简单句的五种基本结构

正确的英语句子都要符合一定的语法结构要求。英语句子的结构可以归纳成五种基本句型。英语句子都可以看作是这五种句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装构成的。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础，也是学好其他语法知识的前提。

英语五种基本句型结构如下：

用符号表示为：

① Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
② Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
③ Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
④ Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
⑤ Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

主语（subject） 谓语（predicate）
宾语（object） 定语（attribute）
状语 (adverbial) 补语（complement）
表语（predicative）

考点1. 基本句型一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）

这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如:

It is raining now. (Ｓ Ｖ)

We’ve worked for 5 hours. (Ｓ Ｖ)

The meeting lasted half an hour. (Ｓ Ｖ)

Time flies. (Ｓ Ｖ)

练习1. 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。

1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )

2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )

3. He is smiling all over his face. ( )

4. I did well in English. ( )

5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )

考点2. 基本句型三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）

此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。

She likes English.

We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.

练习2. 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。

1. People all over the world speak English.

2. Jim cannot dress himself.

3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.

4. He did not know what to say.

5. He just wanted to stay at home.

6. He practices speaking English every day.

考点3. 基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ(主＋谓＋间宾 ＋直宾）

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give“给”，pass“递”，bring“带”，show“展示”。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。

一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。

如：He gave me a cup of tea. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ)
She bought me some books. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ)

若直接宾语为人称代词，通常不能放在后面。如：
不能说 Bring me it, please.而要说Bring it to me, please.

有时候为了强调间接宾语，把间接宾语放到后面，于是就构成了：
动词 + 直接宾语 + 介词（to或for）+ 间接宾语。
He gave a cup of tea to me.
She bought some books for me.
Show this house to Mr. Smith.

常跟双宾语的及物动词有：

间接宾语放后面时前面要加to的动词：allow, bring, deny, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。

间接宾语放后面时前面要加for的动词：buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。

一般用to多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：get, buy, make。

He got an English-Chinese Dictionary for me.
She bought a book for John.
My uncle made a kite for me.

练习3. 分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。

1. She ordered herself a new dress.

2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.

3. He brought you a dictionary.

4. He denies her nothing.

5. I showed him my pictures.

6. I gave my car a wash.

7. I told him that the bus was late.

8. He showed me how to run the machine.

考点4. 基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

有些动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，宾语后必须加上一个补充成分才能使意思完整。所加的成分就是宾语补足语。

宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。

看下面这句话：

He asked me to lend him some money.
他让我借给他一些钱。

“me”是宾语，“to lend him some money”是宾补，宾语和宾补合一起意思为“我借给他一些钱”。从意思上看，这像一句话，“我”是主语，“借给他一些钱”是谓语部分，但在英语原句中，它们却不是真正的主谓关系，而是逻辑上的“主谓关系”，即：从意思上看像主谓关系，而实际上不是。

练习4. 判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。(是的填T，不是的填F)

1. I want him to come at once. ( )

2. He lent me some money. ( )

3. He made the boy cry again. ( )

4. The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )

5. Don’t leave the door open at night. ( )

练习5. 分析下列句子并划分成分，在后面的括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。

1. They appointed him manager. （ ）

2. They painted the door green. （ ）

3. He pushed the door open. （ ）

4. They found the house deserted. （ ）

5. What makes him think so? （ ）

6. We saw him out. （ ）

7. He asked me to come back soon. （ ）

8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）

9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （ ）

10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （ ）

11. We elected him monitor. （ ）

12. Don’t keep the lights burning. （ ）

考点5. 基本句型二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

系动词主要是be；但还有一些实义动词候有时候也可作系动词，这类系动词有人称之为半系动词。

A. 如何辨别系动词

有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立且句意变化不大就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是实义动词。如：

1 She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。)
Look at the picture.(look不能换为be, 为实义动词。)

2 He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能换为was, 是实义动词。)
The silk feels soft.(这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feels换为is之后，句意变化不大，因此是系动词。)

可以看出：半系动词后面大部分情况跟形容词作表语。

练习6. 辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。

1. The door stays open at night.

2. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.

3. The book still lies open on the desk.

4. What he said proved true.

5. He can’t proved his theory(理论).

B. 常见的系动词

i 状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。

ii 持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：
He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。
This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
The food stays fresh in the fridge.
食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。
The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。
He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。

iii 表“像”系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。如：
Something seems wrong. 好像出差错了。
He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。

iv 感官系动词
感官系动词主要有look“看起来”，feel“摸起来”, smell“闻起来”, sound“听起来”, taste“尝起来”。
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。

v 变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time.
她没多长时间就富了。
He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。
Eggs go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易变坏。
His face went red.他的脸变红了。
What he had dreamt of came true.
他的梦想实现了。
Still waters run deep.静水流深。

vi 终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意。如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
His plan turned out a success.
他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.
他预言的结果是错的。

练习7. 用下划线画出下列句中的系动词。

1. His advice proved right.

2. The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.

3. The machine went wrong.

4. All these efforts seem in vain.

5. These words sound reasonable.

6. The room soon became crowded.

7. The days are getting longer and longer.

8. He fell ill yesterday.

9. Trees turn green in spring.

10. What you said sounds great.

C. 系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语

He is a student. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)

Your idea sounds great. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)

D. 在一个英语单句中，一般情况要有谓语动词

要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独作谓语，要和系动词一起作谓语。

改错：

① Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.

② Your book on the desk.

考点6. there be 句型

此句型是由“there + be + 主语 + 状语”构成，用以表达“存在有”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，实义主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词（也有看作形式主语的），并无实际意义。

A. be 要与其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致，如果be后实义主语是多个并列项时，要按就近一致原则，与第一项保持一致。

There is a bird in the tree.
(主语a bird是单数，所以用there is)
There are many apples on the tree.
(主语many apples是复数，所以用there are)

There is a pencil and two rulers on the desk.
（第一项是a pencil，单数，所以用there is）
There are two rulers and a pencil on the desk.
（第一项是two rulers，复数，所以用there are）

B. 可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等词代替be动词。

此时还表示“存在有”，但表意要更具体一些。如：

There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
在山脚下住着一位老人。
（不但“有”，而且“住”在那里。）

There exists no air on the moon.
月球上没有空气。（exist是“存在”的意思）

There lies a book on the desk.
课桌上平放着一本书。
（不但“有”，而且说明书是“平放”在那里。）

There stands a tree on the hill.
山上矗立着一棵树。
（不但说明“有”树，而且说明了“树”很挺拔。）

1 ______ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.
A. It existed B. There existed
C. They had D. There had

2 ______ a beautiful palace ______ the foot of the hill.
A. There stand; at B. There stands; under
C. Stands there; under D. There stands; at

C. there seem/ happen/ used to be及there live/ lie/ stand句型的否定句和疑问句的变法。

根据汉语提示完成句子：

1. 下周将有两场会，不是吗？
There ______ going to be two meetings next week, ______ there?

2. 不会再有流血冲突，是吗？
There will be no blood, ______there?

3. 似乎出了问题，不是吗？
There seems to be something wrong, ______ there?

4. 似乎有误解，是吗？
There appeared to be a misunderstanding, ______ there?

5. 碰巧那时附近有辆公交车。
There ______ （happen） to be a bus nearby at that time.

6. 过去这里有条小河，不是吗？
There used to be a river here, ______ there?

7. 过去这个森林里生活着一只老虎，不是吗？
There lived a tiger in the forest, ______ there?

D. there be 与have 的区别

there be …“某地有某物，某时有某事”；have 表示“某人拥有某物”。

改错：

1 There has a book on the desk.

2 There will have a meeting this evening.

考点7. 双重谓语(仅供了解)

典型例句：

1 He left this morning very gay.

2 She left a shy girl and returned a young mother.

分析：双重谓语的基本形式是：行为动词+表语，后面的名词或形容词说明主语从事该行为时所处的状态。用作双重谓语的动词多为那些表示位置移动变化的行为动词，如return，leave，go，come，arrive，start等。

句①意为：上午离开时，他很开心。
句②意为：她离开时还是一个害羞的女孩，回来时却是一位年轻的母亲。

I. 单句改错

1. 【2007辽宁】Three plates were already on the table when the man closest to me pointing to one plate and asked me the name of the fish on it.

2. 【2005全国Ⅰ】For the most part, students working to earn money for their own use.

3. 【2014大纲卷】So real friendship should able to stand all sorts of tests.

4. 【2008天津】I felt sadly. I learnt a lesson from this experience.

5. 【2013 四川】I’m sorry that I am abroad and can’t send your flowers, so I’m writing to you.

6. 【2008安徽】We thought the biscuits were great.  “Let’s got some more,” I said, “They’re cheap and they really taste well.” （两处错误）

7. Others, however, against staying at home.

8. Exams should neither too difficult nor too easy.

9. There are many taxi drivers are women.(可改多处)

10. There has a big tree in front of our school.

11. They often lonely.

12. Eggs go badly easily in summer.

II. 语法填空

13. There ______ (exist) many problems with the project.

14. There ______ (be) going to be three meetings tomorrow.

15. The shop stays ______ (open) at night.

16. My mother bought a birthday cake ______ me.

17. There happened to ______ a bird flying above.

18. There ______ (lie) a swimming pool over there.

19. 【2016湖北】The Public Square is an eye-catching sight of the city. There______(stand) many stone sculptures of famous historical figures.

III. 写作技能提升

A. 不要忘了使用系动词。

20. 那食物很可口，我吃了很多。（the food, delicious）

21. 那个电影好极了。（the movie, fantastic）

22. 不过呢，一些人反对这个计划。（however, against, the plan）

B. 活用双宾语句式，用两种方法翻译下列句子。

23. 他给我提了一些建议。（offer, some advice）

24. 在我生日那天，母亲给我买了一件很特别的礼物。（buy, a special gift）

25. 他给我们读了一个有趣的故事。（read, an interesting story）

26. 他的叔叔留给他很多钱。（leave, a lot of money）

C. 正确利用两个“有”there be与have

27. 我有许多好朋友。

28. 今天晚上将有一场电影。

29. 公园内有许多人。

简单句、并列句和复合句

简单句

只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。如：

He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

（画线部分为并列谓语，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）

改错：
It not only costs little money but also comfortable.

考点1. 并列句 改错：

1. He likes English, his English is very good. ×

2. His wife was ill, he had to stay at home. ×

当一个句子中含有两个简单句时，就要考虑两个简单句的连接问题了。直接用逗号连接两个简单句是错误的。

这时我们可以用and, but, or等并列连词来连接这两个句子；也可以用分号（;）来连接。此时，这两个简单句（此时也可称作分句）之间是并列关系，不能说一个分句作了另一个分句的什么成分。

用并列连词或分号连接起来的句子是并列句。

上两句可以改为：

1. He likes English；his English is very good. (用分号连接)
He likes English, so/and his English is very good.

2. His wife was ill; he had to stay at home. (用分号连接)
His wife was ill, so/and he had to stay at home.

考点2. 复合句

A. 用从属连词连接的句子是复合句。

还先看上面的两个错句：

1. He likes English, his English is very good. ×

2. His wife was ill, he had to stay at home. ×

我们还可以用从属连词来连接。这两句话可改为：

1. Because he likes English, his English is very good.
When he likes English, his English is very good.

2. Because his wife was ill, he had to stay at home.
When his wife was ill, he had to stay at home.

先看第一个句子。当用because连接时，译为“因为他喜欢英语，（所以）他的英语非常好”。主要说的是“他的英语非常好”，“他喜欢英语”是他英语好的原因。因此：“his English is very good”是主句，“because he likes English” 是原因状语从句。

当用when连接时，译为“当他喜欢英语时，他的英语非常好”。 主要说的是“他的英语非常好”，“他喜欢英语”是他英语好的时间。因此，“his English is very good”是主句，“when he likes English” 是时间状语从句。

同理，句②修改后，前面分别为原因状语从句和时间状语从句，后面是主句。

像上面这样，用从属连词连接两个简单句之后，一个句子是主要的（主句），另外一个句子（从句）是说明主要句子发生的时间、原因、条件等，这样构成的句子称为复合句。

B. 当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句子就成为复合句了。从词或词组升级后的句子是从句，除从句以外的是主句，整个句子是复合句。

1 The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.
（当over there变为 who is wearing a hat时，句子就含有两个主谓结构，一个是The boy is my brother，是主句；who is wearing a hat是the boy的定语，称为定语从句。who既作从句成分，又起着从属连词的作用。）

2 I was doing my homework at six. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
I was doing my homework when he came in.
（I was doing my homework是一个主谓结构，he came in也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构作前一个的时间状语，是时间状语从句。因此本句是复合句，when是从属连词。）

3 It is wrong. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
What he said is wrong.
（what he said，是一个主谓结构。What he said is wrong. 是另外一个主谓结构，What he said作主语， is wrong系表结构作谓语，因此，本句是复合句。What he said是主语从句；what既作从句成分又起着从属连词的作用）

从上面这几个句子，我们可以看出：

C. 一个句子如果含有从句，如名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等，这个句子就是复合句。

练习1. 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。

1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.

2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.

3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?

4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.

5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.

6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.

7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.

8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?

9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.

10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.

11. Right now it is the summer vacation and I’m helping my Dad on the farm.

12. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.

13. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.

14. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.

15. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.

考点3. 引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别

练习2. 说出下列复合句中，where引导的是什么从句。

1. You can find it where you left it.（ ）

2. Tell me the address where he lives.（ ）

3. I don’t know where he comes from.（ ）

4. Where he was born is not known yet.（ ）

5. This place is where they once lived.（ ）

考点4. 一个句子有两个主谓结构时，要考虑它们之间的连接问题

直接用逗号连接的两个简单句是错误的。一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，那它就不是简单句了，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。这时我们就要考虑连接词的问题。这时，我们有三种方法来改正这个错句：

A. 改为并列句：我们可以使用and, so, but等并列连词来把它们连接起来；或者把逗号改为分号。

B. 改为复合句：加上从属连词，把其中的一个分句改为状语从句、定语从句或名词性从句。

C. 改为简单句：把其中的一个主谓结构的谓语破坏掉，从而使其变成独立主格结构。

I like English, my English is very good. × 可以改为：

并列句：
I like English and my English is very good.
I like English, so my English is very good.
I like English; my English is very good.

复合句：
As/Because I like English, my English is very good.
（含有原因状语从句的复合句）
When I like English, my English is very good.
（含有时间状语从句的复合句）

简单句：
I liking English, my English is very good.
(把一个分句改为独立主格结构)

再如：I have a house, its windows are very big. ×
可以改为：

并列句：
I have a house and/but its windows are very big.
I have a house; its windows are very big.

复合句：
I have a house, whose windows are very big.
(含有定语从句的复合句)

简单句：
I have a house, its windows very big.
(后面为独立主格结构)

考点5. 两个分句一般只用一个连词

用了“因为（because, as, since等）”不用“所以(so)”；用了“虽然(although, though)”不用“但是（but）”。

改错：
Because I like English, so I am good at it.

Although he is not intelligent, but he does well in all his subjects.

答案： 第一句去so；第二句去but。

注意：有时so, but和and等词可以用在第一个分句句首，实际上是和前面所说的相联系，而不是连接后一个分句。如：

So if you don’t like it, you can give up.
因此，如果你不喜欢，你可以放弃。

And when they get there, General Forrest will take care of them.
而且他们一到那里, 福雷斯特将军就会好好处理他们.

练习3. 利用英语句子结构规律做下列各题。

1. Five people won the “China’s green figure” award, a title ______ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A. is given B. was given
C. being given D. given

2. All the preparations for the task ______, and we’re ready to start.
A. completed B. complete
C. had been completed D. have been completed

3. 【2016辽宁】I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ______ Chinese in the school, most ______ were from Germany. 
A. study; of whom B. study; of them   
C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom  

4. Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dress, ______ with smiles.
A. their faces are shining B. whose faces shining
C. their faces shining D. faces shining whose

5. Many students ______ around, I explained the story into details.
A. stood B. standing
C. to stand D. were standing

6. I have five friends, some of ______ are businessmen.
A. that B. whom C. they D. them

7. I have five friends, but none of ______ are business- men.
A. that B. whom C. they D. them

8. 【2013上海】________ at the photos, illustrations, title and headings and you can guess what the reading is about.
A. To look B. Looking
C. Having looked D. Look

I. 单句改错

A. 注意分句连接

1. 【2014新课标Ⅰ】 Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.

2. 【2005天津】As she gave it to me, when the phone rang and she went to answer it.

3. 【2016全国Ⅰ】They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early in the morning.

4. 【2004全国Ⅱ】But I have spent most my money, so I cannot even go out of town. （不要受心理定势影响）

5. 【2013 辽宁】With little sleep and hardly any break, so he works from morning till night.

6. 【2013 新课标Ⅰ】He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.

7. 【2009陕西】Some friends of his go to see him everyday, they take him lots of good books and fresh fruit.

8. My name is Zhang Hong, and 20 years old.

B. 注意并列成分

9. 【2014大纲卷】The understanding between two friends means both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other.

10. 【2014新课标Ⅱ】We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening to music.

11. 【2005湖北】In other words, they help to keep people strong and feel good.

12. 【2009重庆】However, every kind of Chinese food is worth trying, because each has a delicious taste and good for health.

13. I didn’t communicate with others in English and not willing to practice it either.

14. 【2012全国大纲Ⅰ】For example, how many times have you walked out of a room and leave the lights or television on when no one else was there?

15. 【2008浙江】I headed for the company, feeling sure I would easily finish 300 envelops in five hours and to earn the money.

16. 【2015课标Ⅱ】A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.

II. 语法填空

（由高考真题中改错题改编）

17. 【2014天津】At weekends, we would play basketball, ______（游泳） in the pool or go for a picnic.

18. 【2014全国Ⅱ】I am thinking of making a trip to London, and ______（visit）the British Museum and some parks.

19. 【2004湖南】Then, I put my book under my desk, ______ (open) it and started looking for the answers.

20. 【2014福建】She stopped to look out of the window and ______ (find) a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbor’s house.

21. 【2005浙江】At first I was not quite willing to sit down and ______ (观看) the 90-minute football match.

22. 【2011浙江】I guessed, even at that age, I would never be able to enjoy playing with the toy or ______ （面对） my cousin again.

III. 写作技能提升

23. 非常感谢你，你不仅给了我生命，而且教我如何做一个好人。（thank you very much for, not only, but also）

24. 我特别喜欢坐在你身旁，听你讲故事。（particularly enjoy, tell stories）

25. 在过去，我们不得不静静地坐在桌旁，听老师讲。（had to, in silence, pay attention to, what）

26. 我仍然记得那天很早就起床，对那个新世界感到忧虑。（remember, feel anxious about the new world）

27. 我梦想站在教室的讲台上，给可爱的孩子上课。（dream of, platform, give lessons to）

[语法专攻]2016年高考英语一轮精讲精练：英语句子结构和成分分析（含详解）