实在法positive law法律渊源source of law习惯法customary law刑事诉讼criminal procedure财产权property行政部门executive branch法律僵化ossification of law大陆法系civil law system分权separation of powers下级法院inferior court法律培训legal training民事诉讼civil action治安法官justice of peace青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency人身伤害personal injury上诉法院appellate court初审法院trial court巡回法院circuit court终审法院court of last resort教会法地方政府provincial government联邦司法系统federal judicial system调整关系regulate relationship基本法basic law地方立法机构regional legislature大选general election公民权利civil right政治背景political context宪法修正案amendment to the constitution 刑事责任criminal liability行为犯conduct crime刑法criminal law公共安全public safety反社会行为anti-social conduct要件element维护和平preserve peace违法行为unlawful act履行职责discharge the duty结果犯consequence or result crime监督权supervisory authority被现场抓获be caught red-handed有罪答辩plea of guilty审前动议pretrial motion无罪推定presumption of innocence 对抗程序adversary process事实认定fact finding司法部department of justice证据排除suppression of evidence犯罪现场scene of a crimefelony 重罪subpoena 传票custody 羁押违禁品contrabandprosecutor 检察官complaint 起诉书information 起诉书（检察官提交）indicment 起诉书（大陪审团提交）warrant 证明书逮捕证detention 拘留accusatory 指控的arraignment 提审discovery 证据提审suppression 排除incriminate 控告。。。有罪probation 缓刑incarceration 关押adversary 对抗adjudication 判决omission 不作为liability 责任mens rea 犯罪意图conduct行为circumstance 情况，情节manslaughter 杀人袭击assaultmisconduct 不正当行为arson 纵火discharge 履行causation 因果关系abide 遵守charter 宪章legislate立法ratify批准jusification 理由judiciary 司法部门regulate 调整convention 惯例

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