绝对值得背诵的经典英语短文

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绝对值得背诵的经典英语短文
第一篇
01TheLanguageofMusic
Apainterhangshisorherfinishedpicturesonawall,andeveryonecanseeit.Acomposerwritesawork,butnoonecanhearituntilitisperformed.Professionalsingersandplayershavegreatresponsibilities,forthecomposerisutterlydependentonthem.Astudentofmusicneedsaslongandasarduousatrainingtobecomeaperformerasamedicalstudentneedstobecomeadoctor.Mosttrainingisconcernedwithtechnique,formusicianshavetohavethemuscularproficiencyofanathleteoraballetdancer.Singerspracticebreathingeveryday,astheirvocalchordswouldbeinadequatewithoutcontrolledmuscularsupport.Stringplayerspracticemovingthefingersofthelefthandupanddown,whiledrawingthebowtoandfrowiththerightarm—twoentirelydifferentmovements.
Singersandinstrumentshavetobeabletogeteverynoteperfectlyintune.Pianistsaresparedthisparticularanxiety,forthenotesarealreadythere,waitingforthem,anditisthepianotuner’sresponsibilitytotunetheinstrumentforthem.Buttheyhavetheirowndifficulties;thehammersthathitthestringhavetobecoaxednottosoundlikepercussion,andeachoverlappingtonehastosoundclear.
Thisproblemofgettingcleartextureisonethatconfrontsstudentconductors:theyhavetolearntoknoweverynoteofthemusicandhowitshouldsound,andtheyhavetoaimatcontrollingthesesoundwithfanaticalbutselflessauthority.
Techniqueisofnouseunlessitiscombinedwithmusicalknowledgeandunderstanding.Greatartistsarethosewhoaresothoroughlyathomeinthelanguageofmusicthattheycanenjoyperformingworkswritteninanycentury.
第二篇
02SchoolingandEducation
ItiscommonlybelievedinUnitedStatesthatschooliswherepeoplegotogetaneducation.Nevertheless,ithasbeensaidthattodaychildreninterrupttheireducationtogotoschool.Thedistinctionbetweenschoolingandeducationimpliedbythisremarkisimportant.
Educationismuchmoreopen-endedandall-inclusivethanschooling.Educationknowsnobounds.Itcantakeplaceanywhere,whetherintheshowerorinthejob,whetherinakitchenoronatractor.Itincludesboththeformallearningthattakesplaceinschoolsandthewholeuniverseofinformallearning.Theagentsofeducationcanrangefromareveredgrandparenttothepeopledebatingpoliticsontheradio,fromachildtoadistinguishedscientist.Whereasschoolinghasacertainpredictability,educationquiteoftenproducessurprises.Achanceconversationwithastrangermayleadapersontodiscoverhowlittleisknownofotherreligions.Peopleareengagedineducationfrominfancyon.Education,then,isaverybroad,inclusiveterm.Itisalifelongprocess,aprocessthatstartslongbeforethestartofschool,andonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofone’sentirelife.
Schooling,ontheotherhand,isaspecific,formalizedprocess,whosegeneralpatternvarieslittlefromonesettingtothenext.Throughoutacountry,childrenarriveatschoolatapproximatelythesametime,takeassignedseats,aretaughtbyanadult,usesimilartextbooks,dohomework,takeexams,andsoon.Theslicesofrealitythataretobelearned,whethertheyarethealphabetoranunderstandingoftheworkingofgovernment,haveusuallybeenlimitedbytheboundariesofthesubjectbeingtaught.Forexample,highschoolstudentsknowthattherenotlikelytofindoutintheirclassesthetruthaboutpoliticalproblemsintheircommunitiesorwhatthenewestfilmmakersareexperimentingwith.Therearedefiniteconditionssurroundingtheformalizedprocessofschooling.

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第三篇
03TheDefinitionof“Price”
Pricesdeterminehowresourcesaretobeused.Theyarealsothemeansbywhichproductsandservicesthatareinlimitedsupplyarerationedamongbuyers.ThepricesystemoftheUnitedStatesisacomplexnetworkcomposedofthepricesofalltheproductsboughtandsoldintheeconomyaswellasthoseofamyriadofservices,includinglabor,professional,transportation,andpublic-utilityservices.Theinterrelationshipsofallthesepricesmakeupthe“system”ofprices.Thepriceofanyparticularproductorserviceislinkedtoabroad,complicatedsystemofpricesinwhicheverythingseemstodependmoreorlessuponeverythingelse.
Ifoneweretoaskagroupofrandomlyselectedindividualstodefine“price”,manywouldreplythatpriceisanamountofmoneypaidbythebuyertothesellerofaproductorserviceor,inotherwordsthatpriceisthemoneyvaluesofaproductorserviceasagreeduponinamarkettransaction.Thisdefinitionis,ofcourse,validasfarasitgoes.Foracompleteunderstandingofapriceinanyparticulartransaction,muchmorethantheamountofmoneyinvolvedmustbeknown.Boththebuyerandthesellershouldbefamiliarwithnotonlythemoneyamount,butwiththeamountandqualityoftheproductorservicetobeexchanged,thetimeandplaceatwhichtheexchangewilltakeplaceandpaymentwillbemade,theformofmoneytobeused,thecredittermsanddiscountsthatapplytothetransaction,guaranteesontheproductorservice,deliveryterms,returnprivileges,andotherfactors.Inotherwords,bothbuyerandsellershouldbefullyawareofallthefactorsthatcomprisethetotal“package”beingexchangedfortheasked-foramountofmoneyinorderthattheymayevaluateagivenprice.
第四篇
04Electricity
Themodernageisanageofelectricity.Peoplearesousedtoelectriclights,radio,televisions,andtelephonesthatitishardtoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutthem.Whenthereisapowerfailure,peoplegropeaboutinflickeringcandlelight,carshesitateinthestreetsbecausetherearenotrafficlightstoguidethem,andfoodspoilsinsilentrefrigerators.
Yet,peoplebegantounderstandhowelectricityworksonlyalittlemorethantwocenturiesago.Naturehasapparentlybeenexperimentinginthisfieldformillionofyears.Scientistsarediscoveringmoreandmorethatthelivingworldmayholdmanyinterestingsecretsofelectricitythatcouldbenefithumanity.
Alllivingcellsendouttinypulsesofelectricity.Astheheartbeats,itsendsoutpulsesofrecord;theyformanelectrocardiogram,whichadoctorcanstudytodeterminehowwelltheheartisworking.Thebrain,too,sendsoutbrainwavesofelectricity,whichcanberecordedinanelectroencephalogram.Theelectriccurrentsgeneratedbymostlivingcellsareextremelysmall–oftensosmallthatsensitiveinstrumentsareneededtorecordthem.Butinsomeanimals,certainmusclecellshavebecomesospecializedaselectricalgeneratorsthattheydonotworkasmusclecellsatall.Whenlargenumbersofthesecellarelinkedtogether,theeffectscanbeastonishing.
Theelectriceelisanamazingstoragebattery.Itcanseedajoltofasmuchaseighthundredvoltsofelectricitythroughthewaterinwhichitlive.(Anelectrichousecurrentisonlyonehundredtwentyvolts.Asmanyasfour-fifthsofallthecellsintheelectriceel’sbodyarespecializedforgeneratingelectricity,andthestrengthoftheshockitcandelivercorrespondsroughlytolengthofitsbody.
第五篇
05TheBeginningofDrama
TherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonmostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.

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Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld-eventheseasonalchanges-asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeanstocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassedsomeritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.
Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused,Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformancesandwhentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe"actingarea"andthe"auditorium."Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimedthedesiredeffect-successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun-asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.
Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Accordingtothisviestales(aboutthehunt,war,orotherfeatsaregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthatareimitationsofanimalmovementsandsounds.
第六篇
06Television
Television-----themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologies,markedbyrapidchangeandgrowth-ismovingintoanewera,aneraofextraordinarysophisticationandversatility,whichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsorts,madepossiblebythemarriageoftelevisionandcomputertechnologies.
Theword"television",derivedfromitsGreek(tele:distantandLatin(visio:sightroots,canliterallybeinterpretedassightfromadistance.Verysimplyput,itworksinthisway:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronics,televisionprovidesthecapabilityofconvertinganimage(focusedonaspecialphotoconductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulses,whichcanbesentthroughawireorcable.Theseimpulses,whenfedintoareceiver(televisionset,canthenbeelectronicallyreconstitutedintothatsameimage.
Televisionismorethanjustanelectronicsystem,however.Itisameansofexpression,aswellasavehicleforcommunication,andassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings.Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwocategoriesdeterminedbyitsmeansoftransmission.First,thereisbroadcasttelevision,whichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevisionsignals.Second,thereisnonbroadcasttelevision,whichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsorspecificinterestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques.
Traditionally,televisionhasbeenamediumofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevisionbecauseithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyears,ithasbeencontrolled,forthemostpart,bythebroadcastnetworks,ABC,NBC,andCBS,whohavebeenthemajorpurveyorsofnews,information,andentertainment.Thesegiantsofbroadcastinghaveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometolookuponthepicturetubeasasourceofentertainment,placingourroleinthisdynamicmediumasthepassiveviewer.
第七篇

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07AndrewCarnegie
AndrewCarnegie,knownastheKingofSteel,builtthesteelindustryintheUnitedStates,and,intheprocess,becameoneofthewealthiestmeninAmerica.Hissuccessresultedinpartfromhisabilitytoselltheproductandinpartfromhispolicyofexpandingduringperiodsofeconomicdecline,whenmostofhiscompetitorswerereducingtheirinvestments.
Carnegiebelievedthatindividualsshouldprogressthroughhardwork,buthealsofeltstronglythatthewealthyshouldusetheirfortunesforthebenefitofsociety.Heopposedcharity,preferringinsteadtoprovideeducationalopportunitiesthatwouldallowotherstohelpthemselves."Hewhodiesrich,diesdisgraced,"heoftensaid.
Amonghismorenoteworthycontributionstosocietyarethosethatbearhisname,includingtheCarnegieInstituteofPittsburgh,whichhasalibrary,amuseumoffinearts,andamuseumofnationalhistory.HealsofoundedaschooloftechnologythatisnowpartofCarnegie-MellonUniversity.OtherphilanthrophicgiftsaretheCarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeacetopromoteunderstandingbetweennations,theCarnegieInstituteofWashingtontofundscientificresearch,andCarnegieHalltoprovideacenterforthearts.
FewAmericanshavebeenleftuntouchedbyAndrewCarnegie'sgenerosity.Hiscontributionsofmorethanfivemilliondollarsestablished2,500librariesinsmallcommunitiesthroughoutthecountryandformedthenucleusofthepubliclibrarysystemthatweallenjoytoday.
第八篇
08AmericanRevolution
TheAmericanRevolutionwasnotasuddenandviolentoverturningofthepoliticalandsocialframework,suchaslateroccurredinFranceandRussia,whenbothwerealreadyindependentnations.Significantchangeswereusheredin,buttheywerenotbreathtaking.Whathappenedwasacceleratedevolutionratherthanoutrightrevolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandpraying,marryingandplaying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,andmanyofthemoreisolatedcommunitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.
America'sWarofIndependenceheraldedthebirthofthreemodernnations.OnewasCanada,whichreceiveditsfirstlargeinfluxofEnglish-speakingpopulationfromthethousandsofloyalistswhofledtherefromtheUnitedStates.AnotherwasAustralia,whichbecameapenalcolonynowthatAmericawasnolongeravailableforprisonersanddebtors.Thethirdnewcomer-theUnitedStates-baseditselfsquarelyonrepublicanprinciples.
Yeteventhepoliticaloverturnwasnotsorevolutionaryasonemightsuppose.Insomestates,notablyConnecticutandRhodeIsland,thewarlargelyratifiedacolonialself-rulealreadyexisting.Britishofficials,everywhereousted,werereplacedbyahome-growngoverningclass,whichpromptlysoughtalocalsubstituteforkingandParliament.
第九篇
09Suburbanization
Ifby"suburb"ismeantanurbanmarginthatgrowsmorerapidlythanitsalreadydevelopedinterior,theprocessofsuburbanizationbeganduringtheemergenceoftheindustrialcityinthesecondquarterofthenineteenthcentury.Beforethatperiodthecitywasasmallhighlycompactclusterinwhichpeoplemovedaboutonfootandgoodswereconveyedbyhorseandcart.Buttheearlyfactoriesbuiltinthe1840'swerelocatedalongwaterwaysandnearrailheadsattheedgesofcities,andhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopledrawnbytheprospectofemployment.Intime,thefactoriesweresurroundedbyproliferatingmilltownsofapartmentsandrowhousesthatabuttedtheolder,maincities.Asadefense

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againstthisencroachmentandtoenlargetheirtaxbases,thecitiesappropriatedtheirindustrialneighbors.In1854,forexample,thecityofPhiladelphiaannexedmostofPhiladelphiaCounty.SimilarmunicipalmaneuverstookplaceinChicagoandinNewYork.Indeed,mostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStatesachievedsuchstatusonlybyincorporatingthecommunitiesalongtheirborders.
Withtheaccelerationofindustrialgrowthcameacuteurbancrowdingandaccompanyingsocialstress-conditionsthatbegantoapproachdisastrousproportionswhen,in1888,thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulelectrictractionlinewasdeveloped.Withinafewyearsthehorse-drawntrolleyswereretiredandelectricstreetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandconnectedeverymajorurbanarea,fosteringawaveofsuburbanizationthattransformedthecompactindustrialcityintoadispersedmetropolis.Thisfirstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythesimultaneousemergenceoftheurbanMiddleClass,whosedesiresforhomeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercityweresatisfiedbythedevelopersofsingle-familyhousingtracts.
第十篇
10TypesofSpeech
Standardusageincludesthosewordsandexpressionsunderstood,used,andacceptedbyamajorityofthespeakersofalanguageinanysituationregardlessofthelevelofformality.Assuch,thesewordsandexpressionsarewelldefinedandlistedinstandarddictionaries.Colloquialisms,ontheotherhand,arefamiliarwordsandidiomsthatareunderstoodbyalmostallspeakersofalanguageandusedininformalspeechorwriting,butnotconsideredappropriateformoreformalsituations.Almostallidiomaticexpressionsarecolloquiallanguage.Slang,however,referstowordsandexpressionsunderstoodbyalargenumberofspeakersbutnotacceptedasgood,formalusagebythemajority.Colloquialexpressionsandevenslangmaybefoundinstandarddictionariesbutwillbesoidentified.Bothcolloquialusageandslangaremorecommoninspeechthaninwriting.
Colloquialspeechoftenpassesintostandardspeech.Someslangalsopassesintostandardspeech,butotherslangexpressionsenjoymomentarypopularityfollowedbyobscurity.Insomecases,themajorityneveracceptscertainslangphrasesbutneverthelessretainsthemintheircollectivememories.Everygenerationseemstorequireitsownsetofwordstodescribefamiliarobjectsandevents.Ithasbeenpointedoutbyanumberoflinguiststhatthreeculturalconditionsarenecessaryforthecreationofalargebodyofslangexpressions.First,theintroductionandacceptanceofnewobjectsandsituationsinthesociety;second,adiversepopulationwithalargenumberofsubgroups;third,associationamongthesubgroupsandthemajoritypopulation.
Finally,itisworthnotingthattheterms"standard""colloquial"and"slang"existonlyasabstractlabelsforscholarswhostudylanguage.Onlyatinynumberofthespeakersofanylanguagewillbeawarethattheyareusingcolloquialorslangexpressions.MostspeakersofEnglishwill,duringappropriatesituations,selectanduseallthreetypesofexpressions.
第十一篇
11Archaeology
Archaeologyisasourceofhistory,notjustabumbleauxiliarydiscipline.Archaeologicaldataarehistoricaldocumentsintheirownright,notmereillustrationstowrittentexts,Justasmuchasanyotherhistorian,anarchaeologiststudiesandtriestoreconstitutetheprocessthathascreatedthehumanworldinwhichwelive-andusourselvesinsofarasweareeachcreaturesofourageandsocialenvironment.Archaeologicaldataareallchangesinthematerialworldresultingfromhumanactionor,moresuccinctly,thefossilizedresultsofhumanbehavior.Thesumtotaloftheseconstituteswhatmaybecalledthearchaeologicalrecord.Thisrecordexhibitscertainpeculiaritiesanddeficienciestheconsequencesofwhichproducearathersuperficialcontrastbetweenarchaeologicalhistoryandthemorefamiliarkindbaseduponwrittenrecords.

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Notallhumanbehaviorfossilizes.ThewordsIutterandyouhearasvibrationsintheairarecertainlyhumanchangesinthematerialworldandmaybeofgreathistoricalsignificance.Yettheyleavenosortoftraceinthearchaeologicalrecordsunlesstheyarecapturedbyadictaphoneorwrittendownbyaclerk.Themovementoftroopsonthebattlefieldmay"changethecourseofhistory,"butthisisequallyephemeralfromthearchaeologist'sstandpoint.Whatisperhapsworse,mostorganicmaterialsareperishable.Everythingmadeofwood,hide,wool,linen,grass,hair,andsimilarmaterialswilldecayandvanishindustinafewyearsorcenturies,saveunderveryexceptionalconditions.Inarelativelybriefperiodthearchaeologicalrecordisreducetomerescrapsofstone,bone,glass,metal,andearthenware.Stillmodernarchaeology,byapplyingappropriatetechniquesandcomparativemethods,aidedbyafewluckyfindsfrompeat-bogs,deserts,andfrozensoils,isabletofillupagooddealofthegap.
第十二篇
12Museums
FromBostontoLosAngeles,fromNewYorkCitytoChicagotoDallas,museumsareeitherplanning,building,orwrappingupwholesaleexpansionprograms.Theseprogramsalreadyhaveradicallyalteredfacadesandfloorplansorareexpectedtodosointhenot-too-distantfuture.
InNewYorkCityalone,sixmajorinstitutionshavespreadupandoutintotheairspaceandneighborhoodsaroundthemorarepreparingtodoso.
Thereasonsforthisconfluenceofactivityarecomplex,butonefactorisaconsiderationeverywhere-space.Withcollectionsexpanding,withtheneedsandfunctionsofmuseumschanging,emptyspacehasbecomeaverypreciouscommodity.
ProbablynowhereinthecountryisthismoretruethanatthePhiladelphiaMuseumofArt,whichhasneededadditionalspacefordecadesandwhichreceiveditslastsignificantfacelifttenyearsago.Becauseofthespacecrunch,theArtMuseumhasbecomeincreasinglycautiousinconsideringacquisitionsanddonationsofart,insomecasespassingupopportunitiestostrengthenitscollections.
Deaccessing-orsellingoff-worksofarthastakenonnewimportancebecauseofthemuseum'sspaceproblems.Andincreasingly,curatorshavebeenforcedtojugglegalleryspace,rotatingonemasterpieceintopublicviewwhileanotherissenttostorage.
Despitetheclearneedforadditionalgalleryandstoragespace,however,"themuseumhasnoplan,noplantobreakoutofitsenvelopeinthenextfifteenyears,"accordingtoPhiladelphiaMuseumofArt'spresident.
第十三篇
13SkyscrapersandEnvironment
Inthelate1960's,manypeopleinNorthAmericaturnedtheirattentiontoenvironmentalproblems,andnewsteel-and-glassskyscraperswerewidelycriticized.Ecologistspointedoutthataclusteroftallbuildingsinacityoftenoverburdenspublictransportationandparkinglotcapacities.
Skyscrapersarealsolavishconsumers,andwasters,ofelectricpower.Inonerecentyear,theadditionof17millionsquarefeetofskyscraperofficespaceinNewYorkCityraisedthepeakdailydemandforelectricityby120,000kilowatts-enoughtosupplytheentirecityofAlbany,NewYork,foraday.
Glass-walledskyscraperscanbeespeciallywasteful.Theheatloss(orgainthroughawallofhalf-inchplateglassismorethantentimesthatthroughatypicalmasonrywallfilledwithinsulationboard.Tolessenthestrainonheatingandair-conditioningequipment,buildersofskyscrapershavebeguntousedouble-glazedpanelsofglass,andreflectiveglassescoatedwithsilverorgoldmirrorfilmsthat

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reduceglareaswellasheatgain.However,mirror-walledskyscrapersraisethetemperatureofthesurroundingairandaffectneighboringbuildings.
Skyscrapersputaseverestrainonacity'ssanitationfacilities,too.Iffullyoccupied,thetwoWorldTradeCentertowersinNewYorkCitywouldalonegenerate2.25milliongallonsofrawsewageeachyear-asmuchasacitythesizeofStanford,Connecticut,whichhasapopulationofmorethan109,000.
第十四篇
14ARareFossilRecord
Thepreservationofembryosandjuvenilesisarateoccurrenceinthefossilrecord.Thetiny,delicateskeletonsareusuallyscatteredbyscavengersordestroyedbyweatheringbeforetheycanbefossilized.Ichthyosaurshadahigherchanceofbeingpreservedthandidterrestrialcreaturesbecause,asmarineanimals,theytendedtoliveinenvironmentslesssubjecttoerosion.Still,theirfossilizationrequiredasuiteoffactors:aslowrateofdecayofsofttissues,littlescavengingbyotheranimals,alackofswiftcurrentsandwavestojumbleandcarryawaysmallbones,andfairlyrapidburial.Giventhesefactors,someareashavebecomeatreasuryofwell-preservedichthyosaurfossils.
ThedepositsatHolzmaden,Germany,presentaninterestingcaseforanalysis.Theichthyosaurremainsarefoundinblack,bituminousmarineshalesdepositedabout190millionyearsago.Overtheyears,thousandsofspecimensofmarinereptiles,fishandinvertebrateshavebeenrecoveredfromtheserocks.Thequalityofpreservationisoutstanding,butwhatisevenmoreimpressiveisthenumberofichthyosaurfossilscontainingpreservedembryos.Ichthyosaurswithembryoshavebeenreportedfrom6differentlevelsoftheshaleinasmallareaaroundHolzmaden,suggestingthataspecificsitewasusedbylargenumbersofichthyosaursrepeatedlyovertime.Theembryosarequiteadvancedintheirphysicaldevelopment;theirpaddles,forexample,arealreadywellformed.Onespecimenisevenpreservedinthebirthcanal.Inaddition,theshalecontainstheremainsofmanynewbornsthatarebetween20and30incheslong.
WhyaretheresomanypregnantfemalesandyoungatHolzmadenwhentheyaresorareelsewhere?Thequalityofpreservationisalmostunmatchedandquarryoperationshavebeencarriedoutcarefullywithanawarenessofthevalueofthefossils.Butthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestionofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth.15TheNobelAcademy
Forthelast82years,Sweden'sNobelAcademyhasdecidedwhowillreceivetheNobelPrizeinLiterature,therebydeterminingwhowillbeelevatedfromthegreatandtheneargreattotheimmortal.ButtodaytheAcademyiscomingunderheavycriticismbothfromthewithoutandfromwithin.CriticscontendthattheselectionofthewinnersoftenhaslesstodowithtruewritingabilitythanwiththepeculiarinternalpoliticsoftheAcademyandofSwedenitself.AccordingtoIngmarBjorksten,theculturaleditorforoneofthecountry'stwomajornewspapers,theprizecontinuestorepresent"whatpeoplecallaverySwedishexercise:reflectingSwedishtastes."
TheAcademyhasdefendeditselfagainstsuchchargesofprovincialisminitsselectionbyassertingthatitsphysicaldistancefromthegreatliterarycapitalsoftheworldactuallyservestoprotecttheAcademyfromoutsideinfluences.Thismaywellbetrue,butcriticsrespondthatthisverydistancemayalsoberesponsiblefortheAcademy'sinabilitytoperceiveaccuratelyauthentictrendsintheliteraryworld.
Regardlessofconcernsovertheselectionprocess,however,itseemsthattheprizewillcontinuetosurvivebothasanindicatoroftheliteraturethatwemosthighlypraise,andasanelusivegoalthatwritersseek.Iffornootherreason,theprizewillcontinuetobedesirableforthefinancialrewardsthataccompanyit;notonlyisthecashprizeitselfconsiderable,butitalsodramaticallyincreasessalesofanauthor'sbooks.
第十七篇

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17.Evolutionofsleep
Sleepisveryancient.Intheelectroencephalographicsenseweshareitwithalltheprimatesandalmostalltheothermammalsandbirds:itmayextendbackasfarasthereptiles.
Thereissomeevidencethatthetwotypesofsleep,dreaminganddreamless,dependonthelife-styleoftheanimal,andthatpredatorsarestatisticallymuchmorelikelytodreamthanprey,whichareinturnmuchmorelikelytoexperiencedreamlesssleep.Indreamsleep,theanimalispowerfullyimmobilizedandremarkablyunresponsivetoexternalstimuli.Dreamlesssleepismuchshallower,andwehaveallwitnessedcatsordogscockingtheirearstoasoundwhenapparentlyfastasleep.Thefactthatdeepdreamsleepisrareamongpraytodayseemsclearlytobeaproductofnaturalselection,anditmakessensethattoday,whensleepishighlyevolved,thestupidanimalsarelessfrequentlyimmobilizedbydeepsleepthanthesmartones.Butwhyshouldtheysleepdeeplyatall?Whyshouldastateofsuchdeepimmobilizationeverhaveevolved?
Perhapsoneusefulhintabouttheoriginalfunctionofsleepistobefoundinthefactthatdolphinsandwhalesandaquaticmammalsingeneraseemtosleepverylittle.Thereis,byandlarge,noplacetohideintheocean.Coulditbethat,ratherthanincreasingananimal’svulnerability,theUniversityofFloridaandRayMeddisofLondonUniversityhavesuggestedthistobethecase.Itisconceivablethatanimalswhoaretoostupidtobequiteontheirowninitiativeare,duringperiodsofhighrisk,immobilizedbytheimplacablearmofsleep.Thepointseemsparticularlyclearfortheyoungofpredatoryanimals.Thisisaninterestingnotionandprobablyatleastpartlytrue.
第十六篇
16.thewarbetweenBritainandFrance
Inthelateeighteenthcentury,battlesragedinalmosteverycornerofEurope,aswellasintheMiddleEast,southAfrica,theWestIndies,andLatinAmerica.Inreality,however,therewasonlyonemajorwarduringthistime,thewarbetweenBritainandFrance.Allotherbattleswereancillarytothislargerconflict,andwereoftenatleastpartiallyrelatedtoitsantagonist’goalsandstrategies.FrancesoughttotaldominationofEurope.thisgoalwasobstructedbyBritishindependenceandBritain’seffortsthroughoutthecontinenttothwartNapoleon;throughtreaties.Britainbuiltcoalitions(notdissimilarinconcepttotoday’sNATOguaranteeingBritishparticipationinallmajorEuropeanconflicts.Thesetwoantagonistswerepoorlymatched,insofarastheyhadveryunequalstrengths;Francewaspredominantonland,Britainatsea.TheFrenchknewthat,shortofdefeatingtheBritishnavy,theironlyhopeofvictorywastoclosealltheportsofEuropetoBritishships.Accordingly,FrancesetouttoovercomeBritainbyextendingitsmilitarydominationfromMoscowtLisbon,fromJutlandtoCalabria.Allofthisentailedtremendousrisk,becauseFrancedidnothavethemilitaryresourcestocontrolthismuchterritoryandstillprotectitselfandmaintainorderathome.
Frenchstrategistscalculatedthatanavyof150shipswouldprovidetheforcenecessarytodefeattheBritishnavy.SuchaforcewouldgiveFranceathree-to-twoadvantageoverBritain.ThisadvantagewasdeemednecessarybecauseofBritain’ssuperiorseaskillsandtechnologybecauseofBritain’ssuperiorseaskillsandtechnology,andalsobecauseBritainwouldbefightingadefensivewar,allowingittowinwithfewerforces.NapoleonneverlostsubstantialimpedimenttohiscontrolofEurope.Ashisforcenearedthatgoal,Napoleongrewincreasinglyimpatientandbeganplanninganimmediateattack.
第十八篇
18.ModernAmericanUniversities胖胖：）
Beforethe1850’s,theUnitedStateshadanumberofsmallcolleges,mostofthemdatingfromcolonialdays.Theyweresmall,churchconnectedinstitutionswhoseprimaryconcernwastoshapethemoralcharacteroftheirstudents.

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ThroughoutEurope,institutionsofhigherlearninghaddeveloped,bearingtheancientnameofuniversity.InGermanuniversitywasconcernedprimarilywithcreatingandspreadingknowledge,notmorals.Betweenmid-centuryandtheendofthe1800’s,morethanninethousandyoungAmericans,dissatisfiedwiththeirtrainingathome,wenttoGermanyforadvancedstudy.Someofthemreturntobecomepresidentsofvenerablecolleges-----Harvard,Yale,Columbia---andtransformthemintomodernuniversities.Thenewpresidentsbrokealltieswiththechurchesandbroughtinanewkindoffaculty.Professorswerehiredfortheirknowledgeofasubject,notbecausetheywereoftheproperfaithandhadastrongarmfordiscipliningstudents.Thenewprinciplewasthatauniversitywastocreateknowledgeaswellaspassiton,andthiscalledforafacultycomposedofteacher-scholars.DrillingandlearningbyrotewerereplacedbytheGermanmethodoflecturing,inwhichtheprofessor’sownresearchwaspresentedinclass.GraduatetrainingleadingtothePh.D.,anancientGermandegreesignifyingthehighestlevelofadvancedscholarlyattainment,wasintroduced.Withtheestablishmentoftheseminarsystem,graduatestudentlearnedtoquestion,analyze,andconducttheirownresearch.
Atthesametime,thenewuniversitygreatlyexpandedinsizeandcourseofferings,breakingcompletelyoutoftheold,constrictedcurriculumofmathematics,classics,rhetoric,andmusic.ThepresidentofHarvardpioneeredtheelectivesystem,bywhichstudentswereabletochoosetheirowncourseofstudy.Thenotionofmajorfieldsofstudyemerged.Thenewgoalwastomaketheuniversityrelevanttotherealpursuitsoftheworld.Payingcloseheedtothepracticalneedsofsociety,thenewuniversitiestrainedmenandwomentoworkatitstasks,withengineeringstudentsbeingthemostcharacteristicofthenewregime.Studentswerealsotrainedaseconomists,architects,agriculturalists,socialwelfareworkers,andteachers.
第十九篇
19.children’snumericalskills
peopleappeartoborntocompute.Thenumericalskillsofchildrendevelopsoearlyandsoinexorablythatitiseasytoimagineaninternalclockofmathematicalmaturityguidingtheirgrowth.Notlongafterlearningtowalkandtalk,theycansetthetablewithimpressaccuracy---oneknife,onespoon,onefork,foreachofthefivechairs.Soontheyarecapableofnothingthattheyhaveplacedfiveknives,spoonsandforksonthetableand,abitlater,thatthisamountstofifteenpiecesofsilverware.Havingthusmasteredaddition,theymoveontosubtraction.Itseemsalmostreasonabletoexpectthatifachildweresecludedonadesertislandatbirthandretrievedsevenyearslater,heorshecouldenterasecondenterasecond-grademathematicsclasswithoutanyseriousproblemsofintellectualadjustment.
Ofcourse,thetruthisnotsosimple.Thiscentury,theworkofcognitivepsychologistshasilluminatedthesubtleformsofdailylearningonwhichintellectualprogressdepends.Childrenwereobservedastheyslowlygrasped-----or,asthecasemightbe,bumpedinto-----conceptsthatadultstakeforquantityisunchangedaswaterpoursfromashortglassintoatallthinone.Psychologistshavesincedemonstratedthatyoungchildren,askedtocountthepencilsinapile,readilyreportthenumberofblueorredpencils,butmustbecoaxedintofindingthetotal.Suchstudieshavesuggestedthattherudimentsofmathematicsaremasteredgradually,andwitheffort.Theyhavealsosuggestedthattheveryconceptofabstractnumbers------theideaofaoneness,
atwoness,athreenessthatappliestoanyclassofobjectsandisaprerequisitefordoinganythingmoremathematicallydemandingthansettingatable-----isitselffarfrominnate
第二十篇
20TheHistoricalSignificanceofAmericanRevolution
Thewaysofhistoryaresointricateandthemotivationsofhumanactionssocomplexthatitisalwayshazardoustoattempttorepresenteventscoveringanumberofyears,amultiplicityofpersons,anddistantlocalitiesastheexpressionofoneintellectualorsocialmovement;yetthehistoricalprocesswhichculminatedintheascentofThomasJeffersontothepresidencycanberegardedastheoutstandingexamplenotonlyofthebirthofanewwayoflifebutofnationalismasanewwayoflife.TheAmericanRevolutionrepresentsthelinkbetweentheseventeenthcentury,inwhichmodernEnglandbecameconsciousofitself,

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andtheawakeningofmodernEuropeattheendoftheeighteenthcentury.ItmayseemstrangethatthemarchofhistoryshouldhavehadtocrosstheAtlanticOcean,butonlyintheNorthAmericancoloniescouldastruggleforciviclibertyleadalsotothefoundationofanewnation.Here,inthepopularrisingagainsta“tyrannical”government,thefruitsweremorethanthesecuringofafreerconstitution.Theyincludedthegrowthofanationborninlibertybythewillofthepeople,notfromtherootsofcommondescent,ageographicentity,ortheambitionsofkingordynasty.WiththeAmericannation,forthefirsttime,anationwasborn,notinthedimpastofhistorybutbeforetheeyesofthewholeworld.
第二十一篇
21TheOriginofSports
Whendidsportbegin?Ifsportis,inessence,play,theclaimmightbemadethatsportismucholderthanhumankind,for,asweallhaveobserved,thebeastsplay.Dogsandcatswrestleandplayballgames.Fishesandbirdsdance.Theapeshavesimple,pleasurablegames.Frolickinginfants,schoolchildrenplayingtag,andadultarmwrestlersaredemonstratingstrong,transgenerationalandtransspeciesbondswiththeuniverseofanimals–past,present,andfuture.Younganimals,particularly,tumble,chase,runwrestle,mock,imitate,andlaugh(orsoitseemstothepointofdelightedexhaustion.Theirplay,andours,appearstoservenootherpurposethantogivepleasuretotheplayers,andapparently,toremoveustemporarilyfromtheanguishoflifeinearnest.
Somephilosophershaveclaimedthatourplayfulnessisthemostnoblepartofourbasicnature.Intheirgenerousconceptions,playharmlesslyandexperimentallypermitsustoputourcreativeforces,fantasy,andimaginationintoaction.Playisreleasefromthetediousbattlesagainstscarcityanddeclinewhicharetheincessant,andinevitable,tragediesoflife.Thisisagrandconceptionthatexcitesandprovokes.Theholdersofthisviewclaimthattheoriginsofourhighestaccomplishments----liturgy,literature,andlaw----canbetracedtoaplayimpulsewhich,paradoxically,weseemostpurelyenjoyedbyyoungbeastsandchildren.Oursports,inthisratherhappy,nonfatalisticviewofhumannature,aremoresplendidcreationsofthenondatable,transspeciesplayimpulse.
第二十二篇
22.Collectibles
Collectibleshavebeenapartofalmosteveryculturesinceancienttimes.Whereassomeobjectshavebeencollectedfortheirusefulness,othershavebeenselectedfortheiraestheticbeautyalone.IntheUnitedStates,thekindsofcollectiblescurrentlypopularrangefromtraditionalobjectssuchasstamps,coins,rarebooks,andarttomorerecentitemsofinterestlikedolls,bottles,baseballcards,andcomicbooks.
Interestincollectibleshasincreasedenormouslyduringthepastdecade,inpartbecausesomecollectibleshavedemonstratedtheirvalueasinvestments.Especiallyduringcyclesofhighinflation,investorstrytopurchasetangiblesthatwillatleastretaintheircurrentmarketvalues.Ingeneral,themosttraditionalcollectibleswillbesoughtbecausetheyhavepreservedtheirvalueovertheyears,thereisanorganizedauctionmarketforthem,andtheyaremosteasilysoldintheeventthatcashisneeded.Someexamplesofthemoststablecollectiblesareoldmasters,Chineseceramics,stamps,coins,rarebooks,antiquejewelry,silver,porcelain,artbywell-knownartists,autographs,andperiodfurniture.Otheritemsofmorerecentinterestincludeoldphotographrecords,oldmagazines,postcards,baseballcards,artglass,dolls,classiccars,oldbottles,andcomicbooks.Theserelativelynewkindsofcollectiblesmayactuallyappreciatefasterasshort-terminvestments,butmaynotholdtheirvalueaslong-terminvestments.Onceacollectiblehashaditsinitialplay,itappreciatesatafairlysteadyrate,supportedbyanincreasingnumberofenthusiasticcollectorscompetingforthelimitedsupplyofcollectiblesthatbecomeincreasinglymoredifficulttolocate.


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传说中的100句背7000单词!
1.TypicalofthegrasslanddwellersofthecontinentistheAmericanantelope,orpronghorn.1.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。
2.OfthemillionswhosawHaley’scometin1986,howmanypeoplewilllivelongenoughtoseeitreturninthetwenty-firstcentury.
2.1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？
3.Anthropologistshavediscoveredthatfear,happiness,sadness,andsurpriseareuniversallyreflectedinfacialexpressions.
3.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。
4.Becauseofitsirritatingeffectonhumans,theuseofphenolasageneralantiseptichasbeenlargelydiscontinued.
4.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。
5.Ingrouptoremaininexistence,aprofit-makingorganizationmust,inthelongrun,producesomethingconsumersconsiderusefulordesirable.
5.任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
6.Thegreaterthepopulationthereisinalocality,thegreatertheneedthereisforwater,transportation,anddisposalofrefuse.
6.一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
7.Itismoredifficulttowritesimply,directly,andeffectivelythantoemployflowerybutvagueexpressionsthatonlyobscureone’smeaning.
7.简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
8.Withmodernofficesbecomingmoremechanized,designersareattemptingtopersonalizethemwithwarmer,lesssevereinteriors.
8.随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。9.Thedifferencebetweenlibelandslanderisthatlibelisprintedwhileslanderisspoken.9.诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。
10.Thekneeisthejointswherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.10.膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。
11.Acidsarechemicalcompoundsthat,inwatersolution,haveasharptaste,acorrosiveactiononmetals,andtheabilitytoturncertainbluevegetabledyesred.
11.酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。
12.BillieHoliday’sreputationasagreatjazz-bluessingerrestsonherabilitytogiveemotionaldepthtohersongs.
12.BillieHoliday’s作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。
13.Essentially,atheoryisanabstract,symbolicrepresentationofwhatisconceivedtobereality.
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13.理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。
14.Longbeforechildrenareabletospeakorunderstandalanguage,theycommunicatethroughfacialexpressionsandbymakingnoises.
14.儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。
15.Thankstomodernirrigation,cropsnowgrowabundantlyinareaswhereoncenothingbutcactiandsagebrushcouldlive.
15.受当代灌溉(技术设施之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。
16.Thedevelopmentofmechanicaltimepiecesspurredthesearchformoreaccuratesundialswithwhichtoregulatethem.
16.机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。
17.Anthropologyisascienceinthatanthropologistsusearigoroussetofmethodsandtechniquestodocumentobservationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.
17.人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。
18.Fungiareimportantintheprocessofdecay,whichreturnsingredientstothesoil,enhancessoilfertility,anddecomposesanimaldebris.
18.真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。
19.Whenitisstruck,atuningforkproducesanalmostpuretone,retainingitspitchoveralongperiodoftime.
19.音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。
20.AlthoughpecansaremostplentifulinthesoutheasternpartoftheUnitedStates,theyarefoundasfarnorthasOhioandIllinois.
20.虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。
21.Eliminatingproblemsbytransferringtheblametoothersisoftencalledscape-goating.21.用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。
22.Thechieffoodseateninanycountrydependlargelyonwhatgrowsbestinitsclimateandsoil.22.一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。
23.Overaverylargenumberoftrials,theprobabilityofanevent’soccurringisequaltotheprobabilitythatitwillnotoccur.
23.在大量的实验中，某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率。
24.Mostsubstancecontractwhentheyfreezesothatthedensityofasubstance’ssolidishigherthanthedensityofitsliquid.
24.大多数物质遇冷收缩，所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态。
25.Themechanismbywhichbraincellsstorememoriesisnotclearlyunderstood.25.大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。
26.Bythemiddleofthetwentiethcentury,paintersandsculptorsintheUnitedStateshadbeguntoexertagreatworldwideinfluenceoverart.
26.到了二十一世纪中叶，美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。
27.IntheeasternpartofNewJerseyliesthecityofElizabeth,amajorshippingandmanufacturingcenter.27.伊丽莎白市，一个重要的航运和制造业中心，坐落于新泽西州的东部。
28.ElizabethBlackwell,thefirstwomanmedicaldoctorintheUnitedStates,foundedtheNewYorkInfirmary,aninstitutionthathasalwayshadacompletelyfemalemedicalstaff.
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28.ElizabethBlackwell，美国第一个女医生，创建了员工一直为女性纽约诊所。
29.AlexanderGrahamBelloncetoldhisfamilythathewouldratherberememberedasateacherofthedeafthanastheinventorofthetelephone.
29.AlexanderGrahamBell曾告诉家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师，而非电话的发明者。
30.Becauseitsleavesremaingreenlongafterbeingpicked,rosemarybecameassociatedwiththeideaofremembrance.
30.采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰，因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起。
31.Althoughapparentlyrigid,bonesexhibitadegreeofelasticitythatenablestheskeletontowithstandconsiderableimpact.
31.骨头看起来是脆硬的，但它也有一定的弹性，使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击。
32.ThatxenoncouldnotFORMchemicalcompoundswasoncebelievedbyscientists.32.科学家曾相信：氙气是不能形成化合物的。
33.Researchintothedynamicsofstormsisdirectedtowardimprovingtheabilitytopredicttheseeventsandthustominimizedamageandavoidlossoflife.
33.对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测从而减少损失，避免人员伤亡。
34.Theeliminationofinflationwouldensurethattheamountofmoneyusedinrepayingaloanwouldhavethesamevalueastheamountofmoneyborrowed.
34.消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价值相同。
35.Futurism,anearlytwentieth-centurymovementinart,rejectedalltraditionsandattemptedtoglorifycontemporarylifebyemphasizingthemachineandmotion.
35.未来主义，二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮。拒绝一切传统，试图通过强调机械和动态来美化生活。
36.OneofthewildestandmostinaccessiblepartsoftheUnitedStatesistheEvergladeswherewildlifeisabundantandlargelyprotected.
36.Everglades是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一，此处有大量的野生动植物而且大多受(法律保护。
37.LucretiaMott'sinfluencewassosignificantthatshehasbeencreditedbysomeauthoritiesastheoriginatoroffeminismintheUnitedStates.
37.LucretiaMott's的影响巨大，所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的创始人。
38.Theactivitiesoftheinternationalmarketingresearcherarefrequentlymuchbroaderthanthoseofthedomesticmarketer.
38.国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔。
39.ThecontinentaldividereferstoanimaginarylineintheNorthAmericanRockiesthatdividesthewatersflowingintotheAtlanticOceanfromthoseflowingintothePacific.
39.大陆分水岭是指北美洛矶山脉上的一道想象线，该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域区分开来。
40.StudiesofthegravityfieldoftheEarthindicatethatitscrustandmantleyieldwhenunusualweightisplacedonthem.
40.对地球引力的研究表明，在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生位移。
41.TheannualworthofUtah'smanufacturingisgreaterthanthatofitsminingandfarmingcombined.41.尤它州制造业的年产值大于其工业和农业的总和。
42.Thewallflowerissocalledbecauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstonycliffsforsupport.42.墙花之所以叫墙花，是因为其脆弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长，以便有所依附。
43.Itistheinteractionbetweenpeople,ratherthantheeventsthatoccurintheirlives,thatisthemainfocusofsocialpsychology.
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43.社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往，而不是他们各自生活中的事件。
44.NosocialcrusadearousedElizabethWilliams'enthusiasmmorethantheexpansionofeducationalfacilitiesforimmigrantstotheUnitedStates.
44.给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了ElizabethWilliams的热情。
45.Quailstypicallyhaveshortroundedwingsthatenablethemtospringintofullflightinstantlywhendisturbedintheirhidingplaces.
45.典型的鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀，凭此他们可以在受惊时一跃而起，飞离它们的躲藏地。
46.Accordingtoanthropologists,theearliestancestorsofhumansthatstooduprightresembledchimpanzeesfacially,withslopingforeheadsandprotrudingbrows.
46.根据人类学家的说法，直立行走的人的鼻祖面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似，额头后倾，眉毛突出。
47.Notuntil1866wasthefullysuccessfultransatlanticcablefinallylaid.47.直到1866年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通。
48.Inhiswriting,JohnCroweRansomdescribeswhatheconsidersthespiritualbarrennessofsocietybroughtaboutbyscienceandtechnology.
48.JohnCroweRansom在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。
49.Childrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm,consistent,andrationalareinclinedtopossesshighlevelsofself-confidence.
49.父母的教导如果坚定，始终如一和理性，孩子就有可能充满自信。
50.TheancientHopewellpeopleofNorthAmericaprobablycultivatedcornandothercrops,buthuntingandgatheringwerestillofcriticalimportanceintheireconomy.
50.北美远古的Hopewell人很可能种植了玉米和其他农作物，但打猎和采集对他们的经济贸易仍是至关重要的。
51.UsingmanysymbolsmakesitpossibletoputalargeamountofinFORMationonasinglemap.51.使用多种多样的符号可以在一张地图里放进大量的信息。
52.Anarchismisatermdescribingaclusterofdoctrinesandattitudeswhoseprincipalunitingfeatureisthebeliefthatgovernmentisbothharmfulandunnecessary.
52.无政府主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度，它们的主要共同点在于相信政府是有害的，没有必要的。
53.ProbablynomanhadmoreeffectonthedailylivesofmostpeopleintheUntiedStatesthandidHenryFordapioneerinautomobileproduction.
53.恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱亨利.福特。
54.Theuseofwell-chosennonsensewordsmakespossiblethetestingofmanybasichypothesesinthefieldoflanguagelearning.
54.使用精心挑选的无意义词汇，可以检验语言学科里许多基本的假定。
55.Thehistoryofpaintingisafascinatingchainofeventsthatprobablybeganwiththeveryfirstpicturesevermade.
55.优化历史是由一连串的迷人事件组成，其源头大概可以上溯到最早的图画。
56.Perfectlymatchedpearls,strungintoanecklace,bringafarhigherpricethanthesamepearlstoldindividually.
56.相互般配的珍珠，串成一条项链，就能卖到比单独售出好得多的价钱。
57.Duringtheeighteenthcentury,LittleTurtlewaschiefoftheMiamitribewhoseterritorybecamewhatisnowIndianaandOhio.
57.十八世纪时，"小乌龟"是迈阿密部落的酋长，该部落的地盘就是今天的印第安那州和俄亥俄州。
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58.Amongalmostsevenhundredspeciesofbamboo,somearefullygrownatlessthanafoothigh,whileotherscangrowthreefeetintwenty-fourhours.
58.在竹子的近七百个品种中，有的全长成还不到一英尺，有的却能在二十四小时内长出三英尺。
59.Beforestaringonaseavoyage,prudentnavigatorslearntheseacharts,studythesailingdirections,andmemorizelighthouselocationstopreparethemselvesforanyconditionstheymightencounter.59.谨慎的航海员在出航前，会研究航向，记录的灯塔的位置，以便对各种可能出现的情况做到有备无患。
60.Ofalltheeconomicallyimportantplants,palmshavebeentheleaststudied.60.在所有的经济作物中，棕榈树得到的研究最少。
61.Buyersandsellersshouldbeawareofnewdevelopmentsintechnologycananddoesaffectmarketingactivities.61.购买者和销售者都应该留意技术的新发展，原因很简单，因为技术能够并且已经影响着营销活动。
62.Theapplicationofelectroniccontrolsmadepossiblebythemicroprocessorandcomputerstoragehavemultipliedtheusesofthemoderntypewriter.
62.电脑储存和由于电子微处理机得以实现的电控运用成倍的增加了现代打字机的功能。
63.Thehumanskeletonconsistsofmorethantwohundredbonesboundtogetherbytoughandrelativelyinelasticconnectivetissuescalledligaments.
63.人类骨骼有二百多块骨头组成，住些骨头石油坚韧而相对缺乏弹性的，被称为韧带的结蒂组连在一起。
64.Thepigmentationofapearlisinfluencedbythetypeofoysterinwhichitdevelopsandbythedepth,temperature,andthesaltcontentofthewaterinwhichtheoysterlives.64.珍珠的色泽受到作为其母体牡蛎种类及牡蛎生活水域的深度，温度和含盐度的制约。
65.Althoughmockingbirdssuperblymimicthesongsandcallsofmanybirds,theycannonethelessbequicklyidentifiedasmockingbirdsbycertainauralclues.
65.尽管模仿鸟学很多种鸟的鸣叫声惟妙惟肖，但人类还是能够依其声音上的线索很快识别它们。
66.Notonlycanwalkingfishliveoutofwater,buttheycanalsotravelshortdistancesoverland.66.鲇鱼不仅可以离开水存活，还可以在岸上短距离移动。
67.Scientistsdonotknowwhydinosaursbecameextinct,butsometheoriespostulatethatchangersingeography,climate,andsealevelswereresponsible.
67.科学家不知道恐龙为何绝种了，但是一些理论推断是地理，气候和海平面的变化造成的。
68.Thescienceofhorticulture,inwhichtheprimaryconcernsaremaximumyieldandsuperiorquality,utilizesinFORMationderivedfromothersciences.
68.主要目的在于丰富和优质的农艺学利用了其他科学的知识。
69.Snowaidsfarmersbykeepingheartinthelowergroundlevels,therebysavingtheseedsfromfreezing.69.雪对农民是一种帮助，因为它保持地层土壤的温度，使种子不致冻死。
70.Eventhoughtheprecisequalitiesofheroinliterarywordsmayvaryovertime,thebasicexemplaryfunctionoftheheroseemstoremainconstant.
70.历代文学作品中的英雄本色虽各有千秋，但其昭世功力却是恒古不变的。
71.Peopleinprehistorictimescreatedpaintsbygrindingmaterialssuchasplantsandclayintopowerandthenaddingwater.
71.史前的人们制造颜料是将植物和泥土等原料磨成粉末，然后加水。
72.Oftenveryannoyingweeds,goldenrodscrowdoutlesshardyplantsandactashoststomanyinsectpests.72.黄菊花通常令人生厌，它挤走不那么顽强的植物，并找来很多害虫。
73.Startingaround7000B.C.,andforthenextfourthousandyears,muchoftheNorthernHemisphereexperienced
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temperatureswarmerthanatpresent.
73.大约从公元前七千年开始，在四千年当中，北半球的温度比现在高。
74.WhenHenryFordfirstsoughtfinancialbackingformakingcars,theverynotionoffarmersandclerksowningautomobileswasconsideredridiculous.
74.当亨利.福特最初制造汽车为寻求资金支持时，农民和一般职员也能拥有汽车的想法被认为是可笑的。
75.Thoughoncequitelarge,thepopulationofthebaldeagleacrossNorthAmericahasdrasticallydeclinedinthepastfortyyears.
75.北美秃头鹰的数量一度很多，但在近四十年中全北美的秃头鹰数量急剧下降。
76.Thebeaverchewsdowntreestogetfoodandmaterialwithwhichtobuilditshome.76.水獭啃倒树木，以便取食物并获得造窝的材料。
77.Poodleswereonceusedasretrieversinduckhunting,buttheAmericanKennelClubdoesnotconsiderthemsportingdogsbecausetheyarenowprimarilykeptaspets.77.长卷毛狗曾被用作猎鸭时叼回猎物的猎犬，但是美国KennelClub却不承认它们为猎犬，因为它们现在大多数作为宠物饲养。
78.Asaresultofwhatisnowknowinphysicsandchemistry,scientistshavebeenabletomakeimportantdiscoveriesinbiologyandmedicine.
78.物理学和化学的一个成果是使得科学家们能在生物学和医学上获得重大发现。
79.ThepracticeofmakingexcellentfilmsbasedonratherobscurenovelshasbeengoingonsolongintheUnitedStatesastoconstituteatradition.
79.根据默默无闻的小说制作优秀影片在美国由来已久，已经成为传统。
80.Sincetheconsumerconsidersthebestfruittobethatwhichisthemostattractive,thegrowermustprovideproductsthatsatisfythediscerningeye.
80.因为顾客认为最好的水果应该看起来也是最漂亮的，所以种植者必须提供能满足挑剔眼光的产品。
81.Televisionthemostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologies,markedbyrapidchangeandgrowth,ismovingintoanewera,aneraofextraordinarysophisticationandversatility,whichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.
81.电视，这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和世界。
82.Televisionismorethanjustanelectronics;itisameansofexpression,aswellasavehicleforcommunication,andassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings.
82.电视不仅仅是一件电器；它是表达的手段和交流的载体并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。
83.Evenmoreshockingisthefactthatthenumberandrateofimprisonmenthavemorethandoubledoverthepasttwentyyears,andrecidivism------thatistherateforre-arrest------ismorethan60percent.83.更让人吃惊的事实是监禁的数目和比例在过去的二十年中翻了一番还有余，以及累犯率——即再次拘押的比例——为百分之六十强。
84.HisteachingbeganattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,butWilliamRaineyHarperluredhimtothenewuniversityofChicago,whereheremainedofficiallyforexactlyagenerationandwherehisstudentsinadvancedcompositionfoundhimterrifyinglyfrigidintheclassroombutsympatheticandunderstandingintheirpersonalconferences.
84.他的教书生涯始于麻省理工学院，但是WilliamRaineyHarper把他吸引到了新成立的芝加哥大学。他在那里正式任职长达整整一代人的时间。他的高级作文课上的学生觉得他在课上古板得可怕，但私下交流却富有同情和理解。
85.Theslothpayssuchlittleattentiontoitspersonalhygienethatgreenalgaegrowonitscoarsehairandcommunitiesofaparasiticmothliveinthedepthsofitscoatproducingcaterpillarswhichgrazeonitsmouldyhair.Itsmusclesaresuchthatitisquitsincapableofmovingataspeedofoverakilometeranhourevenovertheshortestdistancesandtheswiftestmovementitcanmakeisasweepofitshookedarm.
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85.树獭即不讲究卫生，以至于它粗糙的毛发上生出绿苔，成群的寄生蛾生长在它的皮毛深处，变成毛毛虫，并以它的脏毛为食。她的肌肉不能让他哪怕在很短的距离以内以每小时一公里的速度移动。它能做的最敏捷的动作就是挥一挥它弯曲的胳膊。
86.Artificialflowersareusedforscientificaswellasfordecorativepurposes.Theyaremadefromavarietyofmaterials,suchaswayandglass,soskillfullythattheycanscarcelybedistinguishedfromnaturalflowers.86.人造花卉即可用于科学目的，也可用于装饰目的，它们可以用各种各样的材料制成，臂如蜡和玻璃；其制作如此精巧，几乎可以以假乱真。
87.ThreeyearsofresearchatanabandonedcoalmineinArgonne,Illinois,haveresultedinfindingsthatscientistsbelievecanhelpreclaimthousandsofminedisposalsitesthatscarthecoal-richregionsoftheUnitedStates.
87.在伊利诺州Angonne市的一个废弃煤矿的三年研究取得了成果，科学家们相信这些成果可以帮助改造把美国产煤区弄得伤痕累累的数千个旧煤场。
88.Whenthepersuadingandtheplanningforthewesternrailroadshadfinallybeencompleted,thereallychallengingtaskremained:thedangerous,sweaty,backbreaking,brawlingbusinessofactuallybuildingthelines.88.当有关西部铁路的说服和规划工作终于完成后，真正艰难的任务还没有开始；即危险，吃力，需要伤筋动骨和吵吵嚷嚷的建造这些铁路的实际工作。
89.Becauseofthespacecrunch,theArtMuseumhasbecomeincreasinglycautiousinconsideringacquisitionsanddonationsofart,insomecasespassingupopportunitiestostrengtheniscollections.
89.由于空间不足，艺术博物馆在考虑购买和接受捐赠的艺术品是越来越慎重，有些情况下放弃其进一步改善收藏的机会。
90.TheUnitedStatesConstitutionrequiresthatPresidentbeanatural-borncitizen,thirty-fiveyearsofageorolder,whohaslivedintheUnitedStatesforaminimumoffourteenyears.
90.美国宪法要求总统是生于美国本土的公民，三十五岁以上，并且在美国居住了至少十四年。
91.AridregionsinthesouthwesternUnitedStateshavebecomeincreasinglyinvitingplaygroundsforthegrowingnumberofrecreationseekerswhoownvehiclessuchasmotorcyclesorpoweredtrailbikesandindulgeinhill-climbingcontestsorincavingnewtrailsinthedesert.91.美国西部的不毛之地正成为玩耍的地方，对越来越多拥有摩托车或越野单车类车辆的，喜欢放纵于爬坡比赛或开辟新的沙漠通道的寻欢作乐者具有不断增长的吸引力。
92.Stonedoesdecay,andsotoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemanwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.
92.石头不会腐烂，所以以前的(石器工具能保存下来，虽然它们的制造者已经消失的无影无踪。
93.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.93.昆虫就将会使我们无法在这个世界上居住；如果我们没有受到以昆虫为食的动物的保护，昆虫就会吞嚼掉我们所有的庄稼并杀死我们饲养的禽兽。
94.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwhichwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.
94.确实，他们在探险中遇到了极具威胁性的困难和危险，而他们的装备会让一个现代登山者想一想都会浑身颤栗。不过他们并不是刻意去追求刺激的。
95.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.95.老人和年轻人之间只有一个区别：年轻人的前面有辉煌的未来，老年人灿烂的未来却已在它们身后。这也许就是困难之所在。
96.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheyhavenotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorlovecomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.96.我们位年强人振奋。它们带有自由的气息，他们不会为狭隘的野心和贪婪享受而孜孜以求。他们不是焦虑的向上爬的人，他们不会对物质性的东西难舍难分。
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97.IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield.
97.每次我听说体育运动能够在国家间建立起友好感情，说世界各地的普通人只要能在足球场或板球场上相遇就会没有兴趣在战场上相遇的话，我都倍感诧异。
98.Itisimpossibletosaysimplyforthefunandexercise:assoonasthequestionofprestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunitwillbedisgracedifyoulose,themostsavagecombativeinstinctsarearound.
98.没有可能仅仅为了娱乐或锻炼而运动：一旦有了问题，一旦你觉得你输了你和你所属团体会有失体面时，你最野蛮的好斗本能就会被激发出来。
99.Ithasbeenfoundthatcertainbatsemitsqueaksandbyreceivingtheechoes,theycanlocateandsteerclearofobstacles------orlocateflyinginsectsonwhichtheyfeed.Thisecho-locationinbatsisoftencomparedwithradar,theprincipleofwhichissimilar.99.人们已经发现，某些蝙蝠发出尖叫声并靠接受回响来锁定和避免障碍物——或者找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。蝙蝠这种回响定位法常拿来和原理与之很相近似的雷达相比。
100.Asthetimeandcostofmakingaclipdroptoafewdaysandafewhundreddollars,engineersmaysoonbefreetolettheirimaginationssoarwithoutbeingpenalizedbyexpensivefailure.100.随着芯片制造时间和费用降低到了几天和几百美元，工程师们可能很快可以任他们的想象驰骋而不会被昂贵的失败所惩罚。

容易望文生义的英语
1.词汇类
lover情人（不是“爱人”）
busboy餐馆勤杂工（不是“公汽售票员”）busybody爱管闲事的人（不是“大忙人”）
drygoods（美）纺织品；（英）谷物（不是“干货”）heartman换心人（不是“有心人”）
maddoctor精神病科医生（不是“发疯的医生”）eleventhhour最后时刻（不是“十一点”）
blinddate（由第三者安排的）男女初次会面（并非“盲目约会”或“瞎约会”）deadpresident美钞（上印有总统头像）（并非“死了的总统”）personalremark人身攻击（不是“个人评论”）sweetwater淡水（不是“糖水”或“甜水”）confidenceman骗子（不是“信得过的人”）criminallawyer刑事律师（不是“犯罪的律师”）servicestation加油站（不是“服务站”）restroom厕所（不是“休息室”）
dressingroom化妆室（不是“试衣室”或“更衣室”）sportinghouse妓院（不是“体育室”）horsesense常识（不是“马的感觉”）
capitalidea好主意（不是“资本主义思想”）familiartalk庸俗的交谈（不是“熟悉的谈话”）blacktea红茶（不是“黑茶”）blackart妖术（不是“黑色艺术”）
blackstranger完全陌生的人（不是“陌生的黑人”）whitecoal（作动力来源用的）水（不是“白煤”）whiteman忠实可靠的人（不是“皮肤白的人”）
yellowbook黄皮书（法国政府报告书，以黄纸为封）（不是“黄色书籍”）redtape官僚习气（不是“红色带子”）greenhand新手（不是“绿手”）
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bluestocking女学者、女才子（不是“蓝色长统袜”）Chinapolicy对华政策（不是“中国政策”）Chinesedragon麒麟（不是“中国龙”）
Americanbeauty红蔷薇（不是“美国美女”）Englishdisease软骨病（不是“英国病”）
Indiansummer愉快宁静的晚年（不是“印度的夏日”）Greekgift害人的礼品（不是“希腊礼物”）
Spanishathlete吹牛的人（不是“西班牙运动员”）Frenchchalk滑石粉（不是“法国粉笔”）2.成语类
pullone'sleg开玩笑（不是“拉后腿”）
inone'sbirthdaysuit赤身裸体（不是“穿着生日礼服”）eatone'swords收回前言（不是“食言”）anappleoflove西红柿（不是“爱情之果”）
handwritingonthewall不祥之兆（不是“大字报”）
bringdownthehouse博得全场喝彩（不是“推倒房子”）haveafit勃然大怒（不是“试穿”）
makeone'shairstandonend令人毛骨悚然—恐惧（不是“令人发指——气愤”）betakenin受骗，上当（不是“被接纳”）
thinkagreatdealofoneself高看或看重自己（不是“为自己想得很多”）pullupone'ssocks鼓起勇气（不是“提上袜子”）
havethehearttodo（用于否定句）忍心做……不是“有心做”或“有意做”）
3.表达方式类
Lookout!当心！（不是“向外看”）
Whatashame!多可惜！真遗憾！（不是“多可耻”）Youdon'tsay!是吗！（不是“你别说”）
Youcansaythatagain!说得好！（不是“你可以再说一遍”）Ihaven'tsleptbetter.我睡得好极了。（不是“我从未睡过好觉”）
Youcan'tbetoocarefulinyourwork.你工作越仔细越好。（不是“你工作不能太仔细”）Ithasbeen4yearssinceIsmoked.我戒烟４年了。（不是“我抽烟4年了”）Allhisfriendsdidnotturnup.他的朋友没全到。（不是“他的朋友全没到”）
Peoplewillbelongforgettingher.人们在很长时间内会记住她的。（不是“人们会永远忘记她”）Hewasonlytoopleasedtoletthemgo.他很乐意让他们走。（不是“他太高兴了，不愿让他们走”）Itcan'tbelessinteresting.它无聊极了。（不是“它不可能没有趣”）

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绝对值得背诵的经典英语短文

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