Unit 4 Water Cycle

1. at a cost to do something

something that you lose, give away, damage etc. in order to achieve something.

2. bootstrap

to do something by your own efforts, without help from other people.

3. pristine英 [ ˈprɪsti:n ] 美 [ prɪˈstiːn ]

（1） extremely fresh or clean. 极其新鲜的，洁净的

（2） something that is in the same condition as when it was first made. 崭新的，簇新的

（3） not spoiled or damaged in any way. 未受损害的；处于原始状态的

4. relish英 [ ˈrelɪʃ ] 美 [ ˈrɛlɪʃ ]

v [T] to enjoy an experience or the thought of something that is going to happen. 喜爱，享受

搭配

(1) relish the prospect/thought/idea

e.g. I don’t relish the thought of you walking home alone. 我可不想让你一个人走回家。

(2) relish the chance/opportunity

e.g. He relishes the chance to play Hamlet. 他很高兴能有机会扮演哈姆雷特。

n (1)[U] great enjoyment of something. 享受，乐趣

(2)[C,U] a thick spicy sauce made from fruits or vegetables, and usually eaten with meat. （用水果或蔬菜做成的）（浓）调味汁

5. rejuvenate英 [ rɪˈdʒu:vəneɪt ] 美 [ rɪˈdʒuvəˌnet ]

v[T]

(1) to make something work much better or become much better again.使（某事物）变得更有活力；使（某事物）恢复活力

e.g. plans to rejuvenate the inner city areas 旧城区复兴计划

(2) [usually passive]to make someone look or feel young and strong again.使（某人）变得年轻；使（某人）恢复活力

e.g. I came back from holiday feeling rejuvenated.我度假回来，感觉恢复了活力。

词根：juven = young表示"年轻"

近义词：

refresh（使）恢复精神；renew重新开始；restore恢复；regenerate再生；revitalize使复兴；invigorate增添活力；revive使重生；revivify使复活

6. aquifer英 [ ˈækwɪfə(r) ] 美 [ ˈækwəfɚ, ˈɑkwə- ]

underground bed or layer yielding (生产) ground water for wells and springs etc.地下蓄水层

词根: fer = bring/carry,表示"带来,拿来"

7. debut英 [ 'deɪbju: ] 美 [ deˈbju, ˈdeˌbju ]

n[C]the first public appearance of an entertainer, sports player etc. or of something new and important.（演员、运动员等的）首次登台，初次亮相；（新事物的）问世

v(1)[I]to appear in public or become available for the first time.首次演出；问世，面世

(2)[T]to introduce a product to the public for the first time.首次推出（某产品）

词汇搭配：

用作名词 (n.)

动词+～

make one's debut in society 初次在社交场合露面

名词+～

film debut 初次扮演电影角色

screen debut 初上银幕

successful stage debut 成功的初次登台演出

～+介词

the debut of the latest fashion 最新时装的首次出现

8. cajole英 [ kəˈdʒəʊl ] 美 [ kəˈdʒoʊl ]

v[I,T]to gradually persuade someone to do something by being nice to them, or making promises to them.（用甜言蜜语）哄骗，劝诱

用法：cajole sb into doing sth

e.g. We do our best to cajole rich countries into helping.我们尽力说服富裕国家提供援助。

9. residue英 [ ˈrezɪdju: ] 美 [ ˈrezɪdu: ]

n(1)[C,U]a substance that remains on a surface, in a container etc. and cannot be removed easily, or that remains after a chemical process.剩余物，残留物，渣滓[+from]

e.g. residue from sewage（[ ˈsu:ɪdʒ ]）treatment plants污水处理厂排出的残余物

(2)[C]formal the part of something that is left after the rest has gone or been taken away.【正式】剩余，残余[+of]

e.g. The residue of the stock（库存）was sold.剩余存货已售出。

词根: sid 1. =sit,表示"坐"; 2. 放置; 3. 旁边

近义词：rest剩余的部分 remains剩余物 dregs渣滓 remainder剩余物 balance平衡 sediment沉淀物 deposit放置 scum槽粕 lees沉淀物 filtrate过滤 leftovers剩余物 excess超过 debris碎片 remnant残余 cinders焦渣 dirt污垢 ash灰 residual剩余的 residuum剩余物

10. champion

v[T]written to publicly fights for and defends an aim or principle, such as the rights of a group of people.【书面】捍卫，维护

e.g. She championed the cause of religious freedom.她捍卫宗教自由事业。

11. prime

v[T]to prepare someone for a situation so that they know what to do.使准备好（应付某一情况）

用法：（1）prime sb with sth

e.g. Did you prime her with what to say?你事先提醒她要说些什么吗？

（2）prime sb for sth

e.g. He had a shower and primed himself for action.他冲了个淋浴，准备行动。

（3）prime sb to do sth

e.g. He had been primed to say nothing about it.有人事先关照过他，叫他什么也别说。

12. parody英 [ ˈpærədi ] 美 [ ˈpærədi ]

n(plural parodies)

(1)[C,U]a piece of writing, music etc. or an action that copies someone or something in an amusing way(文章、音乐等的)滑稽模仿作品[+of]

e.g. a brilliant parody of classical dance 一出对古典舞蹈精彩有趣的模仿作品

用法：in a parody of sth

e.g. He swung the door wide open in a parody of welcome.他一下子把门大打开，夸张地表示欢迎。

——self-parody: sb make fun of their own style自嘲

(2)[C]something that is not a correct or acceptable example of something.拙劣的模仿→歪曲

[+of]

e.g. Although his comment was a parody of the truth, Diana was upset by it.虽然他的话歪曲了事实，但还是让黛安娜很不安。

The trial was a parody of justice(= very unfair).这场审判是对正义的嘲弄。

v[T]to copy someone or something in a way that makes people laugh.滑稽的模仿

e.g. His style has often been parodied.他的风格经常被人滑稽地模仿。

——parodist 滑稽模仿者

13. deter英 [ dɪˈtɜ:(r) ] 美 [ dɪˈtə: ]

v(deterred, deterring)[T]to stop someone from doing something, by making them realize it will be difficult or have bad results.（通过让对方意识到做某事会有困难或坏结果而）制止，吓住（某人）

近义词：discourage阻碍 prevent预防 dissuade劝阻 daunt使 ... 胆怯 prohibit禁止 hinder阻碍 put off不安 frighten使惊吓 help帮助 preclude阻止 thwart反对 forbid禁止

14. substitute英 [ ˈsʌbstɪtju:t ] 美 [ ˈsʌbstɪtu:t ]

n[C]

(1)(also 又作 sub informal【非正式】)someone who does someone else’s job for a limited period of time, especially in a sports team or school.代替者；（尤指）替补队员；代课老师

e.g. Germany brought on a substitute at half time.德国队在比赛半场时换上一名替补队员。

[+for]The coach has to find a substitute for Tim.教练的找人替代蒂姆。

(2)a person or a thing that you use instead of the one that you usually have, because the usual one is not available.代替物，替代品

e.g. a sugar substitute糖替代品；a father substitute父亲的替身

用法：be no substitute for sth: used to emphasize that something is not as good as another thing.不能替代某事物（用于强调某一事物没有另一事物好）

e.g. Vitamin pills are no substitute for a healthy diet.维生素片不能替代健康饮食。

there is no substitute for sth

e.g. There is no substitute for practical experience. 实践经验是无法替代的。

v(1)[T]to use something new or different instead of something else.用（新的或不同的事物）代替

用法：substitute sth for sth

e.g. The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream.食谱说可以用酸奶替代酸味奶油。

(2)[I]to do someone’s job until the person who usually does it is able to do it again.替代，顶替

substitute for sb = stand in for sb

(3)[T]to replace someone with another person, especially another player.替换，替代（尤指球员）

形近：substantial 大量的，实质的（substance 物质）

15. trade-off

n[C]a balance between two opposing things, that you are willing to accept in order to achieve something.（两种对立事物之间的）平衡，妥协，协调

e.g. There has to be a trade-off between quality and quantity if we want to keep prices low.如果我们想保持低价，就必须在质量和数量之间求得平衡。

16. optimize(AmE)/optimise(BrE)

v[T]to improve the way that something is done or used so that it is as effective as possible.使最优化，使尽可能完善，使尽量有效

e.g. They have to optimize the use of available resources.他们需要充分利用手上的资源。

17. juggle

本义是杂耍，边抛边接，引申为同时做（兼顾）；还有耍花招、欺骗等义。

If you juggle lots of different things, for example your work and your family, you try to give enough time or attention to all of them.

一般用作动词，文中是名词。

18. juggle of resources 同时兼顾

19. odd adj.古怪的，奇数的，各种各样的

20. against all odds 尽管困难重重

综合英语教程2-Unit 4 语言点