跨文化商务沟通复习资料
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跨文化商务沟通复习资料
第一章
一．文化适应的四个维度P9DimensionsofAcculturation
Integration-personsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheirculturalintegrity
Separation-individualskeeptheircultureandstayindependentofthenewcultureAssimilation-personsareabsorbedintotheirnewcultureandwithdrawfromtheiroldculture
Deculturation-individualslosetheiroriginalcultureanddonotacceptthenewculture
第二章不作为考试重点第三章
一．不同文化的人们对待女性，道德标准以及工作的态度不同P47~P56①AttitudesTowardWomen：
Influencedbyculturalroots;U.S.womenaresupposedtohavethesamerightsasmen;Kenyawomenareconsideredsubordinatetomen;GenderdifferencesintheU.S.workplacearede-emphasized-womenareacceptedathigherlevelsingovernmentandinmanycompanies；U.S.womenhavetakentwo-thirdsofnewjobscreated;theyarestartingnewbusinessesattwicetherateofmen;InFrance,one-fifthofsmallbusinessesareownedbywomen;inCanada,therateisone-third；TheU.S.andCanadaleadtheworldinthenumberofwomeninexecutivepositions;NorthernandWesternEurope,Australia,andNewZealandalsohavehighnumbersofwomenmanagers.
PercentageofWomeninTopManagementPositions:TheRussianFederation42%，EuropeanUnion30%,Australia23%,UnitedKingdom21%,UnitedStates20%,Japan7%.②CulturalAttitudesTowardWork:
Workethic-hardworkisapplaudedandrewarded;notworkingisviewednegatively.U.S.personsvaluework;executiveswork-56hoursperweek.
-take14daysofvacationayear.Europeanpersonswork-36to41hoursperweek.
-take4to6weeksofvacationayear.
Europeans:Relaxed;VacationduringmonthofAugust;Donotworkweekendsorholidays(TheFrenchtakelongervacationsthanpeopleofanyothercountry.Australians:Valuefreetime;Valueshortworkweek
Japanese:WorkMondaythroughFriday,often18hoursaday;Workuntiltheirbossleaves③AttitudesTowardEthics:
Ethicalbehaviormeansactingwithintegrity,honesty,competence,respect,fairness,trust,courage,andresponsibility.
Ethicalstandardsareguidelinesestablishedtoconveywhatisperceivedtobecorrect
orincorrectbehaviorbymostpeopleinasociety.Ethics:TheFour-WayTest:Isitthetruth?
Isitfairtoallconcerned?
Willitbuildgoodwillandbetterfriendships?Willitbebeneficialtoallconcerned?二．个人主义和集体主义P57
Individualism-attitudeofvaluingourselvesasseparateindividualswithresponsibilityforourowndestiniesandactions.
Collectivism-emphasizescommoninterests,conformity,cooperation,andinterdependence.第四章
一．文化冲击的阶段P69StagesofCulturalShock:
Stage1:Excitementandfascinationwiththenewculture;the"honeymoon"stage.Stage2:Crisisordisenchantmentperiod;excitementhasturnedtodisappointment.Stage3:Adjustmentphase;youbegintoacceptthenewculture,trynewfoods,seethehumorinsituations.
Stage4:Acceptanceoradaptationphase;feelathomeinthenewcultureandbecomeinvolvedinactivitiesoftheculture.
Stage5:Reentryshock;followsthestagesidentifiedearlier:initialeuphoria,crisisordisenchantment,adjustment,andadaptation.二．如何缓解文化冲击P71~P74
Toalleviateculturalshock,trytoseetheenvironmentfromtheperspectiveofthehostnationals.①慎重挑选外派人员
AlleviatingCulturalShockbyCarefulSelectionofOverseasPersonnel(Sensitive,cooperative,abletocompromise;Opentoothers'opinions;Reactiontonewsituations;appreciationofculturaldifferences;Understandingofownvaluesandaware-nessofvaluesinothercultures;Reactiontocriticism;Understandinggovernmentsystem;Abilitytodevelopcontactsinnewculture;Patienceandresiliency.②提供出国前培训
Intellectualorclassroommodel-involvesgivingfactsaboutthehostcountryusingavarietyofinstructionalmethods;
Areatrainingorsimulationmodel-emphasizesaffectivegoals,culturespecificcontent,andexperientialprocesses;
Self-awarenessorhumanrelationsmodel-basedontheassumptionthatthetraineewithself-understandingwillbemoreeffectiveintheoverseasassignment;
Culturalawarenessmodel-emphasizesculturalinsightandstressesaffectivegoalsandanexperientialprocess;
Interactionapproach-participantsinteractwithpeopleinthehostcountry;
Multidimensionalapproach-attemptstocombinecognitive,affective,andbehavioralaspectsoftraining;③提供反馈和奖励
Rewardsystemsincludespecialallowancesforhousing,hardship,homeleave,medical,taxes,etc.
Appraisalandrewardsystemmustreflectthepurposeandexpectationsoftheassignment(profitorbuildingapresenceinthecountry.
Rewardsystemmustcompensateforwhatpersonsareleavingbehindandmustbebasedontheideaofequity④发挥员工的最大潜力
DevelopingEmployeestoTheirPotential:
Planforrepatriation,includingreasonsfortheassignmentandhowtheemployeewillcontributetothecompanyuponhis/herreturn.
Allowadequatetimeforreadjustmentbeforeemployeereportstowork.Provideappropriatecompensationfortransitionexpenses.Assistinlocatingproperhousing.
Showappreciationtofamilyfortheircontributions.第五章
一．高语境和低语境的语言P86LowContextHighContext-Getdowntobusinessfirst-Establishsocialtrustfirst-Valueexpertiseandperformance-Valuepersonalrelationsandgoodwill-Agreementbyspecific,legalistic-Agreementbygeneraltrust-contract-Negotiationsslowandritualistic-Negotiatesasefficientlyaspossible
High-ContextLanguage特点：
-Nonverbal;culturalaspectsareimportant-Languagetransmitslittleofexplicitmessage
Example:JapaneselanguageChineselanguage
-Restrictedcode-speechcodingsystemofhigh-contextlanguages;spokenstatementreflectsthesocialrelationship
Low-ContextLanguage特点：-Messageisexplicit
-Maybegiveninmorethanonewaytoassureunderstanding-Verydirectandverbal
Example:U.S.English(high-contextlanguageviewedasawasteoftimeExample:Spanishlanguage
-Elaboratedcode-speechcodingsystem 