals are their work places. After an operation, a surgeon takes care of the patient’s medical treatment until he gets well. The skills of a surgeon sometimes mean the differences between life and death.

SECRETARY A secretary works in an office. The job of a secretary often involves writing letters, answering telephone calls, and receiving people. A secretary stores information on a computer and puts papers in good order in . As a link between the boss and the visitors, a secretary also helps the boss work out plans and timetables. @Traditionally, more girls than boys work as secretaries.

FASHION MODEL Fashion models wear the latest styles of clothes and show them to us through television, newspapers and magazines. Fashion show programmes usually have a large audience. @The clothes and hairstyles of fashion models may seem strange to the elderly, but a large number of young people enjoy following trends and want to be dressed like the models. They collect fashion pictures and admire those superstars of the catwalk.

@Would you like to be one of the people introduced here? What do you want to do in the future?

Word study:

1. occupation ( n. ) 职业；占领

e.g. What is your occupation?

e.g. The country is under enemy’s occupation．这个国家被敌人所占领。

occupy ( vt. ) 占据；占用(时间，空间)

e.g. The army occupied the enemy’s capital． 军队占领了敌人的首府。

e.g. The speech will occupy three hours or so．

2. take up sth．/doing sth．(Pars．1)

A. 开始从事(于) e.g.(1) When did you take up basketball? 你什么时候开始打篮球的?(指从事这一项运动)

e.g. (2)He was forced to take up the trade of shoemaker． 他不得不开始从事制鞋贸易。

B. 占用(时间或空间)：

e.g. 1)Copying these letters took up the whole day． 抄写这些信件占用了一整天的时间。

e.g. 2)He has a very small room and most of the space is taken up by a grand piano．

Translation:

1).那七个箱子在Sharon的办公室里占据了太多的空间。

Those seven boxes take up too much space in Sharon’s office.

2).为了打发在乡下的时间，他养成了钓鱼的爱好。

To kill time in the countryside，he takes up a hobby of fishing/takes up fishing as a hobby).

3. various (adj.)各式各样的；许多的

e.g. There are various ways to cook eggs． 烹调鸡蛋有许多方法。

e.g. He has acquired various branches of knowledge in university．在大学里他学到了多门学科的知识。

∀ variety (n.) 变化；种类

e.g. My job lacks variety and I am doing the same work every day．我的工作缺乏变化，整天在做同样的事

e.g. There are different varieties of flowers in the garden．花园里有不同种类的花。

a (great，wide，large) variety of =all kinds of 各种各样的

e.g. The supermarket provides a large variety of products． 这家超市出售各种各样的商品。

4. be made up of 由……组成

e.g. Our class is made up of 40 students． 我们班由四十位学生组成

• be made of由……制成(看得出原材料)

e.g. The statue is made of bronze． 雕像是青铜做的。

• be made from由……制成(看不出原材料)

e.g. Paper is made from wood． 纸张是由木材做的。

• be made into被制成……

e.g. Bamboo can be made into furniture． 竹子可以做成家具。

be made up of／be composed/consist (vi. ) of 由…构成：一般可替换，但应注意consist of无被动语态。

e.g. 这个委员会由九名委员组成。

The committee is made up of nine members．

=The committee is composed of nine members． =The committee consists of nine members．

5.introduction (n. ) 介绍；序言；引进

e.g. (1)This book is a very good introduction to Shakespeare.这是一本很好的介绍莎士比亚的书。

(2)The introduction tells you how to use the dictionary.这本书的导言告诉你如何使用这本辞典。

(3) the introduction of a new brand of soap一种新品牌肥皂的推出。

∀ introduce (vt.) 介绍

6. idea (n．)主意(可数)；大意(不可数)；了解，知道(不可数)

e.g. A good idea suddenly occurred to me．=Suddenly I had a good idea. 我突然想到了一个好主意。

e.g. The book can give you a good idea of Ancient Greece． 这本书能让人了解古希腊。

e.g. I haven‘t the slightest idea of the plan．我一点也不知道这个计划。

7.professional (adj．)专业的，职业的

(n.) 专业人士

e.g. Not all football players of the Olympics are professional. 奥运会足球比赛的选手并非都是职业的。

e.g. You need a professional to help solve your problems． 你需要一位专业人士帮你解决问题。

8. gain (vt．) (较正式)获得，得到

gain knowledge=obtain/get knowledge

e.g. He has a chance to gain a fortune on the deal.他有机会在这笔交易中发笔大财。

9. involve (vt．)涉及；牵连

e.g. The strike involved many workers． 罢工活动牵涉到很多工人。

e.g. The work involves my working in London for the whole year．这个工作需要我在伦敦工作一整年。

be／get／become involved in sth参与

e.g. As a student，you should get involved in class activities． 作为一个学生，你应当多参加班级活动。

10. impact (n．)影响力

e.g. You can feel the impact that modern technology has made on our daily life．

你能感受到现代科技对日常生活的影响。

• have a …(great/serious/negative…) impact on sb./sth.

对于某人/某物具有……的影响（一般来说，这种影响较大，具有冲击力）

11.operate (v．)

A. (机器)运行； e.g. The new machine operates well．新机器运行得很好。

B. 动手术； e.g. The surgeon operated on her for appendicitis. 医生给她做了阑尾炎手术。

C.操作 e.g. I am learning how to operate computers． 我在学习如何使用电脑。

D.经营 e.g. It is a well-operated company． 这是一家经营有方的公司。

∀ operation (n)手术

e.g. The doctor is performing an operation on the dying woman．

医生正在给这个生命垂危的妇女动手术。

12. no longer (=not any longer)不再(修饰动作)

e.g. He no longer lives here．(=He doesn't live here any longer．) 他不再住在这儿了。

no more(=not any more)不再(修饰名词)

e.g. I’m full and I need no more food． 我已经饱了，不再要吃的了。

13. patient

A. (n．) 病人

e.g. The patients are well—treated in the hospital． 病人们在这家医院得到了很好的治疗。

B. (adj．)耐心的

e.g. Being a teacher, I should be patient with my students． 作为一名老师，我应当对学生们耐心。

∀ patience (n．) 耐心

e.g. I have no patience with those who are always complaining． 对那些老爱抱怨的人我没有耐心。

14. receive(vt．) 收到，得到；接待；接收(信号，节目声音)

e.g. You have to receive some good training before being employed． 在被录用之前你得先接受很好的培训.

e.g. He was received as an honored visitor． 他受到了贵宾似的接待。

e.g. The programme was received by satellite． 节目是通过卫星接收的。

15. work out

A. 精心制定出（计划、日程等）

e.g. 文中A secretary also helps the boss work out plans and timetables.

I haven’t worked out who’s going to look after the kids tonight.我还没计划好今晚谁去照料孩子们。

B. 计算出（答案、数量、价格、价值等）

e.g. You can work out the answer by adding all the numbers. 你把所有数加在一起就能算出答案了。

C. 理解，设法弄懂

e.g. The story is very complicated, and it’ll take you a while to work it out.

这故事极其复杂，你要花一些时间才能弄明白。

D. （尤指定期）锻炼；健身

e.g. He keeps working out twice a week. 他坚持每周锻炼两次。

16. wear (vt．) (wore，worn)

A.穿着； e.g. She likes to wear green． 她喜欢穿绿色。

B.面上呈现(一种表情)

e.g. Whenever I see her, she wears a sweet smile． 每当我看到她，她总是面带微笑。

17.audience (n．) 观众

注意: audience是集合名词，在使用时注意以下两点：

(1)一般用单数，无论观众数量为多少，属于一个集合名词，所以应当用large／small来修饰。

e.g. There were a large audience at the concert．音乐会上有很多观众。

(2)做主语时，如强调整体，谓语动词用单数，如强调个体，谓语动词则用复数。类似的集合名词还有staff，population，vocabulary，team, family 等。

e.g. Although the audience to the play was small，all the audience were absorbed in it．虽然去看戏的观众很少，但他们被深深吸引。

18.collect (vt．)

A.收集 e.g. He likes collecting match boxes． 他喜欢收集火柴盒。

B.筹集（资金等）；

e.g. We are going to collect some money and food for the homeless我们打算为无家可归的人筹集钱款和食物。

collection (n) 收藏，收藏品

e.g. She has a large collection of perfume bottles．她收集了很多的香水瓶子。

19. grow up vi 长大成人 grown-up adj.长大的 n. 成人

What do you want to be when you grow up?

20. all walks of life 各行各业 walk n. 职业、行业、社会阶层

The members of the club include people from all walks of life.

21. explain vt. explanation n.

explain sth to sb/ explain to sb that/why…

He explained the outline of his plan to us.

She explained to us that he couldn’t come because she was ill

He explained why he was late.

22. follow trends 跟潮流 set the trend 领导潮流

There is a growing trend towards earlier retirement.提早退休者有增加的趋势。

23. have a large/ big audience(谓语动词根据情况单复数)

The audience are watching the performance attentively

The audience is mostly made up of young people.

24. seem 的用法 seem (to be )+ adj.\n. seem to do it seems that+clause there seem to be

He seemed an honest man.→It seemed that he was an honest man.

Everything seems easy. →It seems that everything is easy.

The problem seems to be very difficult to work out. →It seems that the problem is very difficult to work out

Translation

1. 尽管父母要他成为医生，但他决定从事教书工作。（make up one’s mind, take up）

His parents wanted him to be a doctor, but he made up his mind to take up teaching.

2. 他很聪明，但是另一方面，他很懒惰。（on the other hand）

He is clever, on the other hand, he is lazy.

3. 即使我将付出许多努力，我也要继续下去。（make efforts, go on）

Even though I have to make great efforts, I will go on.

4. 如果他对此事不感兴趣的话， 你就不要逼他做。（take an interest, force）

Don’t force him, if he doesn’t take an interest in it.

5. 他感谢医生曾坚持要求他戒烟。（grateful, give up）

He is grateful that the doctor has ever insisted he give up smoking.

6. 他靠自己解出了难题。（on …own）

He worked out the problem on his own.

Homework（Translation）：

1. 各行各业的人们都来听他讲演。（all walks o life）

2. 父母对于孩子的影响将会贯穿他们的一生。（all through their lives）

3. 一个经理的决定有时对一个公司来说是生死攸关的。（mean）

4. Sharon在放暑假前把她所有的书都摆放得整整齐齐。（put sth. in good order）

5. 昨天那场音乐会有大量的观众。（a large audience）

基础语法：（初三衔接高中，你所缺的）

一般现在时(always, sometimes, rarely, usually etc)

l. 表示经常性或习惯性的动作。

2. 表示普遍真理或客观事实。或.表示现在的状态。

Light goes faster than sound.

The physics teacher told us that light goes faster than sound

He is strong.

3. 表将来时间

不轻易改变的动作或状态。

What time does the train go?

The new term starts on September 1.

4. 在时间和条件状语从句中

If we work hard, we’ll be able to fulfill the plan.

It won’t be long before the rain stops.

现在进行时

1. 表示现在时刻进行的动作。

2. 表示现阶段正在进行而现在时刻不一定在进行的动作。

Is your son working hard this term?

3. 表示将来（用于位移动词）come, go leave, take, arrive, etc

We’re going to Shanghai next week.

Mr. Black is leaving for London in a few days.

4. 表示感情色彩。常与always, constantly, forever等表示经常性的状语连用。

He is always thinking of how he could do more for the people.

He is constantly leaving his things about.

现在完成时

1. 已完成用法。

2. 表示动作发生在过去，并已完成，强调结果和现在有联系。常用三类状语。

1) already, yet, before（句末）recently, lately等

2) ever, never, once, twice, three times（次数）等

3) now, just, today, this year等

3. 未完成用法。表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，可能还要继续下去，常常和for 或since　构成的时间状语连用。

For three days.(时间段)since three days ago.(时间点)

其他一些时间状语：up to now, so far, in the past （last） few years, these few days 等

现在完成进行时（have/has been doing）

1. 和现在完成时意思差不多可以互换，但用现在完成进行时常表达说话人的感情色彩，常用all day, all the morning作时间状语。瞬间动词不能用于此时态。

２．比较：I have written a letter.

I have been writing a letter.

前面一句表已完成；后一句表示还在写，没有完成。

一般将来时

1. shall/will + v. 带有意愿的感情色彩。

I will help you. 我会（愿意）帮你。

2. Shall/will be doing

1) 表示将来某个时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作

What will you be doing this time tomorrow?

2) 表示纯粹的“将来”，　不带情感色彩。

I will be going to the library this afternoon.

be going to

1)最近打算进行的

2)根据迹象，即将发生的。

It is going to rain.

3. be to do 表示按计划进行（官方的，不改变的计划）

The Expo is to be held in Shanghai

4. be about to do sth 表示即将发生的动作，后面不跟时间状语。

We are about to leave. 但可用于be about to do sth when正要做。。这时。。

I was about to leave when the telephone rang.

将来完成时（will have done）

表示将来某一时间已经完成的动作，通常跟by+将来时间连用

We will have planted about 2000 trees by 2011.

一般过去时

1)表示确定的过去时间的状态或动作。(通常与yesterday, …ago, last… once（曾经), in +过去年份等连用

2)used to 过去常常。过去习惯动作，但现在不了。

Tom used to eat out every day, but now he can’t afford it.

过去完成时

表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。俗称“过去的过去”。句中常用by+过去时间, before, when, up till then.

By the end of last year we had built five new houses.

I had learnt 500 English words before I entered the university.

When I got to the station, the train had left.

Different parts of a sentence句子成分

概念

句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。

▲句子成分分类

1．主语

主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：

讲述“谁” We work in a big factory.

讲述“什么” The classroom is very big.

数词作主语 Three are enough. 三个人就够了

不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor’s job.

从句作主语 What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物.

▲ 在“There be …”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：

There are some bottles of milk in the box.

▲ 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：

It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”.

It took two workers about three months to build the house.

2．谓语

谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：

He is very generous.

She looks very smart and cool

We have finished the job.

He can speak German.

3．表语

表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。

形容词作表语

You look younger than before.

名词作表语

My father is a teacher.

副词作表语

Everyone is here.

介词短语作表语

They are at the theatre.

不定式作表语

My job is to teach them English.

动名词作表语

Her job is training the nurses.

从句作表语

That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday.

4．宾语

▲宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：

名词作宾语

He never forgives others for their mistakes.

代词做宾语

He often helps me.

不定式作宾语

He likes to sleep in the open air.

动名词作宾语

The Americans enjoyed living in China.

从句做宾语

I believe that they can finish the work in time.

▲直接宾语和间接宾语

及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：

We brought them some food.

主 谓 间宾 直宾

间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。

5．宾语的补足语

在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语＋宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:

名词作宾补

If you let me go, I’ll make you king.

形容词作宾补 Don’t make your hands dirty.

副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived.

介词短语作宾补 Make yourself at home.

省略to的不定式作宾补 I saw a girl go into the building.

带to的不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog to lie down.

现在分词作宾补 The boss kept them working all day.

过去分词作宾补 Yesterday he got his leg broken.

在英语中,常见的“宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构有：

▲“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。

We call him Jack.

They made Li Lei their monitor.

▲“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：

Do you think his idea wrong?

We must keep our classroom clean.

We can’t leave him alone.

Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?

▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如：

Let him in/ out.

Mr. Li drove us home.

When got there, we found him out.

▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如：

We found everything in good order.

We regard him as our good friend.

He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.

▲“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种：

A 要求带to的不定式

The cool water of the lake invited us to swim.

B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等

The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day.

I often hear him read English in his room.

C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to

She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.

▲“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。

I saw them playing on the playground.

I heard Mary singing in the classroom.

▲“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。

I had my bike stolen.

The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood.

▲ 形式宾语＋形容词

We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.

▲宾语+what 从句

Call me what you like.

Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.

The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.

6．定语

▲ 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如：

形容词作定语 The black bike is mine.

代词作定语 What’s your name?

名词作定语 They made some paper flowers.

介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.

不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink.

从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.

▲ 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。

▲ 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如：

We’ll go to have something English.

If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else.

Do you have anything important to tell me?

▲介词短语作定语时要后置。如：

Do you know the boy behind the tree?
The students in the room are all my friends.

I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.

▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置

What about something to drink?

I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.

动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。

Do you have any piece of music to listen to?

▲nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：

We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?

The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?

They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.

7．状语

状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如：

He did it carefully

They missed me very much.

Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.

In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.

When I was young, I could swim well.

2. What to choose?

. @Today more and more high school graduates go on to college. Most young people decide their courses of study for themselves. They do not wait for their parents to tell them what career to choose.

For example, Jack’s father practices medicine. Even though he wants his son also to become a doctor, he doesn’t insist that Jack study medicine when he finishes high school.

He believes that Jack must make up his own mind about his courses of study. His wife, on the other hand, disagrees with him. She thinks that Jack should become a doctor, and so he can become a partner with his father.

Jack isn’t sure what he wants to study in college. One day he feels that he’d like to become an engineer. However, the next day he thinks that perhaps he should study business management. . @Right now he is studying chemistry, biology, and physics. All of them will be useful if he finally chooses to study medicine in college.

Jack likes his father’s attitude, and is grateful that his father isn’t forcing him to become a doctor.

. @In some countries parents often decide what careers their children will follow --- especially their sons. Tchaikovsky(柴可夫斯基，1840-1893，俄国作曲家), the composer of Swan Lake(芭蕾舞剧《天鹅湖》), was asked to study law. He, however, didn’t take an interest in it. Tchaikovsky made a great decision on his own. He gave up his government service later and started to study music.

. @Some people think the young are probably going to be successful because they are doing the things they most want to do in life. Many people, however, disagree with them.

3. Michelangelo

Michelangelo(米开朗琪罗，1475-1564，意大利文艺复兴时期成就卓著的科学家、艺术家) was an Italian artist about 500 years ago. Today he is still remembered as a great sculptor, painter, and architect.

Michelangelo came from a poor family. He was trained at an early age like any other craftsman in Italy. At thirteen, he started to work and learn in a workshop. The workshop belonged to one of the leading masters at that time. In the workshop Michelangelo was able to learn all the skills of sculpture. However, he wasn’t satisfied, and went on to study the work of the great masters of the past. Michelangelo worked hard and he mastered one problem after another. . @ By the time he was 30, he was generally regarded as one of the outstanding sculptors of the age.

In 1508, Michelangelo was given a task --- to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel(位于罗马梵蒂冈的西斯廷教堂). At first, he tried to turn down this job, saying that he was not really a painter, but a sculptor. Finally, he agreed to do it. He then shut himself up in the chapel, let no one come near him, and got ready to work alone.

It took him four years to complete the paintings on the ceiling. Any ordinary person would find it hard to imagine what Michelangelo had gone through in those four years of hard and lonely work. Michelangelo, while working, had to lie on his back and paint. . @As a result, he became so used to looking upward that when he received a letter during that period, he had to hold it over his head to read it. Finally, the paintings were completed. The great and huge paintings on the ceiling and walls of the chapel have ever since become a fascination to people in Italy and all over the world.

Michelangelo left us with a great number of sculptures and paintings. . @Today his works are still examples for art students to study and follow. Home and overseas visitors can’t help but admire these masterpieces.

                     米开朗琪罗
     米开朗琪罗大约在 500 年以前是一个意大利艺术家。 今天他仍然被如一位伟大的雕刻家，画家和建筑师。
     来自一个贫穷的家庭，米开朗琪罗在意大利像任何其他的工匠一样在很早的年龄被训练。 在十三岁时，他开始在工作室中工作而且学习。 在工作室中，米开朗琪罗能够学习雕刻的所有技术。 但是他不满意, 而且外出学习过去的伟大大师的工作。 米开兰基罗认真工作征服一个又一个问题。 当他是三十岁的时候, 他经常被视为杰出的雕刻家之一。
     在 1508 年，米开朗琪罗被给予任务——油漆西斯庭大教堂的天花板。 起先，他想要回绝这份工作, 说自己不真的一个画家 , 而是一个雕刻家。 但是最后他被迫接受了它。 他然后在教堂中关上了他自己，使没有人来在他的附近，而且准备好独自地工作。
     他花四年完成在天花板上的画。 而且任何的平常人想像米开兰基罗在这些四年的困难和孤单的工作中忍耐的是困难的。米开朗琪罗,在工作时,必须躺在他的背部和油漆上。 事实上，他变成如此一直向上看以致于当他在此期间收到了一封信的时候,他必须抬着头向上方读它。 最后，画完成了。那天花板上的画因为教堂从而在全世界对到意大利的旅游者至今已变得有魔力。
     米开朗琪罗用很多的雕刻和画留下我们。 今天他的工厂仍然是艺术学生学习的例子,如此的吸引访客仍然忍不住羡慕他们。
...米开朗基罗大约生活在500年前，是一位意大利的艺术家。
Today he is still remembered as a great sculptor, painter, and architect.
这句话是：作为一位伟大的雕刻家，画家，和建筑师，今天，他仍被人们所铭记。
as 的意思很多，有作为，由于，好像，当什么时候等等，这里咱们不展开，下次碰到再说。
Michelangelo, who came from a poor family, was trained at an early age like any other craftsman in Italy. 
一般在一节的的开头，第一位置就是主语，或者是带修饰语的主语。
你可以这样说： 米开朗基罗出身于一个贫穷的家庭，他像意大利的其他工匠一样从小就接受训练（学手艺）。
或者不把这句断成两个分句： 出身于一个贫穷家庭的米开朗基罗像意大利的其他工匠一样从小就接受训练（学手艺）。
 At thirteen, he started to work and learn in a workshop which belonged to one of the leading masters of the time. 
13岁时，他开始在当时的一位大画家的工作室工作和学习。
master 是大师的意思，leading master 是大师中的领袖人物的意思。可以说米开朗基罗的师从很不错。这位绘画大师名字叫做基尔兰达约，他也是出身于工匠之家，他的作品令人感到亲切，宁静，高尚，对米开朗基罗有很大影响。 这是他画的一副素描名叫: Study
But he wasn’t satisfied, and went out to study the work of the great masters of the past.
the work这里不是工作，而是作品的意思。其他部分翻得很好
By the time he was thirty, he was generally regarded as one of the outstanding sculptors of the age. 
generally 是普遍的，总的，这里可以翻译为：公认的 of the age 意为：那个时代，当时
当他是三十岁的时候, 他已被公认当时为杰出的雕刻家之一。

paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel 这里的paint并不是油漆的意思，这话的意思是：画西斯廷教堂的天顶画。
米开朗基罗是当时非常有名的雕刻家和画家，他尤其喜爱雕刻，但他的才华被他的同行嫉妒了，他们不想让他如意搞雕刻就向教皇尤利乌斯二世推荐，说米开朗基罗的绘画非常出色，让他来画西斯廷教堂的天顶画再合适不过。教皇找到米开朗基罗命令他接下这个任务，如果拒绝就处以死刑，（在这之前教皇也命令过他去建造铃木）米开朗基罗没办法，只好花了四年零五个月时间完成了一系列的巨幅天顶壁画，让见过的人都叹为观止，而他却几乎成了一个野人，在这么长的时间里没剪过头发和胡子，罗曼罗兰的《巨人传》里提到，他的靴子穿了这么长时间，也脱不下来了，只好用刀割开。
And it was difficult for any ordinary person to imagine what Michelangelo endured in these four years of hard and lonely work.  而且任何普通人都很难想象在这四年中米开朗基罗所经受的困苦和孤独。

Michelangelo, while working, had to lie on his back and paint.
工作时，米开朗基罗背靠在（悬架上）仰面躺着来绘画。
lie on his back 就是背部着力仰面躺着，也可以直接说躺着。
The great and chapel have ever since become a fascination to people in Italy and tourists from all over the world.
ever since 是从此以后 fascination 除了魅力，魔力之外还有旅游胜地的意思。
这句话的意思是： 从此这座大教堂就成为了意大利人和世界各国游客们的旅游胜地。
 
Michelangelo left us with a great number of sculptures and paintings. 
米开朗基罗留给我们大量雕刻和绘画作品。
Today his works are still examples from which art students must learn, and visitors to such tourist attractions still can’t help but admire them. 
这里的works不是工厂的意思，而是作品的意思
works 这个词作为整体的一个单词是工厂的意思  作为复数形式来看是作品的意思
work 意思为工作时，不可数（这显然有利于他们剥削剩余劳动力，幸好马克思提出了，以劳动时间来计算产品的价值的理论，可惜马克思也没办法改变英语的用词习惯，）  意思为作品时，可数。

admire 在对人的时候，意思是羡慕  在对物的时候，意思是赞赏，赞叹
这句话的意思是： 今天，米开朗基罗的作品仍然被学习艺术的学生当作范例来加以学习，来这些旅游景点参观的游客们也情不自禁对它们（指这些作品）发出赞叹。

Word study:

1.be remembered as… 作为……而被记住

e．g．He will always be remembered as a wise leader． 他作为一位英明的领导人将被永远铭记。

注意: as是介词，意为“作为”，类似的词组有：be regarded as；be treated as; be loved as；be looked on as；be thought of as(=be thought to be)

2.regard :v + n

V :1). 注视，凝视（某人，某物）

E.g. she regarded him closely, curiously, etc.

2). 将某人视为；认为某人是

E.g.　How is he regarded locally? 当地人对他的看法如何？

翻译： 我们认为你这种行为是犯罪行为。We regard your action as a crime.

regard : n 1.问候,致意[Pl]尤用于信函的结尾

With kind regards, your sincerely,

Please give my best regards to your parents. 请代我向您的双亲问好。

3). 习语：in / with regard to ; in this/that regard 关于某人（某事）；在这点（那点）上

I have nothing to say with regard to your complaints. 对于你的投诉，我无可奉告。

He is very sensitive in this regard. 他在这方面非常敏感。

3. leading ( adj．)非常重要的，领先的

e．g．Shakespeare was the leading writer of his age．莎士比亚是他那个时代最重要的作家。

lead (vt．) 给……领路； 过……的生活； e．g．

Let me lead you across the road．让我带你过马路。

Compared with the poor, you are leading a lucky life．与那些穷苦的人相比，你过着幸运的生活。

lead to sth. (=result in sth) 导致．e.g．Too much smoking may lead to lung cancer．吸烟过度会导致肺癌。

4. master (n．) 主人；硕士

e．g．Dogs are loyal to their masters．狗对主人很忠实。

She is a Master of Science．她是理科硕士。

(vt．) 精通 掌握一门外语是很难的。 It's difficult to master a foreign language．

5. satisfied (adj．) (感到)满意的

e．g．I felt satisfied with your answer．我对你的回答很满意。

satisfying (adj．)令人满意的 e．g． I hope for a satisfying reward．我希望得到满意的回报。

satisfactory (adj．) 达标的，令人基本满意的e．g．

Your performance is far from satisfactory. 你的表演远远无法令人满意。

⎝satisfy (vt．)使……满意 e．g．Various services are provided to satisfy customers’needs．

我们提供各种服务以满足顾客的需要。

⎝satisfaction (n．) 满意 to one's satisfaction令某人满意的是

e．g．To his client's satisfaction，the lawyer won the case．让客户满意的是，律师赢得了官司。

6. alone (adj．)单独的(只作表语或宾补，不作前置定语)；仅仅(放在名词或代词后)

(adv．)单独地 e．g．别管我。Just leave me alone．

The shoes alone cost 1，000 yuan． 光鞋子就花了1，000元。

He lives alone in that large house． 他一个人住在那幢大房子里。

lonely (adj．)孤独的(作表语或定语)；荒凉的，偏僻的(作定语)e．g．

Living in a foreign country may make you feel lonely．在国外生活会使你觉得很孤单。

I live alone in a lonely house, but I never feel lonely．我一人住在偏僻的房子里，但并不感到孤单。

7. imagine (vt．) 想像

e.g. Can you imagine life without electricity? 你能想像没有电的生活吗?

imagine sb doing sth 想像某人做某事

e.g I Can‘t imagine him becoming a politician．我无法想像他成为政治家。

8. fascination (n) 吸引力，魅力

e.g．Tibet holds a fascination for tourists．西藏富有吸引游客的魅力。

fascinate (vt．)使人着迷，吸引人

e.g．Her beautiful voice fascinates everyone present．她美妙的嗓音使在场的每一个人着迷。

⎝fascinating (adj．)令人着迷的

e.g．Canada is a fascinating country．加拿大是一个迷人的国家。

⎝ fascinated(agj．)着迷的

e.g．I am fascinated with Star Wars．我对《星球大战》很感兴趣。

翻译作业

1. 由于健康欠佳，那位女士拒绝了去参加那次开幕式的邀请。（turn down）

2. 看到刘翔因脚伤退赛，很多观众情不自禁地哭了。（can’t help but do）

3. 何振梁先生被公认为是北京奥林匹克之父。（be regarded as）

4. 从刘长春到北京奥运会，中国体育经历了数代人的辛勤付出。（go through）

5. 北京奥运会的成功将给北京留下了巨大的财富和进步。（leave…… with）

4. Jim Corrigan

Jim Corrigan, a well-built man in his late 20’s, works in a large hospital. Jim is an X-ray technician. It is his job to develop the many X-ray films that are taken of people’s lungs, stomachs and other body parts.

Jim works in a darkroom, a room that is specially equipped for developing film. . @First he removes the film from the lead plates(金属片) that are used to hold it. Then he feeds the film into a developing machine. It takes about 90 seconds for it to develop. The film is then ready to be examined by a doctor.

Jim’s work is important, and both doctors and patients eagerly, often worriedly, wait for the results of his work. Jim doesn’t keep them waiting too long. He is quick and orderly at his job. This would not be unusual except for the fact that Jim Corrigan is blind.

“In the beginning it was tricky,” Jim explains, “The film comes in five different sizes. . @ And sometimes I would get them mixed up. But I have never let a mistake get out of the darkroom.” After some time, Jim learned to measure the film by running his fingers over the edges.

“I have a system,” explains Jim, “so that I can find things easily in the darkroom. It’s a simple system. I just keep my materials in order and put them back in the same place after I use them. I don’t have to search for anything.”

“Jim is quite capable and can be trusted,” says his boss, “I wouldn’t have him working here if he weren’t. And that brings me to the question of handicapped people. You can’t let yourself get upset about them. . @They want to be treated just like anybody else --- and they should be. They don’t want you to fell sorry for them.”

No one has to feel sorry for Jim Corrigan.

5. Starting a conversation with a foreigner in English

As you rode on the bus one day, a foreigner sat down beside you. . @Finally, here was a perfect opportunity for you to practice speaking English with a foreigner, you thought to yourself. But no words came into your head. You were tongue-tied! After 15 minutes, the foreigner got off the bus and you didn’t utter a word! “What a shame!” you said to yourself.

If you have had such an experience, don’t feel bad. You’re not alone. What you need is a lesson in small talk. Here are some tips that will show you how to get started.

“HELLO” --- A STARTER First, exchange a “Hello” or “Hi” with the foreigner, but at the same time, pay close attention and see if he feels like chatting. Watch his facial expression and body language for cues. . @Having said his “Hello” or “Hi” in return, does he just stare out of the window or keep reading the book in his hand? That’s the cue for you to stop moving on. Don’t force a conversation on someone who wants to be left alone.

But what if the person stops whatever he is doing and looks back or smiles at you? These are positive cues, indicating you can keep talking and start a conversation!

SMALL TALK --- THE MAIN COURSE To start a conversation, you should choose a suitable topic. Then, what are the rules for choosing a suitable topic?

Perhaps the most universal topic of any conversation is the weather. Everyone has an opinion to share about the weather! Don’t immediately launch into serious topics like politics or religion. And don’t talk about personal matters, either. Stick to familiar subjects of a casual nature such as movies, music, sports, favourite things, or one’s likes and dislikes.

S. @mall talk flows naturally. Raise open-ended questions rather than yes-no questions to keep the conversation going. Try to find points of connection between you and the person you are chatting with. Offer short comments on what the other person says, and listen attentively when what you say is being commented on. If you get such comments as “That’s interesting.”, “I agree.”, or “Me too.” then you know you’re on the right track.

. @You can have a lot of fun chatting in English with foreigners. They will, too. Try it! Making small talk can be one of life’s pleasures.

Word study:

1. ride in/on sth. 搭乘交通工具（多为汽车、公共汽车或火车）

翻译： 这是他们第一次坐火车。 It was the first time that they had ridden in a train

比较: ride a bicycle/horse

翻译：我从未骑过马。I have never ridden a horse.

2. finally adv.

1 in conclusion 最后；总之 e.g. firstly,…secondly,……finally,…

2 decisively 确定的；决定性的 e.g. It’s not finally settled yet. 这事还没彻底解决。

3 at last; eventually （本课）最终；终于；总算

翻译：一场大雨之后，我们的飞机总算在六点起飞了。

After a heavy rain, our plane finally took off at six o’clock.

3. opportunity n. 机会；良机

a good/perfect/golden opportunity绝好的机会，良机

have no/little/not much opportunity 不大有机会

opportunity (for sb.) to do sth.

opportunity for/of doing sth.

翻译：我趁在北京的机会去拜访了我的叔叔。

I took the opportunity of visiting my uncle while I was in Beijing.

4. practise v. 实践

e.g. work as a doctor =practise medicine v. 练习；实习

翻译：我出差以前需要练习意大利语。I need to practise my Italian before my business trip.

practice n. （经常反复的）练习

5. tongue-tied adj.（因羞怯或尴尬）张口结舌的

翻译：只要公开做演讲，我就很难开口。She becomes tongue-tied as long as she gives a speech in public.

6. get off the bus 下（公共汽）车

get on the bus 上（公共汽）车

比较：get into/out of the car 上/下（轿）车

7. utter v. speak; produce a sound (sometimes with difficulties)

utter a sigh, cry of pain, etc发出叹息声、痛苦的喊声等

e.g. He never uttered a word of protest. 他从来都不说一句反对的话。

翻译：她对我而言，完全是个陌生人。She’s an utter stranger to me.

8. shame n. a pity

It’s a shame (that) / what a shame!

e.g. It’s a shame that the rain spoiled our picnic.

shame v. 使蒙羞

e.g. What he did shamed his family.=What he did brought shame to his family.

ashamed V.S. shameful

ashamed (adj.) feeling shame, embarrassment 感到羞愧

e.g. Tom was ashamed when he was caught cheating in the exam.

be ashamed of sth./sb./oneself

shameful (adj.) causing shame 可耻的；丢脸的e.g. a shameful deceit 可耻的骗局

9. tip n.

1 小费 e.g. He left a tip under his plate.有用的小建议；实用的小提示

翻译：他总和我们分享学好英语的窍门。He always shares his tips on how to learn English well.

10. starter n. (US appetizer) 开胃菜

e.g. What would you like as a starter?

比较: the main course 主菜

11. exchange sth (with sb.) 交换

e.g. They exchange greetings whenever they meet.无论何时见面他们总是互相问候。

翻译：圣诞夜交换礼物是一种习俗。It is a custom to exchange presents with each other.

exchange A for B 用A交换B e.g. He exchanged the blue sweater for the red one.

12. at the same time

1 同时；一起 e.g. She was laughing and crying at the same time.

2 (与but连用) 然而；但是e.g. You should be firm, but at the same time you must be sympathetic.

13. pay attention 注意；留心

pay attention to sth.

翻译：当别人和你说话时，请留心。Please pay attention while another person is talking to you.

draw (one’s) attention to sth. 令（某人）注意某物; 吸引（某人）的注意力

e.g. She drew my attention to an error in the report.

14. feel like sth./doing sth.=would like

e.g. I feel like (having) a drink. =I would like to have a drink

15. a facial expression 面部表情

e.g. Her facial expression showed her fear of darkness.

16. body language 肢体语言

e.g. Your body language will influence whether your audience sees you as credible（可靠的） and competent.

Body language(non-verbal communication) includes:

• eye contact

• nod/shake one’s head

• gestures

• facial expression

17. cue n. 提示；暗示

e.g. When I nod my head, that’s your cue to interrupt the meeting.

18. in return 作为回报或回应

in return for sth. 作为对……的回报/回应

翻译：我向他挥手，而他则以点头回应。I waved to him and he nodded at me in return.

e.g. I decide to treat him a meal in return for his help.

19. stare v. look steadily for a long time esp. in great surprise or shock 盯着看

翻译：盯着别人看是不礼貌的。It’s bad manners to stare at others.

比较：

◆ glare (at) v. 怒目而视

e.g. I must have done sth. wrong, or he wouldn’t have stared at me so long.

◆ glance (at) v. 匆匆一瞥

e.g. I glanced around the room before I left.

20. move on 继续；继续行进

e.g. We stayed in that hotel for one night and moved on the next morning.

21. force sth. on sb. 勉强某人接受

e.g. He used to force his ideas on the others which made people dislike him.

force sb. to do sth.迫使某人做e.g. His arguments forced them to admit he was right.

22. positive a. 积极的；乐观的

positive attitude/ approach/ outlook 积极的态度/方法,手段/ 观点

23. indicate v. show; make clear, esp. by means of a sign表明，表示

翻译：这个研究表明男性比女性更容易戒烟。

The research indicates that men are easier to give up smoking than women

24. universal a. 共同的; 全体的

e.g. Television provides universal entertainment.

universally adv. 普遍地；在所有情况下

e.g. It is universally known that America is discovered by Columbus.

25. launch into 发动，发起

e.g. He launched into many excuses for his behavior.

launch v.

1 发射 launch a missile/a satellite 发射导弹 /卫星

2 开始行动 launch an attack

26. stick to(prep.) 继续做某事

翻译：一旦你开始做一件事，坚持下去直到做完。Once you start to do something, stick to it until it is finished.

27. familiar a. 熟悉的；通晓的

sb. be familiar with sth. e.g. We are all familiar with that superstar.

γsth. be familiar to sb.

We are all familiar with that superstar.=That superstar is familiar to us all.

28. flow v. (指液体)流动

e.g. Most rivers flow into the sea.

本文中指（讲话或文笔）流畅Conversation flowed freely when the speaker invited discussion.

29. open-ended a. 无限制的；无预期目标的

e.g. an open-ended discussion

“What do you think of Shanghai?” is an open-ended question.

30. connection n. 联系；关联

翻译：抽烟和肺癌之间有没有联系？Is there a connection between smoking and lung cancer?

connect v. 连接

翻译：这条铁路线连接了伦敦和爱丁堡。This railway line connects London and Edinburgh.

connect sb. with sb./sth. 使某人与…有关联 e.g. The two men are connected by marriage.

31. comment n. 评论；意见

make a comment/comments on sth.对…发表意见

e.g. Have you got any comments to make on the recent development?

comment v.

comment on sth/that…

翻译：首相拒绝对最近发布(issue)的报告发表评论。The minister refused to comment on the report issued lately.

32. attentive a. 注意的；留心的

e.g. an attentive audience

attentively adv.

翻译：上课时认真听讲是礼貌的。It is good manners to listen (to the teacher) attentively.

33. on the right track=thinking or acting in a correct way

e.g. We haven’t found the solution yet, but I’m sure we’re on the right track.

Translation

1. 不要将我们的意志强加给别人。（force）

2. 走了一整天后，他想洗个热水澡。（feel like）

3. 这些孩子一看到了出了事故，吓得哑口无言。（utter）

4. 多可惜啊！我们野餐那天下雨了。（what a shame）

5. 我要是误了飞机会怎么样呢？（what if）

6. Never too busy for social manners

So you forgot to answer that party invitation you received. Now, the day has come and gone, and you’re feeling guilty because you never told the host you couldn’t attend.

“Don’t allow this oversight(疏忽) to ruin your relationship,” says R. Thomas Boone, a US social psychologist. “I would show up with a bottle of wine and say, ‘I owe(感激，亏欠) you one. I’m really sorry’,” Boone says.

. @Send an e-mail, make a phone call or reach out to the host another way. Whatever the method, do it as soon as possible.

If guests don’t answer the invitations on time, the host cannot possibly plan for the correct amount of food and drink. . @This may lead to hundreds or even thousands of dollars of waste.

“Everybody has a busy schedule now,” Boone says. If you know you are forgetful when it comes to making phone calls, try emailing your RSVPs as soon as the invitation arrives. RSVP is the short form of the French phrase “répondez s’il vous plaît”, meaning “Reply, if you please”.

The following are some commonly used terms in invitation letters and their meanings. . @ Be sure to know these and answer invitations properly.

RSVP, REGRETS ONLY Only guests who can’t attend need reply. You need to give a proper reason why you can’t attend.

RSVP BY… Guests should respond with yes or no by the date indicated on the invitation. Setting a date gives guests a deadline. It is also a deadline for the host to connect guests who haven’t reply.

RSVP BY E-MAIL . @Guests can respond by e-mail. Unlike phone calls, e-mails can be sent without regard to time of day or location.

7. Holidays and festivals in the United Kingdom

. @There are many national holidays in the United Kingdom. Among them, Easter, and Christmas are two of the most famous.

EASTER The date of Easter varies each year. It usually falls in March or April. During the Easter holiday, people give each other chocolate Easter eggs. The eggs are opened and eaten on Easter Sunday. On Good Friday (the day before Easter, when Christians observe the day on which Christ died), hot cross buns(复活节前一个星期五吃的十字面包) are sold. They are toasted and eaten with butter. Easter Monday (the day after Easter) is a Bank Holiday. On that day, banks and other major businesses are closed; people may enjoy a trip to the seaside or watch an exciting sports game, such as football, or horse-racing.

CHRISTMAS For most British families, Christmas is certainly the most important holiday of the year. Families decorate their houses in bright colours. Usually a Christmas tree is placed in the front room, shining with coloured lights and interesting decorations.

On the morning of Christmas Day (December 25), many people go to church to celebrate the birth of Christ(耶稣基督). . @ In the afternoon, they stay at home and open the gifts that were gathered around the tree. Later, they may watch the Queen appear on television to deliver her traditional Christmas message to the whole country. . @In the evening, the families sit down to a big goose (sometimes turkey) dinner. They round off the meal with pudding, a Christmas specialty.

Many traditions are connected with Christmas. For children, the most important one is that of receiving gifts. On Christmas Eve (December 24), they usually leave a long stocking hanging by the bed or by the fireplace. They hope that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and bring them small presents. They are usually not disappointed!

December 26, Boxing Day, is also a public holiday. . @ This is the time to visit friends or watch football. Students have several weeks off school for Christmas.

Word study:

P1  1. throughout +时间/ 事情/ 区域

eg. throughout the day/ his illness/ the world

P2   2. vary vi. 改变 (pt.pp. varied) vary in sth. 在…方面不同

eg. People vary in intelligence.

vary with sth. 随…而改变 eg. The menu varies with the season.

 3. fall on 天/in 月,年 : 恰逢…, 在….

fall vi. (fell, fallen), n. 下降 ,跌落, 摔倒 fall asleep / fall over摔倒 / fall behind落后

P2  4. major adj. 主要的(作定语) 反义: minor

eg. a major road 干路 / major achievements 主要的成就

major n. 主修科目 **majority n. most 大多数,大半,

Cf. main adj. 最主要的,首要的(无比较级,最高级)

eg. The main thing to remember 要记住的主要内容 The main course of a meal 一餐的主菜

mainly adv. 主要地

P2  5. trip n. 旅行 (会回到出发地) eg. take a trip to Shanghai

travel (泛指“旅游”,指具体旅行时用复数形式) eg. journey (一般指长途旅行, 旅途)

eg.. an uncomfortable journey in a crowed train

voyage 和 journey 相似 ,通常海上,航空旅行

trip 一般指往返的短途旅行 tour周游，视察，巡演

exercise:

•We made a long ___ to Hainan this summer vacation.

•They are planning to have a weekend_____to Suzhou.

•Her wish is to have a round-the-world_______.

•He is fond of_______.

•Did you enjoy the _______on sea?

P3 6. celebrate vt. 庆祝 eg. celebrate the birth of Christ

be celebrated with 以…来庆祝

7. encourage sb. to do 鼓励某人做某事

discourage vt. 使人泄气 courage n. 勇气

8. drive away躯走，赶走 eg.

The bad weather has driven the tourists away.

They smoked all night to drive away the mosquitoes.

9.decorate vt．装饰

decorate spl. with sth. decoration n. 装饰（不可数），装饰物（可数）

10. gather vt.&vi. 聚集（人或事物聚集起来）

Cf. collect vt. 收集（事物）

gather books 把书集中在一起 gather stamps

collect books 收集图书 collect stamps

11. sit down to (prep.)

in addition to pay attention to

devote oneself to be used to doing

lead to turn to sb. for help

look forward to get down to business 开始做正事

 12．follow vt. 跟随，遵照，听懂

eg. A big goose dinner is followed by Christmas pudding.

He followed the directions. 他遵照了指示.

I can’t follow you. Please read it slowly.

as follows 如下 following adj.以下的

13.deliver a message/lecture /speech/talk to sb. 发表讲话

deliver vt. 递送 deliver sth. to sb.

delivery n. 递送,投递,交付(货物,信件)

14. be connected with 与…有关,有联系

eg. There are many traditions that are connected with Christmas. are related to

The fall in the cost of living is connected with the drop in the oil price.

He has been connected with the publishing house since 1990..

15.leave vi&vt. 让…继续处于某种状态

leave sb./sth. + 现在分词: eg. They leave a stocking hanging by the fireplace.

leave sb./sth. + 过去分词: eg. Don’t leave the door unlocked. 别不锁门.

leave sb./sth. + 形容词: eg. you’d better leave the window open / closed.

leave sb./sth. + 介词: eg. They leave a stocking by the bed.

16.hope that 从句

eg.They hope that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and bring them small presents.

hope to do ( 错: hope sb. to do ) eg.

hope for sth. 希望得到 eg.  

17.This is the time to do 是做…的时间

It’s time to do / for sth.

18. off adv.&prep. (因病,假日等原因)不工作/学习

(adv.): have …(some time) off eg. have a month off

(prep.): off work/ school

eg. several weeks off school for Christmas.

He is off work now. 他现在不工作.

Translation

1.有些物品的价格随季节变化而浮动.( vary with)

2.中华美食有四大菜系.(major)

3.2011年的春节将出现在1月16日。(fall on)

4.许多传统的节日与农业，宗教信仰和历史上的 大事有联系的，中国的龙船节就是其中的一个。

(be connected with)

5.从今年起，中国人民中秋节这天放假一天.(off)

6.他以一篇杰作圆满地结束了毕生的工作.(round off)

7.世界各国都希望着下滑的世界经济有一丝转机.(hope for)

8. How do different cultures around the world celebrate the New Year?

. @Get ready to say good-bye to the old, hello to the new! What’s the occasion? The coming of the New Year.

Many Western cultures measure their days with the solar calendar. Therefore, they observe the coming of New Year on January 1. Cultures in Asia and Middle East use other calendars, such as the more ancient lunar calendar. They celebrate the New Year at other times.

Events and ceremonies vary from country to country. But in each places, New Year celebrations are a big meal.

Most world cultures have been celebrating the New Year for centuries. The earliest New Year celebrations took place during spring or harvest time. With better weather ahead, or plenty of food to eat in winter, people naturally felt like having a party!

. @As the days became longer and as nature renewed itself, people also felt like they could have a new start. Past disappointments could be forgotten. The New Year could bring better fortune, more opportunities and new challenges. Such universal themes remain the same today.

Some cultures have unusual New Year traditions. Italians throw old things out of their windows at midnight, symbolizing the departure of the old. Mexicans fire guns into the air to keep away misfortunes.

New Year celebrations also involve having fun. . @Some cultures view the New Year as an opportunity to let off fireworks. In New York City’s Times Square, thousands gather on December 31 to count down the last seconds of the year. A giant silver ball is lowered at the stroke of midnight.

London, England, hosts an annual New Year’s Day parade that draws nearly a million spectators. The largest parade in Europe, it features bands and enormous balloons. These balloons are so huge that they tower over nearby buildings!

How will you celebrate the New Year. @? Think about the themes you find meaningful during this season. Do you hope for a new start or a chance to turn over a new leaf? whatever the case, we wish you well. Happy New Year!

Find out the following phrases in the text:

1、和。。。道别 say good-bye to

2、阳历 the solar calendar

3、阴历 the lunar calendar

4、国与国之间不同 vary from country to country

5、一桩重要的事 a big deal

6、发生 take place

7、丰收时节 harvest time

8、充足的，大量的 plenty of

9、万物复苏 Nature renews itself.

10、带来好运 bring better fortune

11、全球共同的主题 universal themes

12、把。。。扔出 throw… out of

13、在午夜 at midnight

14、和过去的告别 the departure of the old

15、赶走厄运 keep away misfortunes

16、把。。。看作 view… as

17、放烟火 let off fireworks

18、在纽约时代广场 in New York City’s Times Square

19、倒计时 count down

20、午夜钟声最后一响时 at the stroke of midnight

21、一年一度的新年游行 an annual New Year’s Day parade

22、吸引了上百万观众 draw a million spectators

23、超过。。。的高度 tower over

24、想一想 think about

25、期待着一个新的开始 hope for a new start

26、翻开新的一页 turn over a new leaf

1. occasion n.: a time when something happens.

On such occasions, there is only one thing to do ------give up.

I send you best wishes on this happy occasion.

occasional adj. : not regular

He pays me occasional visits.

There will be occasional showers during the day.

occasionally adv. : now and then, at times

I go to the cinema occasionally.

2. event n. 1) a thing that happens, esp sth important

e.g. The election was the main event of 2006.

2) a planned public or social occasion 公开活动，社交场合

e.g. A fund-raising event is the most important social event of the year.

3) one of the races or competitions in a sports program

e.g. The 800 metres is the fourth event of the afternoon.

3.symbolize v. to be a symbol of sth, represent

e.g. The use of light and dark symbolizes good and evil.

symbol n. symbolic adj. symbolism n.

4. feature n. 1) sth important or typical of a place or thing

e.g. An interesting feature of the city is the old tower.

Teamwork is a key feature of the training programme.

2) a part of sb’s face such as their nose, mouth and eyes

e.g. Her eyes are her most striking feature.

3) a special article or programme in newspaper or on TV

e.g. a special feature on education

4) the main film/ movie in a cinema programme (电影的)正片，故事片

feature v. 以。。。为特色；是。。。的特征

e.g. The latest model of cell phones features Mp3 and camera.

This book features a number of interesting cartoons and comic strips.

5. tower over sb. sth

1) to be very tall , esp. in relation to the height of the surroundings 高耸，屹立

e.g. The high mountains towered over the little town.

2) to be much better than others in ability, quality, fame, etc.

e.g. She towers over other dancers of her generation.

9. Man’s four-legged friend

. @The sun was shining and it was warm. Robin, a shepherd, was lying on the grass, enjoying the beautiful sunshine. His guard, a sheepdog, was standing next to him, looking at the flock of sheep.

This is only a scene in a movie, but it does give us a real picture showing man’s relationship with dogs. For a long time in history, dogs were not only being raised to work as man’s guards, but they were also being trained to do many other jobs. Some were made to pull carts; others were bred to smell out enemies or track the scent of big animals. In addition to these hunting and working dogs, other breeds came to be used in sports, police work and as pets as well. . @ In a way dogs have become man’s friends and working partners.

If you have a dog you love as a pet, you share some of your life with it. The dog lives in your home, keeps you company and goes on trips with you. . @Dogs rely on their excellent sense of smell to tell things apart. This sharp sense helps man and dogs themselves get over a lot of difficulties.

A detective once trained a dog---Sauer. In 1925 while he was thinking hard about how to catch a thief. Sauer worked alone and tracked the thief after covering a distance of 160 kilometres. Sauer did this by scent alone. In 1923 a couple lost their dog Bobbie while they were travelling. Six months later Bobbie turned up at the family house. He had covered a distance of some 3,200 kilometres. The dog had travelled back through the Rocky Mountains in the depths of winter.

. @Dogs are indeed man’s best friends. Yet sometimes even the friendliest dog can bring death with its bite! This is not because it has changed in character, but because it has been infected with a terrible disease---rabies(狂犬病). The disease is passed on by a bite from an infected dog at any stage. When an infected person shows symptoms, death is certain to follow shortly after. . @So, in order to prevent the disease, a person should go to a doctor at once if he has been bitten by a dog. Dogs remain man’s best friends, but we should also try our best to guard against the horrible disease that can be carried by these friends.

Word study:

1.four-legged adj.

①numeral+ n.+ed four-storeyed three-legged

②adj.+ n.+ed yellow-skinned

black-eyed

flat-nosed

③adv.+ v.+ed

hard-earned well-educated

brightly-coloured well-sold

2.flock n.&vi.

n. ①(羊，鸟)群；人群 a flock of sheep/ birds/ goats/ geese

②come in flocks 成群而来

In 2010, thousands of tourists will come in flocks to Shanghai.

vi. ①涌入；群集 Birds of a feather flock together.

②flock into some places 蜂拥而去

The crowd flocks into the Shanghai Museum.

3.work as 充当

e.g. Before making a success of his writing, he works as a taxi driver and a newspaper seller.

在他写作成功之前,他当过出租车司机和报童.

work at 致力于;从事于

work on 继续工作; (对sb/sth)产生结果或作用

work one’s way 通过努力或劳动(达到…)

work out 想出;算出

4.raise vt. ①举起 raise your hand

②升起 raise a flag

③提高raise one’s voice; I’ve got my pay raised

④筹集 raise money

⑤种植；饲养 raise flowers and pets

n. raiser 饲养者;筹集者

Cf. rise vi. ① (指月亮,太阳)从地平线上升起

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

② 上升;达到较高的位置,水平等

The river has risen several meters after raining.

Her voice rose in anger.

③ (情绪)增高 Her spirits rose at the news.

5.breed vt. (bred, bred)

1 (指动物)生育,繁衍 How often do lions breed?

② 饲养 Many farmers breed sheep and cows.

3 (esp. passive) bring up; train; educate

a well-bred child 有教养的孩子

The young man was bred as a lawyer.

n. 品种 =a particular type of animal or plant

a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle

.n. breeder 饲养员

breeding 1) the breeding season 繁殖季节

2) the breeding of horses 马的饲养

3) a man of good breeding 有良好教养的人

6. track vt.&n. vt. 跟踪，追踪

e.g. The police used several dogs to track the thieves.

** track sb/sth down 追查到/跟踪到

n. ①踪迹; 足迹 e.g. The hunter follows the deer’s tracks.

②跑道；铁轨

e.g. track and field events 田径项目 a race track 赛跑跑道

** keep/lose track of 掌握/失去…的线索

7. in a way= in some way 在某种程度上

in this way 以这样的方式，就这样

on one’s way to spl.

by the way

in one’s way 妨碍sb.的路

8. share sth. with sb.

①与sb.合用sth. 东西/物品

Please share your newspaper with me.

②分享一个观点

I would like to share my points of view with you.

9. rely on / upon sb. / sth. 相信，依赖，指望

①You can’t rely on his assistance.

②rely on / upon sb. to do sth.(不定式的复合结构)

e.g. Don’t rely on her to bring you a small gift from England.

③rely on / upon +v-ing的复合结构

e.g. We can’t rely on him coming in time.

10. tell …apart 分辨

e.g. You can’t tell these boys and girls apart from behind for they all have very long hair.

11. cover a distance of 走过(涵盖，覆盖) …距离

e.g. The army covered a distance of 2000 kilometers during the war.

12. turn up

①出现，露面 = show up

It’s five o’clock, but they haven’t turned up yet.

②把音量调高

I can’t hear it clearly. Would you mind turning up the radio?

13. infect vt. ①感染, (疾病)传染(给人)

The SARS virus almost infected the whole nation.

All the tomato plants are infected with a virus.被……所感染

② (感情上)感染别人；使(别人)受到影响

She infected the whole class with her enthusiasm.

**infected adj. 被感染的 an infected wound/cut / area

**infectious adj. 传染人的 an infectious disease/ patient

14. pass on

1) 传开去,传过去

e.g. The news was passed on by word of mouth. 消息通过口头传开了.

Pass the letter on to whoever it concerns.

2) 往下谈,谈到下一个问题

e.g. Let’s pass on to a new subject.

3) 去世

e.g. He passed on in his sleep last night

15. stage 发展阶段，舞台

e.g. Family education is the first stage of your growth.

on the stage 舞台上

at the early stage 在初级阶段

at any stage 在任何阶段

10. Well done, Spotty!

We were walking alone when we saw the Wilkins’ children playing in their yard. The three girls were taking turns pushing a cart. Their one-year-old twin brothers and a big doll were in it. Just as we walked by them, a wheel came off. Freckles, my friend, fixed it for them. Then they all went upstairs to play some games. After a while Mrs Wilkins went out, and left the twins with the girls.

Well, it wasn’t much fun for me, and soon I went to sleep.

I must have slept pretty hard and pretty long. . @ All of a sudden I woke up and could hardly breathe. Everybody was gone. The room was full of smoke! The house was on fire!

I started down the stairs and stumbled over a gray bunch. “That belongs to Freckles,” I thought. “It’s the gray sweater that he likes so much. I might as well take it down to him.”

I took the sweater in my mouth and started down again. It weighed so much. So I dropped it on one of the stairs. Then I went back up to look out of a window. I wanted to see why there was so much noise.

The whole town was in the front yard and in the street! In the middle of the crowd was Mrs Wilkins, who was carrying on like a mad woman. Mr. Wilkins was jumping up and down and shouting loudly, “I’ve got the babies! I’ve got the babies!” He had a real baby in one arm and the big doll in the other. He was so excited that ha thought he had both babies.

. @Later I heard what had happened. The kids had thought they were escaping with both twins. But one of them had saved the doll and left a twin behind.

“Well,” I decided, “I’d better get out of here fast. This place is really beginning to burn!” As I ran down the stairs, I knocked into the gray bunch again. So I picked it up.

I got out the back way with that package swinging from my mouth. I walked round to the front yard and set it down very quickly. It let out a cry!

“My baby!” shouted Mrs Wilkins. And she started to kiss me and the babies.

“Three cheers for Spotty!” everyone shouted at the top of their voices.

The butcher made his way through the crowd and gave me a large piece of hamburger and said, . @ “It’s got chicken livers mixed in it.”

. @I liked the way things were, so I wagged my tail.

Additional Reading

1.take turns (in sth/ to do sth.)依次，轮流

The male and female birds take turns in sitting on the eggs.

Ex: 我们轮流打扫教室。

We take turns to clean the classroom.

= We clean the classroom in turn.

= We clean the classroom by turns.

Ex: 明天是轮到你打扫教室吗？Is it your turn to clean the classroom tomorrow?

2. Come off

1) become unfastened or disconnected 松脱，离开

eg. A button came off my coat.

2) to take place esp. successfully

eg. The wedding came off as planned.

3. fix sth. : put sth. firmly in a place so that it will not move

Eg: to fix a clock to the wall

Has the date of the next meeting been fixed? 确定（日期）

This price will be fixed until the end of the year. 固定（价格）

When the beautiful young lady entered the room, all the eyes were fixed on her. 集中（目光)于

Ex: 在整个会议期间，他的注意力都没有集中.(fix)

His attention was not fixed throughout the meeting.

4. fun(un.) amusement, enjoyment, pleasure

Have fun! (好好玩！） = Enjoy yourself!

He is full of fun.

We had fun playing on the ground.

He’s learning French just for fun.

Ex: 和外国人用英语聊天很有趣。It is fun chatting in English with foreigners.

You can have a lot of fun chatting in English with foreigners.

5. be on fire

catch / be on fire

put out the fire

set sth on fire 使……点燃 eg. A candle had set the curtains on fire.

set fire to sth. = make sth. start burning eg. Several young men had set fire to the police car.

open fire at sb 向某人开火 There is no smoke without fire.

make a fire

a big forest fire

6. sth. weigh …

Sth. measures/ weighs …

eg. She weighs 60 kilos.

eg. The yard measures 10 metres by 15 metres.

Sb. measure / weigh sth. eg. He weighed himself on the bathroom scales.

weight (n. )

People tend to put on weight in winter while they are more likely to lose weight in summer.

weighty (a. )

eg. His death is weightier than Mount Tai.

7. Carry on

1) to continue moving

eg. Carry on until you get to the crossroads, then turn left.

2) (informal) to argue or complain noisily

eg. He was shouting and carrying on. 他在大吵大闹。

carry on with sth: to continue doing sth

eg. Carry on with your work while I am away.

8. escape

(vi.) 逃脱；逸出 ~ from prison/ a cage ；

eg. She managed to escape from the burning car.

(vt.) 逃避，避免 ~ death死里逃生 ~ punishment (escape being punished);

eg. She was lucky to escape punishment.

Her name escapes me. (= I can’t remember her name.)

(n.) a narrow ~ 九死一生eg. I had a narrow escape.

an escape of gas 漏气

9. knock ①敲打，打击；②敲打声

e.g. Someone was knocking at the window.

There was a knock at the door.

knock at sth 敲打……

knock sb / sth down 撞倒……，拆除……

knock sb / sth over 打翻……

knock into sb = run into sb/ come across 偶然遇到某人

10. let out 透露，放出

e.g. He let out a cry of pain.

let off 放（烟火）

let alone 更不用说 = say nothing of

e.g. He doesn’t even speak his own language well, let alone French.

There isn’t enough room for us, let alone any guests.

11. make one’s way 去某一个地方/努力做……

feel one’s way 摸索前进

lose one’s way = get lost 迷路

fight one’s way 杀出一条路

push one’s way 推开人群向前走

wind one’ s way 崎岖地向前走

make / give way for sb 为……让路

Exercise: Complete the following sentences with the phrases: make one’s way, feel one’s way, fight one’s way, push one’s way, wind one’s way

She was new in the job, still ______ feeling her way__.

Is this your plan for ________________ in the world? making your way

Try and __________________ through the crowd. push your way

She gradually ________________ to the top of the company. fought her way

The river ____________________ between two valleys. winds its way

Translation:

1. 勤洗手是避免疾病传染的有效方法之一。（infect）

2. 坏蛋(villain)们是免不了受到惩罚的。（escape）

3. 阅读时请集中注意力。（fix）

4. 养只狗作宠物很好玩，但请同时防止传染病。（fun）

5. 每次打针，他总是痛得叫起来。（inject；let out）

6. 昨天在去上班的路上，他邂逅了以前的同班同学。（knock into）

7. 我花了一个多月才摆脱了我的感冒。（get over）

8. 在课堂上，我们经常轮流发言。（take turns）

9. 他可以30分钟走5公里路。（cover）

10. 你可以信赖她，因为她从不违背诺言。（rely on）

11. Cartoons and comic strips

. @People often find it hard to put their feelings into words. So they keep hunting for new means of expressing their feelings other than words. Cartoons, as such a means, were thus born. Old cartoons, however, did not attract many people until cartoonists had expanded their topics by the end of the 19th century. At around the same time, comic strips came into being.

A cartoon is an amusing drawing that deals with something of interest in the news. Comic strips are a set of humorous drawings that tell a funny story. . @ They make a story appear as a picture in the reader’s mind by showing one or two aspects of an event.

There is a cartoon that shows a father and his son. The boy is showing his father his school report, which, unfortunately, gives a very poor grade---2 out of 5. So he does it in a quite unusual way: . @the report is fastened to one end of a pole while the boy is holding the other and. With the long pole between them, any punishment from the father is out of the question. For the moment, at least, the son is safe.

Readers can’t help laughing at the cartoon. But they may also find some food for thought in addition to being amused.

Reading cartoons and comic strips had long been a favourite pastime for adults until the beginning of the 20th century. Then some business-minded people found that there might be a good market for children, too. . @With the improvement of printing and drawing techniques, modern cartoons and comic strips had become children’s favourites by the early 20th (around the 1920s). Since then they have become popular reading materials for people of all ages.

. @Today the characters in cartoons and comic strips range from children to adults, pets to fancy animals, and ordinary people to superheroes. Micky Mouse and Garfield the Cat make children think and imagine actively. Superman and Batman bring villains of all sorts to justice. Father and Son expresses human love and sympathy in lively comic strips. Their names have become household words. They are only a few outstanding products in the field.

Today the digital revolution has brought new life to the making of cartoons and comic strips. Therefore many people think that computer-made comics will in the end replace hand-drawn ones. . @However, just as the human mind will never give way completely to the computer, hand-drawn comics will never die, but will remain a special means of expressing human feelings.

Word study:

1. People often find it hard to put ...

 句型结构：find (think / believe / feel) it hard (/easy / difficult) (for sb.) to do ...

 You try:

1). 我们发现很难学好使用电脑。 We find it hard to learn to use a computer well.

2). 我们认为在一天内完成这个任务是不可能的。We consider it impossible to finish the task within a day.

3). 你认为在这样热的天气晒日光浴好吗？Do you think it good to have a sun bath on such a hot day?

2. means (n.) 手段，办法 （单复数同形）

All possible means have been tried.

Not every possible means has been tried.

This money was not earned by honest means.

 by means of 用，通过……方法

 The water may be carried by means of a pipe.

We communicate by means of words. 我们通过语言(词句)作交流。

 by no means 决不

 This is by no means the first time you have been late.

 by all means 当然可以(文)

 ----Can I have a look at your picture?

 ----By all means.

3. other than 除了；不同于

You can’t get there other than by boat.

He never speaks to me other than to ask for something.

She has no close friends here other than Freckles.

I’ve borrowed some books other than novels. (我借了几本书，都不是小说。)

4. expand

 vi. Metals expand when they are heated.

 A tyre expands if you pump air into it.

 His business has expanded.

 vt. He expanded his short story into a novel.

 He breathed deeply and expanded his chest.

 The professor expanded on the topic.(阐述，细说）

 　I’m quite satisfied with your explanation, so there is no need to expand on it.

5. deal with

★涉及，论述This is a book dealing with computer.

★ 应付，处理

He is used to dealing with matters of this sort.我们应该怎样处理这个问题？

How shall we deal with this problem?= What shall we do with this problem?

★对付，打交道

It is said that your boss is difficult to deal with.

6. out of the question 不可能

As for going back --- that is quite out of the question.

我有这么多的事情要做，休假一周是不可能的。

I have so much work to do that having a week off work is out of the question.

C.f. out of question 没问题，毫无疑问

 Out of question, he is the best respectable scholar in this university.

7. food for thought

 That incident gave us much food for thought .

second thoughts

 They had second thoughts about buying the house when they discovered the price.

 （他们知道了房价后对买这所房子又有了想法）

 On second thoughts I think I’d better go now.(我又一想．．．）

at the thought of

 I was delighted at the thought of seeing you.

in (deep) thought

 He seemed to be lost in thought.

8.business-minded　　有商业头脑的

　absent-minded 心不在焉的

strong-minded 意志坚强的

narrow-minded 心胸狭窄的

high-minded 思想高尚的

9. technique (n.) ＊方法,技术（可数）

Doctors are developing a new technique for treating diabetes（糖尿病）.

The student teacher was eager to learn some teaching techniques.

＊技巧（不可数）；

Writing poems requires great technique.

　 Director Zhang Yimou is famous for the technique of “using colors to tell a story”.

C.f. technology (n.) 技术（不可数）；科技

IT = information technology, high-tech

10. bring sb/sth to justice 归案受审

 我们必须给那个坏人应有的惩罚. We must bring that bad man to justice.

 laws based on the principles of justice 以公正为原则的法律

 efforts to achieve complete social justice 为达到社会的完全公道而做的努力

do sb./sth. justice

 To do her justice, we must admit that she did deserve to win.

bring sb/sth to life

 His coming brought the party to life.

11. sympathy (n.) 同情,同情心

She squeezed his hand in sympathy. 她紧紧握住他的手表示同情。）

总统对这次灾难中受难者致电慰问/表示慰问。

The president sent a message of sympathy / expressed his sympathy for the victims of the disaster.

sympathetic adj.（表示）同情的；有同情心的

a sympathetic look 表示同情的目光　 sympathize v. 表示同情

I sympathize with you; I’ve had a similar unhappy experience myself.

12. lively (a.) 活泼的；生动的

　There is a lively discussion in the classroom.

　The lively girl was popular at that lively party.

C.f. alive (a.) 活着的（作表语，或后置定语）

She is still alive. 她仍然活着。

他是活着的最高龄的老人。 He is the oldest man alive. （后置定语）

C.f. living (a.) 活着的（前置定语）；在使用的

 all living things 所有的生物

 English is a living language. 　英语是一门现用的语言。（现在通用的）

C.f. live (a.) 活的；实况播送的

 He caught a live rattlesnake.

 He sat up late watching the live coverage of the World Cup．

Exercise: Fill in the blanks with “lively, alive, living ,live”, and then translate the sentence:

1. the greatest ______ living___English writer

2. I will never forget my class teacher’s __ lively__and interesting lessons.

3. We enjoy watching a __ live__football game.

4. She is the only person _ alive_ after the bomb.

13. household (n.)一家人；同住一座房子的人 (a.)家庭的，家务的；家喻户晓，很有名的

Jimmy is the only child of that household.

This is a respectable household.

How much are your household expenses?

They share household duties. (家庭事务）

Liu Xiang is now a household name.　　　(家喻户晓的名字）

14. replace (vt.) 取代，代替

She has replaced Mr Green as leader.

　Nothing can replace a mother’s love.

replace A with B 用B取代A，替换

I replaced the coffee cup with an ancient vase.

他们在用新的电脑替换语音室里的旧电脑．

They are replacing the old computers in the language lab with the new ones.

15. give way (to)

The chair gave way under his heavy weight.

They thought the old manager should give way to a younger person.

Steam trains gave way to electric trains soon after the war.

We should give way to traffic coming from the right.

Translation

 我认为没有必要冒险采用非法手段出国。(think it adj.)

 人类用言语交流而动物不会。(by means of)

 他一点儿不笨， 他只是不知如何将他的想法用文字来表达。(by no means)

 现代卡通的主题从古老的童话到太空探索都有。(range )

 没有人知道这种风俗如何产生的。(come into being)

12. Rockwell and his works

Norman Rockwell was a famous American illustrator and cover artist. Many of his works had become well-known by the middle of the 20th century. Critics spoke highly of his works. For example, according to one critic, “Most artists affect us by surprising us. Rockwell affects us by giving us exactly what we expect.” The following are just a few examples of his magazine covers.

Cover one One of the best-known of all Rockwell’s covers! This painting is made up of two parts: the upper and the lower. . @ Each detail in the lower picture is carefully matched with something in the upper part, so the result is kind of humorous. In this way, the painting presents the children’s moods in a sharp contrast: very happy when setting out and very tired and bored when coming back.

Cover two This painting shows Rockwell’s skills as a story teller. It tells an ordinary story about a school boy. The boy is busy with his studies. Outside the window a fishing pole is ready, and the boy’s dog is waiting impatiently. To the boy, these last days of schoolwork before the summer vacation seem the longest. . @They appear more so as the final examination is drawing near. This is an old story of school children, but Rockwell tells it vividly in a simple way.

Cover three In this painting, a young mother is trying hard to make up her mind: to spank or to spare her naughty child. . @The broken clock on the floor suggests that the child has behaved in an entirely natural manner. When a hammer is within his reach, he breaks something with the hammer! At the time the painting was completed, the Rockwells were already parents. So the cover story perhaps describes the artist’s own life experience. . @With this experience, Rockwell could make every detail come alive in this painting.

13. A brief look at two metropolises

NEW YORK In the 19th century, a businessman predicated that New York was going to become the centre of the world. His prediction has partly come true. . @ Today, New York is often regarded as one of the financial and cultural capitals of the Western World. The United Nations has its headquarters in the city as well.

New York, where the world-famous twin towers of the World Trade Center were once located, is known as a city of skyscrapers. There are parks, great museums, art galleries, grand theatres and cinemas for visitors as well. However, like many other cities in the world, New York also has its own problems---noise, air pollution, crimes, traffic jams, and slums. . @Still, the fast, exciting pace of life in New York City is fascinating and this may be a reason why the city continues to fascinate more and more people.

LONDON London was once known as a city of fog. At that time, many Londoners did not expect that their city would change for the better. However, heavy fog is now rarely seen in London.

. @As a city with a long history, London has also gone through many changes. The days are gone when horse-drawn carriages were a common sight in the street. Now London is famous for its excellent underground service and the red double-deckers have become a symbol of the city. . @ The second half of the 20th century saw great changes in the city. Skyscrapers have sprung up; business centres for the 21st century are also growing fast.

However, London has kept its heart. People can still enjoy themselves with a cup of tea in Convent Garden(科文特加登广场). Some of the narrow roads that lead to churches are still there, taking people back to London’s old days. . @Although there are such concerns as heavy traffic, crowded shops and dirty streets in some areas, to many people, London remains the most interesting and wonderful city in the world.

14. The time capsule of Colorado Springs

In 1901, the citizens of Colorado Springs(科罗拉多泉市) in the USA decided to collect everyday items and to seal them in a steel box. The box was marked “To be opened after midnight, December 31st, AD 2000”, and was stored in the Colorado College Library.

. @One hundred years later, on the appointed day, 300 people gathered to watch the opening of the box. Many in the crowd were in very good condition. There were newspapers, photographs, diaries, name cards, family trees, books and dozens of letters, including one written by Theodore Roosevelt(西奥多·罗斯福，美国第26任总统), who became the President of the USA later that year. One of Roosevelt’s friends lived in Colorado Springs at that time.

Many of the letters were addressed to their descendants. They describe the hopes that the people of 1901 had for the people of the next century. At that time, Colorado Springs had just a few thousand residents. Now nearly half a million people live there.

. @Colorado College Library has scanned the materials and put them on a website. Cecil Muller, whose grandfather had placed a collection of postcards in the box, said that the time capsule was a great treasure. “This is a wonderful educational resource. We can learn so much about our history,” he said. “I never knew my grandfather, but now I feel close to him.”

. @In April 2001, a committee filled the time capsule with items from modern Colorado Springs and resealed it for another hundred years.

15. The growth of the Internet

. @The Internet began as a tool to connect universities and government research centres through a nationwide network. It would allow a large number of computers to exchange information and share resources. Its development was pushed forward by ARPA---the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which was established in the United States in 1958. In 1969 ARPA began to focus on communications technology. Then in the early 1970s, the ARPA net came into being. This network laid the foundation for the Internet. In 1972, electronic mail was introduced.

. @At the same time in Europe, researchers were struggling with their own computer networking problems. In 1989, a scientist proposed the World Wide Web project. Over the next year or two, the proposal was discussed and revised, which resulted in the programme called the World Wide Web. In 1992, its browser software was introduced to the public.

The early browsers functioned well but were not “user-friendly”. In 1993, a group of graduated students in the USA created Mosaic---a “browser” programme. . @Mosaic was pleasing to the eye and easy to use---just point and click. Netscape(美国网景公司) and then Microsoft followed with browsers that greatly simplified the process of surfing the Internet in search of information.

. @Today, the Internet is changing our life style, cultural patterns, business practices, and ways of learning and doing research. It helps people keep up to date on world events, find a cheap flight, play games, and discuss everything from apples to space technology. An increasing number of people shop and bank on the Internet; many do business online. It enables people to browse online hundreds of thousands of magazines and books in libraries worldwide.

. @The Internet is not owned or controlled by any company or nation. People can use the Net at home, in offices, at schools and universities, in public libraries or “cyber cafes”. It connects people in different countries instantly through computers, satellites, and phone lines. It is making our life easier and more efficient.

“The Global Village” was coined to describe how radio and television had changed the world in the 20th century. . @ In the 21st century, it seems the Internet is sure to have an even greater influence.

16. Hacking

By the end of 1946, technology had advanced so greatly as to make the electronic computer a part of life. The year 1976 saw the appearance of a more advanced type of computer, which was performing 100 million calculations a second. This record, however, was quickly rewritten. . @ The fast development of computer speed brings endless benefits to human life. There are always two sides to a thing, though.

There are problems with using computers and storing useful data in them. In 1988, a US official said that a German student had been regularly reading their top secret papers. That student had been able to carry out his break-ins without leaving home. That was a typical example of “hacking”. . @ A “hacker” is a highly skilled computer user who spends his free time reading the secret files of others.

A hacker needs only to discover the password that gives entry to a network. With clever guesswork, this can be done simply by trying again and again.

A lot of hackers are only in it for fun---like Robert Schifreen and Steve Gold, who had read all the data in Prince Philip’s electronic mailbox before the police discovered the hacking.

The possibility for hackers to commit crimes is great. In the 1980s some experts pointed out that American banks were losing up to $5,000 million a year to computer crimes. Once a hacker gained entry to a bank’s system, he could order it to move large sums of money to another bank in a foreign country---just what a traditional robber would do.

. @Today computers are making life easier and far more comfortable. The evils, however, are also growing with the development of computer knowledge and techniques. . @It seems that the struggle against computer crimes will continue into the future.

Fill in the blanks using the following words:

another, other, the other, others, the others, any other, some other

1.man’s meat is _ another__ man’s poison.

2.There’s room for _ another__ few people in the back of the bus.

3.The strike may last _ another__ six weeks.

4.The little girl slowly closed one eye and then _ the other___.

5.Have you __ any other___ book on this subject?

6.There must be __ (some) other__ ways to solve the problem.

7. people enjoy reading, _ others_ don’t.

8.I don’t like . Do you have _ any other_ ?

9. I don’t like this wine, I like _ some other__ wine.

10.I can’t do the fourth and fifth questions but I’ve done all __ the others____.

1.In some countries, many people were killed by eating poisonous fish; ______ others were crippled for life.

A. more C. the D. most

2.Some people like to stay at home on Sunday, but ________ like to go to the cinema.

A. another B. other D. other one

3.I have five color pencils, one is red, another is blue and _______ are green.

A. other B. others C. the other

4.He has a book in one hand, and a pen in ______

A. another B. other D. others

5.This typewriter isn’t good, I want ____ typewriter.

A. some other C. other D. any other

6.Coca Cola is cheaper than ______ in this restaurant.

A. any drink B. all drinks

D. all the drinks

7. Kim and Tony weren’t the only people in the garden. There _____

A. were some other ones C. was another D. was some one more

8.We looked at four cars today. The first two were too expensive, but ____ ones were reasonably priced.

A. other B. others D. another

9.Lee contributed fifty dollars, but he wished he could contributed ________.

B. the same amount also

C. one other fifty dollars D. more fifty dollars

1.more than + 数词 = over

2.more than + n. = not only

不只，不仅仅，远不止

3.more than +can/could = not 不能

4.more than + v. =very，深为

5.more than + adj./ adv. = very

非常，不仅仅，远不止

6.more than one = many a 不止一个

1.other than = but, except

a. Someone other than your brother should be appointed (as) manager.

b. You can’t get there other than by swimming.

2.other than= different(ly) from, not

a. She is other than I thought.

b. She seldom appears other than happy.

rather than = instead of 不愿，不要，不是

a. I think I’ll have a cold tea rather than coffee.

b. Rather than risk breaking up his marriage he told his wife everything.

Fill in the blanks using the following words:

more than, other than, rather than

1.The color seems green __ rather than__blue.

2.He is an artist __ rather than__ a philosopher..

3.There are _ more than__ 60 students in our class.

4…. and until very recently no school lessons were held in languages _other than_ English.

5. _ rather than_ go there I’d like to stay here on my own.

6.He __more than_ smiled, he laughed outright.

7.We missed the last bus so there was no choice __ other than__ to walk home.

8. There was nothing to do __ other than_ wait.

9.He is _ more than__ selfish.

1. In no country _______ Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.

B. more than

C. better than D. rather than

2. He came all the way to China for promoting friendship _____ for making money.

A. other than B. more than

C. better than

3. The weather turned out to be very good, which was _____ we could expect.

A. other than

C. no more than D. rather than

上海新世纪英语高一上详细讲义