Dietary Recommendations for Omega-3 Fatty Acids
发布时间：2011-10-27 14:48:06
Dietary Recommendations for Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Many leading authorities and nutrition and health organizations have developed specific dietary recommendations for omega-3 fatty acids for different countries around the world. We have obtained the following information to improve education on omega-3 fatty acids by providing the global perspective on their requirements and the agencies that developed the information to improve human nutrition and health.
United States
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
Institute of Medicine12 | Adult men ³ 19 yrs | ∙ ALA :1.6 g/day of which approximately 10% EPA+DHA |
Adult women ³ 19 yrs | ∙ ALA: 1.1 g/day of which approximately 10% EPA+DHA | |
American Dietetics Association23 | General Adult Population | ∙ 500mg/day long-chain PUFA intake |
March of Dimes32 | Pregnant and Nursing Women | ∙ 200mg DHA from fish, fortified foods or supplements |
National Heart, Lung, and BloodInstitute, National CholesterolEducation Program13 | Persons with CHD or multiple risk factors for CHD | ∙ Supported AHA recommendation to include fish as part of a CHD risk reduction diet. Higher dietary intakes of n-3 PUFAs are an option for reducing CHD risk |
American Heart Association14 | All adults without CHD | ∙ Eat fish (particularly fatty fish) at least two times a week; include oils and foods rich in ALA |
Patients with CHD | ∙ Consume approximately 1 g/day of EPA+DHA preferably from oily fish. EPA+DHA supplements could be considered in consultation with the physician | |
Patients with high triglycerides | ∙ 2-4 g/day EPA+DHA as capsules under a physician's care | |
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee16 | General adult population | ∙ Two servings of fatty fish per week, equivalent to 496mg EPA/DHA per day |
Council for Responsible Nutrition17 | General adult population | ∙ Approximately 500mg/day EPA/DHA consumption from supplementation or fatty fish consumption |
Executive Office of the President18 | General population | Dietary Guidelines and Food Guide Pyramid should be revised to emphasize the benefits of increasing consumption of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids. |
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality30 | General adult population | Fish and fish oil supplements reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease |
Global
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
World Health Organization1 | General adult population | ∙ n-3 PUFAs: 1-2% of energy/day |
International Society for the Study of Fats and Lipids (ISSFAL)2 | General adult population | ∙ DHA+EPA: 0.65 g/2000kcal/day ∙ DHA at least 0.22 g/2000kcal/day ∙ EPA at least 0.22 g/2000kcal/day |
Pregnant/nursing women | ∙ DHA: 300 mg/day | |
NATO Workshop on w-3 and w-6 Fatty Acids22 | General Adult Population | ∙ 800mg EPA/DHA per day |
World Association of Perinatal Medicine29 | Pregnant and Lactating Women | ∙ 200mg DHA per day |
World Gastroenterology Organization24 | General Adult Population | ∙ 3-5 fish servings per week to get EPA and DHA |
Australia
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
National Heart Foundation of Australia3 | General adult population | ∙ 500mg EPA/DHA per day, obtained through fish, fish oil supplements, or enriched foods for prevention of heart disease |
Patients with documented CHD | ∙ 1000mg EPA/DHA per day, obtained through fish, fish oil supplements, or enriched foods for prevention of heart disease | |
Patients with hypertriglyceridemia | ∙ 1200mg of EPA/DHA from fish oil capsules and enriched foods as first-line therapy ∙ Raise to 4000mg of EPA/DHA per day, as needed. | |
Australian & New Zealand Health Authorities (Department of Health & Ageing, National Health & Medical Research Council)28 | Infants (0-12 mo) | ∙ 0.5 g n-3 polyunsaturated fats/day adequate intake |
Boys & Girls (1-3 yrs) | ∙ 40 mg total LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day adequate intake | |
Boys & Girls (4-8 yrs) | ∙ 55 mg total LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day adequate intake | |
Boys & Girls (9-13 yrs) | ∙ 70 mg total LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day adequate intake | |
Boys (14-18 yrs) | ∙ 125 mg total LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day adequate intake | |
Girls (14-18 yrs) | ∙ 85 mg total LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day adequate intake | |
Men (19+ yrs) | ∙ 160 mg total LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day adequate intake | |
Women (19+ yrs) | ∙ 90 mg total LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day adequate intake | |
Pregnancy (14 -18 yrs) | ∙ 110 mg total LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day | |
Pregnancy (19-50 yrs) | ∙ 115 mg total LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day | |
Lactating - (14-18 yrs) | ∙ 140 mg LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day | |
Lactating - (19-50 yrs) | ∙ 145 mg LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day | |
Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Department of Defence34 | Men | ∙ 610mg LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day dietary target |
Women | ∙ 430mg LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA)/day dietary target | |
Male soldiers | ∙ 610mg EPA+DPA+DHA/day | |
Female soldiers | ∙ 430mg EPA+DPA+DHA/day | |
Austria
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
Austrian Society for Nutrition33 | General adult population | ∙ 250mg LCPUFA/day for primary prevention of CVD |
General adult population | ∙ 0.5% of energy total n-3 PUFA intake | |
CHD Patients | ∙ 1g LCPUFA/day for secondary prevention of CVD | |
Pregnant & nursing women | ∙ At least 200mg DHA/day | |
Belgium
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
Belgian Superior Health Council20 | Pregnant & nursing women | ∙ 250mg DHA/day |
General adult population | ∙ Two servings of fatty fish/week | |
CHD Patients | ∙ 1g EPA/DHA per day from capsules | |
Canada
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
Health and Welfare, Canada4 | General adult population | ∙ 1.1-1.6 g/day total n-3 PUFA (ALA, EPA, DHA) |
Dieticians of Canada23 | General adult population | ∙ 500mg long-chain PUFA/day |
Europe
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
Expert Workshop of the European Academy of Nutritional Sciences5 | General Adult Population | ∙ People who do not eat fish should consider consuming marine n-3 PUFA equivalent to the amount obtained from fatty fish, namely 200 mg EPA + DHA daily |
European Food Safety Agency25 | General Adult Population | ∙ 250mg EPA+DHA per day |
Pregnant & Lactating Women | ∙ 100-200mg DHA per day in addition to normal adult requirements | |
Children 7-24 months | ∙ 100mg DHA per day | |
Children 2-18 years | ∙ 250mg EPA+DHA per day | |
The PeriLip and EARNEST projects of the European Commission31 | Pregnant & Lactating Women | ∙ 200mg DHA/day |
France
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
AFFSA21 | General Adult Population | ∙ General Nutrition o 250mg DHA per day (previously 120mg) o 250mg EPA per day o 500mg EPA+DHA per day ∙ 500mg per day for metabolic disease risk reduction ∙ 500-750mg per day for cardiovascular disease risk reduction ∙ 500mg per day for breast and colon cancer risk reduction ∙ >200-300mg per day for neuropsychiatric risk reduction ∙ 500mg per day for AMD risk reduction |
Infants (0-6 months) | ∙ 0.32% of fats from DHA ∙ EPA | |
Infants & Toddlers (6 months to 3 years) | ∙ 70mg DHA per day | |
Children (3-9 years) | ∙ 125mg DHA per day ∙ 250mg EPA+DHA per day | |
Adolescents (9 to 18 years) | ∙ 250mg DHA per day ∙ 500mg EPA+DHA per day | |
Pregnant & Nursing Women | ∙ 250mg DHA per day ∙ 500mg EPA+DHA per day | |
Germany
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
German Society for Nutrition33 | General adult population | ∙ 250mg LCPUFA / day for primary prevention of CVD |
General adult population | ∙ 0.5% of energy total n-3 PUFA intake | |
CHD Patients | ∙ 1g LCPUFA/day for secondary prevention of CVD | |
Pregnant & nursing women | ∙ At least 200mg DHA/day | |
Japan
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
Ministry of Health, Labor andWelfare | General adult population6 | ∙ n-6:n-3 PUFAs: 4:1 |
Infants (0-5 months) - boys and girls26 | ∙ 0.9g total omega-3 per day | |
Infants (6-11 months)- boys and girls26 | ∙ 1.0g total omega-3 per day | |
Toddlers (1-2 years) - Boys26 | ∙ 1.1g total omega-3 per day | |
Toddlers (1-2 years) - Girls26 | ∙ 1.0g total omega-3 per day | |
Children (3-5 years) - Boys and Girls26 | ∙ 1.5g total omega-3 per day | |
Children (6-7 years) - Boys and Girls26 | ∙ 1.6g total omega-3 per day | |
Children (8-9 years) - Boys26 | ∙ 1.9g total omega-3 per day | |
Children (8-9 years) - Girls26 | ∙ 2.0g total omega-3 per day | |
Children (10-11 years) - Boys and Girls26 | ∙ 2.1g total omega-3 per day | |
Children (12-14 years) - Boys26 | ∙ 2.6g total omega-3 per day | |
Children (12-14 years) - Girls26 | ∙ 2.1g total omega-3 per day | |
Children (15-17 years) - Boys26 | ∙ 2.8g total omega-3 per day | |
Children (15-17 years) - Girls26 | ∙ 2.3g total omega-3 per day | |
Adults (18-49 years) - Men26 | ∙ 2.6g total omega-3 per day | |
Adults (18-49 years) - Women26 | ∙ 2.2g total omega-3 per day | |
Adults (50-69 years) - Men26 | ∙ 2.9g total omega-3 per day | |
Adults (50-69 years) - Women26 | ∙ 2.5g total omega-3 per day | |
Adults (Over 70 years) - Men26 | ∙ 2.2g total omega-3 per day | |
Adults (Over 70 years) - Women26 | ∙ 2.0g total omega-3 per day | |
Pregnant Women26 | ∙ 2.1g total omega-3 per day | |
Nursing Women26 | ∙ 2.4g total omega-3 per day | |
Netherlands
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
Health Council of the Netherlands | Children 0-5 months | ∙ Total n-3 PUFAs: 80 mg/kg per day ∙ DHA: 20 mg/kg per day |
Adults | ∙ Total n-3 PUFAs: 1% of energy7 ∙ DHA: 150-200 mg per day7 ∙ n-3 fatty acids from fish: 450mg per day27 | |
Scandinavia
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
Nordic Council of Ministers8 | Adults and children over 3 yrs | ∙ EPA+DHA: 450mg/day ∙ Total n-3 PUFAS: 1.0% of energy/day |
Switzerland
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
Swiss Society for Nutrition Research / Swiss Nutrition Association33 | General adult population | ∙ 250mg LCPUFA/day for primary prevention of CVD |
General adult population | ∙ 0.5% of energy total n-3 PUFA intake | |
CHD Patients | ∙ 1g LCPUFA/day for secondary prevention of CVD | |
Pregnant & nursing women | ∙ At least 200mg DHA/day | |
United Kingdom
Organization (org. Type) | Target Population | Recommendation |
British Nutrition Foundation9 | Adults, 19-50 yrs | ∙ one to two portions of oil-rich fish per week, which will provide around 2-3g of the very long chain n-3 fatty acids ∙ weekly intake of 1.5g of EPA + DHA |
Committee on the Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy (COMA)10 | Adults | ∙ at least two portions of fish, of which one should be oily ∙ weekly n-3 PUFAs: > 0.2 g/day |
Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition11 | Adults | ∙ weekly n-3 PUFAs @ 0.2 g/day |
References
1. World Health Organization. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Technical report series 916.
2. Simopoulos AP, Leaf A, Salem N Jr. Workshop statement on the essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000 Sep;63(3):119-121.
3. National Heart Foundation of Australia. Position statement on Fish, fish oils, n-3 polyunsaturated fattyacids and cardiovascular health. Presented at AIFST conference July 2008.
4. Health and Welfare Canada. Nutrition Recommendations: The Report of the Scientific Review Committee. 1990. Ottawa, Ontario.
5. de Deckere EA, Korver O, Verschuren PM, Katan MB. Health aspects of fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant and marine origin. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998 Oct;52(10):749-753.
6. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan. Recommended dietary allowances for Japanese, 6th edition. Tokyo: Daiichi-Shuppan Co, 1999.
7. Health Council of the Netherlands. Dietary reference intakes: energy, proteins, fats, and digestible carbohydrates. The Hague. Health Council of the Netherlands, 2001; publication no. 2001/19 (in Dutch, with a summary and table in English).
8. NNR (Nordic Nutrition Recommendations), 2004. Integrating nutrition and physical activity. Nord 2004:13. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.
9. British Nutrition Foundation Conference held on 1 December 1999 to draw attention to the briefing paper on 'n-3 Fatty acids and Health'
10. Department of Health. Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease. Report on Health and Social Subjects. No 46. London: HMSO 1994.
11. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Advice on fish consumption: benefits and risks 2004.
12. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. 2002. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
13. National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). 2001. NIH Publication Number 01-3670. Washington, DC.
14. AHA Scientific Statement: Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease, #71-0241 Circulation. 2002;106: 2747-2757.
15. EFSA. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic products, Nutrition and Allergies on a request from European Commission related to labelling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The EFSA Journal (2009) 1176, 1-11.
16. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, Part D: Science Base, Section 4: Fats - EPA, DHA and fish. 2005.
17. Council for Responsible Nutrition. White Paper. Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Human Health. Heart Health: The Role of EPA, DHA and ALA. 2005
18. Executive Office of the President. Office of Management and Budget, Washington, D.C.. May, 2003
19. Department of Health & Ageing, National Health & Medical Research Council. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia & New Zealand - Including Recommended Dietary Intakes. 2006
20. Superior Health Council of Belgium. Recommendations and claims made on omega-3-fatty Acids (SHC 7945). 2005
21. AFFSA (France). Avis de l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments relatif à l'actualisation des apports nutritionnels conseillés pour les acides gras. March 1, 2010. http://www.afssa.fr/cgi-bin/countdocs.cgi?Documents/NUT2006sa0359EN.pdf. Accessed March 25, 2010.
22. Simopolous, A. Summary of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Dietary w3 and w6 Fatty Acids: Biological Effects and Nutritional Essentiality. Journal of Nutrition, 1989; 521-528.
23. American Dietetic Association and Dieticians of Canada. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Dietary Fatty Acids. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2007; 1599-1611.
24. World Gastroenterology Organisation. 10 nutritional recommendations to improve Digestive Health. Published May 29, 2008. http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/assets/downloads/pdf/wdhd/2008/events/wdhd08_cartel_10_global_nutrition.pdf. Accessed August 3, 2008.
25. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(3):1461. [107 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu
26. "Japanese Nutritional Requirement - Dietary Reference Intakes ? Policy-Making Committee" (Chairperson ? Mr. Heizo Tanaka, Former Board Chairman of National Institute of Health and Nutrition). Announced October,2004 and valid from 2005 to 2010 (For 5 years)
27. Health Council of the Netherlands, 2006. Guidelines for a healthy diet 2006. The Hague: publication # 2006/21E. Available from: http://www.gr.nl/pdf.php?ID=1481&p=1
28. National Health and Medicines Research Council. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand. Commonwealth of Australia, 2006. Accessed at http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/_files/n35.pdf
29. Koletzko B, Lien E, Agostoni C, Böhles H, Campoy C, Cetin I, Decsi T, Dudenhausen JW, Dupont C, Forsyth S, Hoesli I, Holzgreve W, Lapillonne A, Putet G, Secher NJ, Symonds M, Szajewska H, Willatts P, Uauy R; World Association of Perinatal Medicine Dietary Guidelines Working Group. The roles of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation and infancy: review of current knowledge and consensus recommendations. J Perinat Med. 2008; 36(1):5-14.
30. Wang C, Chung M, Lichtenstein A, Balk E, Kupelnick B, DeVine D, Lawrence A, Lau J. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Disease. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 94 (Prepared by Tufts-New England Medical Center Evidence-based Practice Center, under Contract No. 290-02-0022). AHRQ Publication No. 04-E009-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. March 2004.
31. Koletzko B, Cetin I, Brenna J. Consensus statement- Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women. Brit J Nutr. 2007; 98:873-877.
32. March of Dimes. Omega-3 Fatty Acids During Pregnancy. March of Dimes Web Site, 2009. Accessed June 17, 2009 at http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/159_55030.asp.
33. D-A-CH, 2008 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungsforschung, Schweizerische Vereinigung für Ernährung: Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr, Umschau/Braus Verlag, Frankfurt.
34. Forbes-Ewan, C. Australian Defence Force Nutritional Requirements in the 21st Century (Version 1). Human Protection and Performance Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, 2009.
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