句子成分的划分

句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。

▲句子成分分类

1．主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。一般主语位于句首。

不定式做主语谓语动词用单数：To learn English is not an easy thing

动名词作主语谓语用单数：Learning English is not an easy thing.

名词性从句作主语。

【2011北京卷】 22 ___ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.

A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom

答案 B 考点 考察名词性从句中的主语从句。

在“There be …”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：

【2011山东卷,27】Look over there—there’s a very long, winding path A up to the house.

A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead

在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：

【2011北京卷,25】It is important for the figures A regularly.

A. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated

2．谓语：谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。与主语可构成简单的ＳＶ （主＋谓）结构

【2011安徽卷,21】As the story__ D ____, the truth about the strange figure is slowly discovered.

A. begins B. happens C. ends D. develops

【考点】考查动词的辨析。句意为“随着故事的展开，这个神秘数字的真相渐渐地被解开了。”

【本年考题】35. If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will A her.

A persuade B. promise C. invite D. support

3．表语：当句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思时，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语，才能表达完整的意思。构成了Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）结构。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻。表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。

形容词作表语

You look younger than before.

名词作表语

My father is a teacher.

副词作表语

Everyone is here.

介词短语作表语

They are at the theatre.

不定式作表语

My job is to teach them English.

动名词作表语

Her job is training the nurses.

从句作表语

That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday

〖10全国Ⅱ〗Mr.Black is very happy because the clothes made in his factory have never been____ B ___.

A.popular B.more popular C.most popular D.the most popular

〖考点〗考查比较级的使用

〖10四川〗Some people eat with their eyes. They prefer to order what A nice.

A. looks B. smells C. feels D. tastes

4．宾语：

▲宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。构成的是一个基本句型： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）结构。此处的谓语动词具有实义，即主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，才能使意思完整。

名词作宾语

He never forgives others for their mistakes.

代词做宾语

He often helps me.

不定式作宾语

He likes to sleep in the open air.

动名词作宾语

The Americans enjoyed living in China.

从句做宾语

I believe that they can finish the work in time.

【2011浙江卷,12】He decided that he would drive all the way home instead of ___ D ___at a hotel for the night.

A. putting down B. putting off C. putting on D. putting up

▲双宾语的情况，直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，比如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。一般的顺序为：主语+谓动+ 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。（Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ）间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。（间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。）如：

【10年全国卷】34 With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank—— presents for my dad。（B）

A buy B.to buy C buying D to have bought

5．宾语的补足语：在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。构成基本结构：Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）我们把“宾语＋宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语。

在英语中,常见的“宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构有：

▲“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。

如： If you let me go, I’ll make you king.

▲“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：

〖09全国II〗The children loved their day trip, and they enjoyed the horse ride A .

A. most B. more C. less D. little

▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。

如：When got there, we found him out.

▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。

〖09安徽〗China has got a good for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.

A. reputation B. influence C. impression D. knowledge

〖答案〗A

▲“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。

例：The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood.

▲“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种：A 要求带to的不定式；B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等；C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to

例：She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.

6．定语：定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。

▲ 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”：

A．修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。

如：If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else.

B．介词短语作定语时要后置。

如：〖06年湖北〗The ___ D___ on his face told me that he was angry.

A. impression     B. sight    C. appearance      D. expression

C．动词的不定式作定语时要后置

如：I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.

D．nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。

如：They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.

7．状语： 状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句话。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语在句中的位置非常灵活，一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。

副词（短语）作状语表示程度概念：They missed me very much.

分词状语表示伴随或原因：

He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）

不定式做状语可表示目的：

To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.

介词短语作状语表示条件：Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.

8. 同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。重点掌握的是同位语从句，在考试中它通常与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。

如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）

The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.

9. 独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , In a word, What`s more等。情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。

【05年,全国卷】_____, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality,

A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally

10. 分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构，也就是独立主格结构。

如：【2011浙江卷,3】Bats are surprsingly long-lived creatures, some A a life span of around 20 years.

A.having B had C. have D. to have

独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。

〖10全国Ⅰ〗With Father’s Day around the corner ,I have taken some money out of the bank ______ presents for my dad.

A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought

〖答案〗B

〖考点〗此题考察非谓语动词

〖解析〗句意：父亲节将要到来, 为了给爸爸买礼物我已经从银行取了一些钱。题干中空格划在名词后, 但是空格后的部分不是对bank解释说明, 而是说明取钱的目的, 因此此题中非谓语动词做目的状语, 非谓语动词中不定式做状语用来表示目的, 因此选择B。

句子成分的划分